Maestría en Nutrición vegetal

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    Uso de fertilización foliar con sulfato de zinc en variedades de Solanum tuberosum L. para incrementar el contenido de zinc en sus tubérculos
    (2024-05) Romero Larrea, Carlos Aníbal; Dobronski Arcos, Jorge Enrique
    In Ecuador, there is a significant deficiency of zinc in the population's diet. One of the strategies to improve the bioavailability of this trace element is the potatoes biofortification. The experimental part of the study was carried out at the Querochaca Campus of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Technical University of Ambato, located in Cevallos canton. The research used a factorial design (A*B*C), made up of 3 factors: (A) Potato varieties (INIAP-Fripapa and Chaucha roja), (B) Number of applications in foliar fertilization (0, 1, 2 and 3) and Form of foliar application (Manual spray pump and motor spray pump), with a total of 16 treatments and three replicates. In the experiment, the plots of each treatment were 21.6 m2 , in which 30 potato seeds were sown. During data processing, the Statgraphics Centurión XVI statistician was used to find the Analysis of Variance and the Mean Comparison Tests, using Tukey (5%). The results of the research determined T16 (Chaucha roja potato - 3 applications of Zinc sulfate - Motor) as the best treatment, obtaining an increase of 19.4 mg Zn/kg potato bs. (112.14%) with regard to the control treatment. On the other hand, the maximum increase achieved in INIAP-Fripapa was in treatment T8 (INIAP-Fripapa- 3 applications of Zinc sulfate- Motor), with an increase of 5.7 mg Zn/kg potato bs. (30%) respecting to the control. To conclude, the fertilizations that were carried out with Zinc Sulfate during the cultivation of the two potato varieties resulted in an increase in zinc in the tubers, without negatively affecting the weight of harvested tubers/plant, or the yield of tubers/ha.
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    Influencia del biocarbono sobre la respuesta morfofisiología de vitroplantas de Solanum tuberosum L. Var Superchola
    (2024-02) Mayorga Romero, Santiago Alberto; Munóz Espinosa, Manolo Sebastián
    The study addresses the influence of biocarbon in vitroplants of Solanum tuberosum L. Var Superchola under greenhouse conditions. In a global context of agricultural challenges, biocarbon is presented as a sustainable strategy to improve productivity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Biocarbon, derived from organic residues such as teak, improves soil fertility, increases moisture retention and increases cation exchange capacity. The study focuses on the Superchola variety, important in the Ecuadorian diet and economy, with the objective of evaluating how vitroplants respond to teak biocarbon substrates. The research was carried out at the Technical University of Ambato. Based on the results obtained, they revealed that the combination of biocarbon and peat affects the morphophysiological response of vitroplants. Mixtures with a lower proportion of biocarbon showed better results, with Tb1-Bc0 (100% blond peat + 0% biocarbon) standing out. In addition, it was observed that high amounts of biocarbon negatively affect plant growth. Nutrient extraction varied according to substrate combinations, being advisable to optimize the choice of mixtures to promote a favorable morphophysiological response. The importance of monitoring biocarbon use is emphasized and further investigation of its interaction with plant morphology and nutrient extraction is suggested. As we have seen, the study offers guidelines to improve the sustainable production of potatoes, a vital species for food and economy in Ecuador, emphasizing the need for a careful and strategic management of biocarbon. Key words: Biochar, Vitroplants, Morphophysiology, Nutrients and Sustainable production.
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    Efecto del biocarbono sobre la respuesta morfo-fisiológica de vitroplantas de Solanum tuberosum L. var. Cecilia en invernadero
    (2024-02) Del Castillo Bastidas Danny Fabián; Munóz Espinosa, Manolo Sebastián
    The objective of this research was to determine the effect of different proportions of biocarbon (Tectopore) and peat as a substrate, on the morpho-physiological response of Solanum tuberosum L. Var vitroplants. Cecilia under greenhouse conditions. For the investigation, a completely randomized design (DCA) was used with 10 repetitions per treatment, integrating one vitroplant for each experimental unit. The treatments that were applied were the following: T1 (100% Tectopore), T2 (80% Tectopore + 20% Peat), T3 (50% Tectopore + 50% Peat), T4 (20% Tectopore + 80% Peat) and T5 (100% Peat). The variables that were analyzed were the survival rate of the plants, the number of shoots present, the number and length of the roots, presence, length and thickness of nodes, as well as the distance between nodes, the leaf area of the leaves, plant height, fresh matter, dry matter, number of mini tubers, weight and diameter of these. Finally, an analysis of the macro- and micronutrient content of the plants was carried out. The research findings determined that the incorporation of biocarbon significantly improved the survival percentage of the vitroplants, as well as the morphological response and nutrient content in them. In particular, T5 demonstrated superior results in the variables studied. In addition to this, variations in micro- and macronutrient concentrations highlighted the positive influence of biochar on the nutritional status of plants, where specific treatments reflected a tendency to meet the needs of certain nutrients. Keywords: biochar, explants, Solanum tuberosum, vitroplants
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    Aislamiento, caracterización e identificación de bacterias con capacidad fijadora de nitrógeno atmosférico asociadas con la rizosfera de Solanum tuberosum L. Var. Superchola
    (2024-02) Muñoz Muñoz, Kevin Alexis; Leiva Mora, Michel
    The present research was developed with the purpose of isolating, characterizing and identifying in vitro atmospheric nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with the rhizosphere of S. tuberosum var. Superchola; as well as to determine their effect on the growth of potato vitroplants in greenhouses. Isolates were obtained from four localities in the province of Tungurahua, which were culturally and morphologically characterized. The in vitro atmospheric nitrogen fixation capacity was determined using modified Jensen culture medium, and molecular identification was performed by PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes. Finally, the effect of the bacterial isolates on the growth of potato vitroplants in greenhouses was determined. The results showed that in the canton of Píllaro there was the highest quantity of CFU. g-1 of soil (9.08 x 109), in the cultural characterization 87% had smooth texture, 42% flat surface, 82% smooth consistency, 42% circular shape, 84% entire margin and 95% showed brightness. In the morphological characterization of the isolates, 84% were Gram (-) bacteria and 95% were bacilli. The bacterial isolate with the highest atmospheric nitrogen-fixing potential was CC-FCAGP-BFN1 and the one with the lowest potential was CC-FCAGP-BFN15. PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes identified the strains Pseudomonas sp. (CC-FCAGP-BFN1, CC-FCAGP-BFN16), CC-FCAGP-BFN14) and Paraburkholderia dipogonis (CC-FCAGP-BFN24), which showed a high capacity for atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Likewise, the bacterial strain CC-FCAGP-BFN1 (Pseudomonas sp.) was the only one that increased leaf area, fresh and dry mass and leaf area index of S. tuberosum vitroplants. Based on the above results, four bacterial strains were identified from the rhizosphere of S. tuberosum, one of which was the most promising for favoring vegetative growth due to its high capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen.
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    Evaluación de dos fungicidas para el manejo de oídio (Oidium sp.) en el cultivo de mora (Rubus glaucus)
    (2024-02) Lluglla Manotoa, Doris Elizabeth; Velástegui Espín, Giovanny Patricio
    The blackberry (Rubus glaucus) is traditionally cultivated by small and medium-sized producers in the Sierra, it contributes in a very important way to the generation of economic resources and improving their quality of life. It has also been affected by the attack of pests and diseases due to edaphoclimatic conditions, the diseases that most attack the blackberry crop are Oidium sp, Anthracnose and Peronospora sparsa. The present investigation was carried out in the Tisaleo canton, Chilco la Esperanza hamlet, Nueva Esperanza neighborhood entitled "Evaluation of two fungicides for the management of Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) in the cultivation of blackberry (Rubus glaucus)", where the components study were different chemicals; Score with a dose of (0.375; 0.5; 0.625) and Predostar with a dose of (1.125; 1.5; 1.875). The experimental design used was a completely randomized block design (DBCA), with two products, three doses and a control (2*3+1). The variables evaluated were: incidence, severity, fruit weight and yield. Analysis of variance (ADEVA) and Tukey's significance test at 5% were performed for the respective variables. At the conclusion of the analysis of the titration work, it was observed that the best treatment for the management of Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) was the PID3 treatment with the Score product with a dose of 0.625 ml/L, in comparison to the other treatments, being the most efficient to reduce the percentage of incidence and severity, where it helped to obtain a heavier fruit, therefore, increasing crop yield. Keywords: Blackberry, Powdery mildew, Sheet music, Predostar, Dose
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    Evaluación del efecto de fertilización con dos fuentes de calcio en el rendimiento de la papa (Solanum tuberosum)
    (2023-12) Valenzuela Coba, Katherine Gabriela; Santana Mayorga, Rita Cumandá
    The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the fourth largest food crop worldwide and in Ecuador it is considered one of the main foods for families in the Ecuadorian Sierra area. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of fertilization with two sources of calcium on the yield of the Super Chola variety potato. In the experiment, two sources of calcium (Calcium Nitrate and Calcium Sulfate) and their effect on plant height, fresh and dry weight of tubers, yield and calcium content in the peel of potato tubers were evaluated. Plant height was measured at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing, while the rest of the variables were evaluated at the time of harvest. At 30 and 90 days after, the highest height was reached by potato plants fertilized with calcium nitrate, followed by plants treated with calcium sulfate. Regarding the weight of the tubers, no significant differences were observed due to the effect of the calcium source applied, but the plants treated with calcium nitrate produced tubers with a higher fresh weight (86.7 g), followed by those obtained from plants treated with sulfate. of calcium (77.8 g). Although the yield of the Super Chola variety potato plants was not significantly affected by the calcium source used, both sources caused greater yield when compared to the control treatment plants. The calcium content in the peel of potato tubers varied with the treatment, being higher in tubers obtained from plants treated with calcium nitrate and sulfate, reaching values of 0.201 and 0.197%, respectively. The yield and calcium content were improved by the use of calcium as sources of additional fertilization to NPK-based fertilizers, which is why its inclusion in fertilization programs is recommended.
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    Equilibrio catiónico en la productividad del cultivo de tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum Cav.) variedad amarillo gigante
    (2023-12) Morocho Quishpi, María Manuela; Guerrero Cando, David Aníbal
    The cultivation of tree tomato (Solanum betaceum) in Ecuador energizes the local economy of small and medium producers in the provinces of Carchi, Imbabura, Cotopaxi, Tungurahua and Chimborazo, however, poor nutritional management results in a considerable reduction of productivity and quality of the fruit. In the El Altar parish, Penipe, the productive response of the tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav) giant yellow variety to the application of three cationic balances T1 (55% Ca, 20% K, 25 Mg), T2 (60%) was determined. Ca, 30%K, 10%Mg), T3 (80% Ca, 15%K, 5%Mg). Different variables were evaluated, such as fruit weight and diameter, number of fruit plant-1, plant yield-1, yield ha-1. and % dry matter. The results demonstrated that there is a positive relationship between the cationic balance doses on the yield of tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav). In particular, the T2 treatment of cationic balance (60% Ca, 30% K, 10% Mg) is the one that presented the best response for the agronomic variables under study with a productivity of 44 Tn. ha-1. All treatments evaluated, including the absolute control, were profitable because the benefit-cost ratio was greater than unity. However, the highest level of profitability was achieved with the use of the cationic balance (60% Ca, 30% K, 10% Mg) with a value of 2,9 In short, the study shows that the optimal balance of cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) in the soil can significantly improve the productivity and profitability of tree tomato cultivation.
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    Aislamiento, caracterización cultural, morfológica, patogénica e identificación de genes AVR en Cladosporium fulvum Cooke.
    (2023-12) Sánchez Ortiz, Aldo Martin; Leiva Mora, Michel
    Gray mold caused by Cladosporium fulvum was described by Cooke in 1883, which develops in nightshades, specifically in tomato crops, causing damage from the youngest leaves to the top of the plant. The objective of this research was to "Isolate and characterize culturally, morphologically and pathogenically monosporic isolates of Cladosporium fulvum" obtained from signs of gray mold on Solanum lycopersicum leaves to identify the presence or absence of Avr genes in the cantons of the province of Tungurahua (Ambato, Baños, Cevallos, Mocha, Patate, Pelileo, Píllaro, Tisaleo). For isolation, the leaf printing method was applied in potato dextrose (PDA) culture medium with gentamicin sulfate, to describe the cultural and morphological characteristics, the microculture method was used accompanied by the observation of fungal structures under an optical microscope. of transmitted light. In the pathogenic characterization, the isolates of C. fulvum were activated The conidia were counted in the Neubauer chamber of the differential cultivars previously sown on substrates and the inoculum was applied with a manual sprayer. For amplification, DNA extraction and lyophilization of each of the isolates was carried out prior to development. of conventional PCR with two denaturations at 94°C with different cycles and an annealing at 55°C and 34 cycles with a final extension of 72°C. Obtaining that in the 8 cantons of the province of Tungurahua they all showed olive green colors on the obverse, while on the back it was black, with a superficial elevation, plush texture and irregular shape, lobed edges and in some isolates there was pigmentation and perspiration liquid, the mycelial growth in the colonies was obtained with a length of 5.93 µm, width 2.8 µm, hyphae 5.37 µm and conidiophores 32.97 µm average values. In the pathogenic characterization it was evident that the degree of affectation 1 represented between 1 to 5% of the surface of leaves with signs of C. fulvum, while 2 varied from 6 to 20% in the differential cultivars (Cf0-Cf2- Cf4- Cf5-Cf6), finally in the detection of the presence or absence of genes, the presence of the genes Avr2, Avr4e, Ecp2, Ecp4 and Ecp5 and total absence of the genes Avr4, Avr9 and Ecp1 were observed. Based on the results and the tests carried out, it was possible to create bases for the selection of resistance genes for the production of S. lycopersicum hybrids in the province of Tungurahua.
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    Evaluación de cama caliente en la propagación asexual de arándanos (vaccinium myrtillus)
    (2023-12) Vaca Mayorga, Christian Ruperto; Curay Quisphe, Segundo Euclides
    The present investigation was carried out on the property of Eng. Ruperto Vaca, in the Tambo Centro hamlet of the Cevallos Canton of the province of Tungurahua, the origin of the cuttings is from 3-year-old plants from the Corp Harvest company located in the Huachi Grande parish from the Ambato canton. An experimental investigation was carried out with a completely randomized design with the following specifications: 3 types of substrates, 2 classes of hormones, 2 temperatures and their respective control, Tukey significance tests were applied at 5% to differentiate between treatments. The analysis of variance was carried out and the Tukey test at 5 was performed on the source of variation corresponding to treatments. The data that was analyzed were: Growth of the cutting, length of the root, days to rooting, percentage of rooting, number of roots. The economic analysis was carried out using the benefit-cost relationship. It is concluded that the temperature applied to the blueberry cuttings with the implementation of hot beds directly affects the rooting of the cuttings since in all the variables studied in this experiment the best results were achieved. By studying the effect of rooting hormones, it was determined that the application of ANA influences the variables of cutting growth and root length, while the days to rooting, the percentage of rooting and the number of roots had better results with the IBA application. The substrate that provided the most suitable conditions for the rooting of blueberry cuttings in the experiment was coconut fiber, which had the best results in the variables studied, which is why it was established as the best to be used for blueberry rooting. in warm beds.