Unidad Posgrado Facultad Ingeniería Agronómica
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Item Comparación de tres protocolos anestésicos para orquiectomía y ovariohisterectomía en gatos con temperamento agresivo(Universidad Técnica de Ambato Maestría En Medicina Veterinaria, 2026-07) Guerrero Apo, Walter Rolando; Almeida Secaira, Roberto IsmaelSurgical sterilization through orchiectomy and ovariohysterectomy is one of the most commonly performed procedures in feline medicine. However, anesthetic management in aggressive cats remains challenging due to stress, difficulties associated with handling, and the risk of perioperative physiological disturbances. The present study was conducted to compare the efficacy of three anesthetic protocols in aggressive cats undergoing surgical sterilization. A total of 48 cats treated in the mobile urban animal control units of the Municipal Government of Ambato were included and assigned to three treatment groups: dexmedetomidine 5 µg/kg + ketamine 2 mg/kg + diazepam 0.4 mg/kg (T1); dexmedetomidine 5 µg/kg + tiletamine-zolazepam 4 mg/kg (T2); and xylazine 2 mg/kg + ketamine 2 mg/kg + midazolam 0.2 mg/kg (T3). Physiological parameters, anesthetic quality, and postoperative analgesic effects were assessed using the Feline Grimace Scale. The results emonstrated that all three protocols allowed the surgical procedures to be performed safely while maintaining acceptable physiological stability. Nevertheless, the protocols containing dexmedetomidine exhibited superior anesthetic induction and recovery characteristics, as well as lower facial expressions associated with postoperative pain. In contrast, the xylazine-based protocol showed greater variability during recovery and lower analgesic efficacy during the late postoperative period. It is concluded that dexmedetomidine-based protocols constitute effective and safe alternatives for the anesthetic management of aggressive cats, promoting smoother recovery and improved animal welfare.Item Evaluación de diferentes dietas ácido-básicas sobre la salud renal en conejos (Oryctolagus cuniculus)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato Maestría En Medicina Veterinaria, 2026-07) Tello Arellano, Augusto Iván; Villavicencio Villavicencio, Blanca JeanethRenal health in rabbits is closely related to the nutritional composition of the diet; therefore, prolonged alterations in dietary composition can modify the physicochemical characteristics of urine and predispose rabbits to urinary and renal disorders. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate different acid-base diets and their effect on renal health in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The study used 36 mixed-breed rabbits, randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: a control group fed commercial concentrate and alfalfa ad libitum (T0); a group supplemented with sugarcane molasses (T1); a group supplemented with sugarcane molasses and citric acid (T2); and a group supplemented with sugarcane molasses and calcium carbonate (T3). Physicochemical and microscopic evaluations of urine were performed using reagent strips and urinary sediment analysis, in addition to serum urea and creatinine determinations. Complementary renal histological studies were carried out using hematoxylin-eosin, PAS, and Masson’s trichrome stains. Finally, a cost-benefit analysis was performed for each treatment. The diets evaluated caused changes in urinary characteristics and in some biochemical indicators related to renal function. The acidifying and alkalinizing treatments produced variations in urinary pH, specific gravity, and the presence of mineral sediments. Histologically, mild alterations compatible with renal metabolic adaptation were observed. From an economic standpoint, all treatments were viable; however, supplementation with sugarcane molasses showed the best cost-benefit efficiency. Dietary treatments were associated with descriptive changes in several urinary and histological indicators; however, no significant differences were detected in urinary pH or urine specific gravity. Our findings suggest that prolonged imbalances could promote subclinical alterations of the urinary tractItem Evaluación de la resistencia de Proteus mirabilis a Quinolonas y Betalactámicos y su relación con factores de virulencia(Universidad Técnica de Ambato Maestría En Medicina Veterinaria, 2026-07) Borja Ramos, Alva Tatiana; Cruz Quintana, Sandra MargaritaAntimicrobial resistance is a growing threat to public health, veterinary medicine and food safety. Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic Gram-negative bacillus recognized for its occurrence in animals, animal-derived foods and environments associated with the food chain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of P. mirabilis isolated from chicken meat to quinolones and β-lactams, and to determine its relationship with virulence factors of clinical, veterinary and epidemiological importance. The study was conducted using a non-experimental, cross-sectional and descriptive design. A total of 41 P. mirabilis strains preserved at the Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Universidad Técnica de Ambato were analysed. These strains originated from registered and non-registered retail outlets in Ambato canton. Resistance genes were detected by PCR: gyrA and aac (6’)-Ib-cr, associated with quinolone resistance, and blaTEM and blaCTX-M, associated with β-lactam resistance. The amplified products were visualised by agarose gel electrophoresis. In addition, virulence factors were assessed through haemolysis on blood agar and swarming motility. The results showed high frequencies of resistance genes. The gyrA gene was detected in 85.37% of the isolates and aac (6’)-Ib-cr in 80.49%. Regarding β-lactams, blaTEM was identified in 80.49% and blaCTX-M in 58.54% of the strains. These findings demonstrate that chicken meat may act as a reservoir of P. mirabilis carrying genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance. The coexistence of resistance genes with haemolysis and swarming suggests a potential health risk; therefore, strengthening molecular surveillance, food safety measures and the rational use of antimicrobials under the One Health approach is recommended.Item Cicatrización de heridas con la técnica Mölndal (ambiente húmedo) en comparación a la cicatrización convencional(Universidad Técnica de Ambato Maestría En Medicina Veterinaria, 2026-07) Alejandro Cuenca, Jonathan José; Lozada Ortiz, enny PiedadSurgical wound healing is a complex biological process that can be influenced by postoperative management strategies aimed at promoting tissue repair. The use of polyurethane dressings has shown positive outcomes because they maintain a moist and protected environment that supports more efficient healing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of polyurethane dressings on wound closure, scar- related changes assessed using the Vancouver Scar Scale, and the persistence of the cardinal signs of inflammation (Celsus' signs) in canine patients undergoing reproductive surgeries. The study was conducted in clinically healthy canine patients assigned to two experimental groups: one treated using the Mölndal technique with a polyurethane dressing and the other managed without wound coverage. Evaluations were performed on postoperative days 0, 4, 7, 10, and 15 through measurement of residual wound length, application of the Vancouver Scar Scale, and assessment of the cardinal signs of inflammation. The results showed that wounds treated with dressings exhibited a significantly shorter residual wound length on postoperative day 4 (p = 0.005), indicating faster wound closure during the early phases of healing. Likewise, the total Vancouver Scar Scale score was significantly lower in this group on day 4 (p = 0.025), mainly due to reduced local vascularization. The presence of Celsus' signs was significantly associated with treatment on days 4 (p = 0.010) and 7 (p = 0.042), with a more rapid resolution of inflammation observed in animals treated with dressings. The use of polyurethane dressings promoted earlier surgical wound closure and reduced the persistence of inflammatory signs during the initial phase of wound healing.Item Detección de cristaluria en perros (Canis lupus familiaris) en un refugio en la ciudad de Ambato(2026-06) Mangui Garcia, Erick Ricardo; Mora Tola, Miguel AndrésThe purpose of this research was to identify the presence of crystalluria in dogs from the Patitas Nobles shelter, located in Ambato, and to analyze its relationship with biological, clinical, and urinary variables, such as crystal type, age, sex, urinary pH, and urine specific gravity. The study used a quantitative approach with a nonexperimental, cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational design. The population consisted of 140 dogs, from which 103 individuals were selected according to the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Each animal underwent a general clinical evaluation followed by physical, chemical, and microscopic urinalysis. The findings showed that 21.36% of the analyzed samples presented crystalluria, while 78.64% did not show urinary crystals. The most frequent crystals were struvite, followed by calcium oxalate, cystine, and urates. From a descriptive perspective, crystalluria was observed more frequently in senior dogs and females; however, these relationships should be interpreted cautiously and according to the statistical significance values obtained for each variable. Struvite crystals were mainly observed in neutral and alkaline pH, whereas calcium oxalate and urate crystals were more frequent in acidic or neutral conditions. In conclusion, this study shows a relevant frequency of crystalluria in the evaluated shelter dogs and provides local information useful for early diagnosis, preventive monitoring, nutritional management, and clinical decisionmaking in shelter canine populations.Item Efecto de protocolos con acepromacina y dexmedetomidina, sobre la producción lagrimal en caninos sometidas a orquiectomía y ovariohisterectomía(2026-05) Pujos Pérez, Andrés Sebastián; Lozada Salcedo, Euclides EfraínThe primary objective of this research was to evaluate and compare the effects of two widely used premedication agents, acepromazine and dexmedetomidine, on tear production in canine patients undergoing sterilization surgeries (orchiectomy and ovariohysterectomy) at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Technical University of Ambato through a sterilization campaign. To achieve this purpose, a clinical experimental study was conducted with a sample of 80 canine patients randomly assigned to two treatment groups. The quantification of the aqueous phase of the tear film was performed using the Schirmer Tear Test I (STT-I), executed in a standardized manner at four key diagnostic intervals: baseline prior to medication (M0), fifteen minutes post-premedication administration (M1), during the intraoperative period (M2), and finally during the postoperative period (M3). Statistical results revealed that both anesthetic protocols induce a significant reduction in tear production compared to baseline values, which were above 15 mm/min. However, dexmedetomidine demonstrated a much more potent and early inhibitory effect, a finding attributed to its mechanism of action as an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that reduces lacrimal gland metabolism. For its part, acepromazine showed a moderate but persistent decrease, confirming that even phenothiazines compromise ocular hydration. It is concluded that both protocols induce a critical reduction in tears during the intraoperative period, being significantly deeper with dexmedetomidine (7 mm/min) than with acepromazine (12 mm/min), starting from a baseline value of 25 mm/min. Despite a partial recovery in the postoperative phase (17 mm/min and 19 mm/min, respectively), values did not return to initial physiological levels. Additionally, the study included a sample divided into two age ranges: young adults (1 to 4 years) and mature adults (5 to 8 years), determining that age did not significantly influence the variability of tear secretion under the evaluated drugs.Item Reemplazo total de cadera (THR: total hip replacement) como solución a patologías específicas de cadera en perros(Universidad Técnica de Ambato Maestría En Medicina Veterinaria, 2026-03) Masaquiza Lizano, Edgar Patricio; Mora Tola, Miguel AndrésTotal hip replacement (THR) is the surgical option of choice in dogs with hip dysplasia or severe coxofemoral luxation, as it restores joint biomechanics and enhances quality of life. The objective of this study was to plan, perform, and evaluate a canine total hip replacement using the BlueSAO biological system, supported by digital preoperative planning with iBlueVet® software. The procedure was performed on a 22.3 kg female Golden Retriever diagnosed with advanced joint degeneration. The methodology included digital preoperative templating, selection of implant components (acetabular cup 22 mm, stem N.º 6, modular head 13 + 3), and multimodal anesthetic protocol. Surgery was conducted under strict aseptic conditions using a minimally invasive craniolateral approach, progressive acetabular reaming (90°–45°), and sequential femoral canal preparation (sizes 2–7). The biological cup and femoral stem were impacted sequentially, followed by trial fitting, final assembly, and immediate postoperative radiographic verification. Results demonstrated accurate orientation of all prosthetic components without intraoperative complications. Postoperative radiographs confirmed proper alignment and restoration of the hip’s center of rotation. The patient exhibited stable recovery with controlled mobility and absence of acute pain. It is concluded that the BlueSAO biological system combined with digital surgical planning enhances intraoperative precision and immediate joint stability. Total hip replacement remains the gold-standard treatment for end-stage degenerative joint disease, providing early functional recovery and significant improvement in the patient’s quality of lifeItem Estudio retrospectivo de masas cutáneas en perros (Canis lupus familiaris) diagnosticadas en un centro oncológico de referencia en la ciudad de Quito (2019-2024)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato Maestría En Medicina Veterinaria, 2026-03) Jiménez Villa, Marcelo Alejandro; Lozada Ortiz, Jenny PiedadThis study investigated the most frequently diagnosed cutaneous neoplasms in dogs presented to an oncology referral center in Quito, Ecuador (2019–2024). A retrospective study was conducted using data collected from medical records. The frequency of diagnosis of each cutaneous neoplasm (confirmed by cytology/histopathology) was recorded, along with individual information (age, breed, sex, anatomical location, and histologic grade of malignancy). The chi-square test was used to determine whether a statistically significant association existed between these variables, according to tumor type and lineage. In cases of cutaneous mast cell tumor, the chi-square test was also applied to assess statistically significant associations between patient age, breed, and sex and mast cell tumor grade according to the Kiupel and Patnaik classification systems. A variety of cutaneous tumors were identified (n = 107), with squamous cell carcinoma (26.17%), melanoma (19.63%), and hemangiosarcoma (14.95%) being the most frequent. Most affected patients were males and older than 6 years; the mean age at diagnosis was 8.33 years. The most affected breeds were Pit Bull, Schnauzer, Golden Retriever, and mixed-breed dogs. A statistically significant association was identified between tumor type and anatomical location, as well as histologic grade of malignancy. Furthermore, a statistically significant association was observed between tumor lineage and grade of malignancy. Regarding cutaneous mast cell tumour, this was among the most frequently diagnosed (n = 48). It occurred predominantly in male patients older than 6 years (mean age at diagnosis: 8.17 years). The predominant categories were low-grade (Kiupel system) and grade I and II (Patnaik system). The most affected breeds were French Bulldog, Schnauzer, and mixed-breed dogs. No statistically significant association was found between Kiupel and Patnaik grading categories and patient age, breed, or sex. This database provides valuable information for veterinarians to consider these neoplasms among their differential diagnoses during oncologic clinical evaluation of canine patients, as these masses are commonly encountered. Additionally, this research underscores the importance of analyzing historical records of diseases that affect dogs, such as cancer, as they contribute to a deeper understanding of the epidemiology of specific diseases within a defined population.Item Prevalencia y factores de riesgo del síndrome de agotamiento laboral entre profesionales de la medicina veterinaria en Ambato, Ecuador(Universidad Técnica de Ambato Maestría En Medicina Veterinaria, 2026-03) López Romero, Santiago Sebastián; Avilés Esquivel, Diana FernandaThis study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with occupational burnout among veterinarians in Ambato, Ecuador. A quantitative, nonexperimental, cross-sectional, and correlational design was employed, using a sample of 208 practicing veterinarians from clinics and private practices. Occupational burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS), which evaluates the dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. The results revealed a high prevalence of emotional exhaustion (23.6%), depersonalization (16.8%), and low personal accomplishment (46.6%). Additionally, the most relevant risk factors included being female, younger age, low income, and precarious working conditions. The study concludes that occupational burnout is a significant issue in veterinary medicine in Ambato and recommends the implementation of psychological support programs, training in emotional management, and labor policies that promote professional well-being.Item Prevalencia de Otodectes cynotis en Canis lupus familiaris por medio de hisopados óticos en la parroquia Veloz del cantón Riobamba.(Universidad Técnica de Ambato Maestría En Medicina Veterinaria, 2026-03) Panchi Esparza, Bryan Alexander; Almeida Secaira, Roberto IsmaelIt is widely documented that Otodectes cynotis is the main causative agent of otitis in canines, the severity of which depends on the time elapsed until diagnosis and the number of mites present. This parasite is found worldwide, which is attributed to its anatomical structure. It is worth noting that its pedicels allow it to adhere to the pinna, where it lays its eggs. Although it is not a burrowing mite, it causes intense itching that induces the animal to scratch constantly. This behavior generates further lesions and imbalances within the ear, worsening the clinical picture. This mite has zoonotic importance; therefore, the present study aimed to establish the prevalence of Otodectes cynotis in Canis lupus familiaris through ear swabs in the Veloz parish of the Riobamba canton. A total of 192 canines were evaluated, divided into three groups according to age. The data was obtained from patients treated at the EXOVETHealth veterinary clinic and the CRIAR comprehensive rescue center in Riobamba. The prevalence of ear mites and its relationship with variables such as sex, coat type and color, lifestyle, origin, contact with other animals, bathing frequency, and ear size were analyzed. Samples were obtained by ear swabbing and examined using a Better Scientific Q200A microscope. The results showed statistically significant, variable prevalences among the three study groups, indicating notable differences. Regarding origin, the first group showed a prevalence of 73.31% in dogs from urban areas; the second group showed a value of 11.76%, while the third group registered a prevalence of 37.5%. These results indicate a higher prevalence of ear mites in dogs under one year of age. Furthermore, the p-value of less than 0.05 indicated a significant relationship between the presence of the mite and the dog's origin. Therefore, it is concluded that otocariasis is not being diagnosed promptly and is more frequent in patients under one year of age and over seven years of age, highlighting the need to implement appropriate preventive measures.