Unidad Posgrado Facultad Ingeniería Agronómica
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Item Identificación de los factores de riesgo asociados a enteroparásitos en gallinas criollas (Gallus gallus domesticus) de traspatio en las zonas rurales de la parroquia San José, de la provincia de Pastaza, Ecuador(2025-02-11) Cuvi Cuenca Keyla Paola; Rodríguez Haro Cecilia ElizabethCurrently, there are not enough formal studies on parasitological fauna in backyard birds in Ecuador, for this reason the present work aims to contribute with knowledge regarding the prevalence and parasitic incidence of backyard poultry production in parish San José, province of Pastaza, likewise, describe the importance of sustainable and sustainable production that guarantees food safety because to strengthen both animal health and the sanitary management of animals by identifying risk factors to prevent them through sanitary control management, therefore, the objective of the present investigation was to identify the main gastrointestinal parasites associated with risk factors and zoonotic interest in backyard birds from rural areas of the tropics. Fecal samples were collected from 80 birds (roosters and hens) of different ages under a backyard breeding system. The samples were collected at random. For laboratory analysis, the samples were subjected to flotation and washing tests and the Mc Master technique. The prevalence of parasites could be determined with a value of 91.25%, depending on sex, the positive parasite prevalence in females was high (60%). Regarding the identification of parasites, the prevalence of: Hymenolepis setigera and Capillaria spp was reported with 27% respectively, followed by Eimeria spp (26,3%). Depending on age; The parasite prevalence was higher in birds older than 12 months. Finally, the Odds Ratio values were greater than 1, in factors such as deworming, feeding, and housing, which is considered a viable irrigation factor, favoring parasite infestation.Item Determinación del índice de requerimiento de fertilización de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) variedad Extremo a partir del análisis del extracto de savia(2024-12) Peñaloza Lozada María Belén; Peña Murillo Robinson FabricioOptimizing fertilization in horticultural crops can increase both yield and product quality while minimizing environmental impact. Traditionally, fertilization plans are based on soil analyses, which, however, do not always accurately reflect the specific nutritional needs of the plant. Sap analysis emerges as an alternative to assess the nutritional status of plants in real time. In the present research, the fertilization requirement index for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety Extremo was determined by analyzing the sap extract. The contents of essential nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) were quantified using the ion-selective electrode system, known as the LAQUAtwin meter, whose results were compared with those obtained by conventional tissue analysis methods. A high positive correlation was observed between both methods, with correlation values (r) ranging between 0.851 for phosphorus and 0.991 for nitrogen. Regarding primary nutrients (N, P and K), significant variations were identified depending on the crop development stage, with the highest absorption rates recorded at 30 (vegetative growth) and 60 (reproductive growth) days after transplant (dat). At 120 dat, a decrease in absorption was observed, especially of nitrogen and phosphorus, with this reduction being more pronounced in nitrogen. In contrast, calcium showed an increasing trend depending on the phenological state of the crop. Regarding magnesium, its absorption increased between 30 and 60 dat, then decreased towards the end of the cycle. Regarding micronutrients, an increase in the absorption of iron and manganese was observed between 30 and 60 dat, followed by a decrease until the end of the cycle, being more pronounced for manganese. Copper showed a decrease in absorption to 60 dat, with a subsequent increase towards the end of the cycle, while zinc showed a general tendency to decrease as the crop cycle progressed.Item Efecto de 3 soluciones nutritivas en el cultivo de tomate (Lycopersicum esculententum Mill.), variedad Miramar injerto en briomino, bajo invernadero(2024-11) Riofrío Moreano Víctor Paúl; Marco Oswaldo Pérez SalinasThe objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of three fertigation nutrient solutions on the yield of tomato crops (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), var. Miramar graft in briomino, under a greenhouse, in the San Pedro del Quinto sector, Chambo canton, province of Chimborazo. The nutrient solutions were formulated based on a previous soil analysis and a standard solution of H, P, K, Ca, Mg which was increased by 25% and decreased by 25%; in addition to a control to which no fertigation was applied but only foliar fertilization with applications in the same weeks as the rest of the treatments. For the statistical analysis of the variables: plant height, number of fruits per cluster, weight, diameter and color of the fruit and yield, a completely randomized block design (DBCA) with three repetitions was used.Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that nutrient solution 2 generated a higher yield of the tomato crop, followed by nutrient solution 3, both located in range A, according to the Tukey test at 5%. In addition, it was determined that both nutrient solution 2 and nutrient solution 3 obtained the best results when evaluating the number of fruits, weight, diameter and color of the fruit. Finally, it was determined that nutrient solution 2 was the treatment that obtained the highest net benefit and the highest marginal return rate (MRR), being the most economical treatment and the highest yield.Item Evaluación de la eficacia del método de diagnóstico California Mastitis Test (CMT) para la detección temprana y el monitoreo de la mastitis bovina en el centro de acopio de leche en la Comunidad Tahualag.(2024-11) Quinzo Padilla Hirma Janneth; Núñez Torres Oscar PatricioMastitis is a complex disease, the product of several factors associated with both the interaction of the host with the environment and with the pathogenic bacteria present in the environment where dairy cows develop, negatively impacting the health of the animal with the consequent decrease in the production. To detect this disease, the California Mastitis Test (CMT) is applied, which is a sensitive and easy-to-handle test that is applied to each breast quarter. However, it can give false positives, so the interpretation of results could vary, for such reasons. reasons In the present study, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the CMT diagnostic test for the early detection and monitoring of bovine mastitis was carried out in the milk collection center in the Tahualag community. To develop this research, we had a population of 70 crossbred Holstein cows. When the prevalence of mastitis was calculated, it was established that only 18.6% of the females were positive, the predominance of which occurred in the left posterior quarter (CPI) with 31%, followed by 23% belonging to the CAI (left anterior quarter), the CAD (right anterior quarter) and the CDP (right posterior quarter). The calculation of the prevalence of mastitis according to age showed that there is greater influence in females 6 years of age (38.5%) and with less influence ages 7 and 8 years (7.7%). Among the biological agents causing mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus was identified in the highest percentage (38.5%), followed by 23.1% belonging to both Staphylococcus spp and Staphylococcus coagulase, and finally both Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis, each with the 7.7%.Item Presencia de genes de resistencia a los antibióticos en Escherichia coli aislada de carne de pollo que se expende en el cantón de Ambato(2024-11) Gómez Aillòn Diego José; Cruz Quintana Sandra MargaritaAntimicrobial resistance is currently a public health problem in Ecuador. It seems that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animal production is a way for the development of this resistance. E. coli is a pathogen that affects animals and people and has developed resistance to several antibiotics in recent years. Cephalosporins and quinolones are used in broiler production and are two families of antibiotics to which strains of E. coli They have shown resistance. This resistance is mainly mediated by resistance genes such as gyrA and blaCTXM. Studies have searched for these mechanisms in E. coli strains from chicken meat, as it is one of the main meats consumed in Ecuador. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibioresistance and the presence of resistance genes of 31 Escherichia coli strains to antibiotics. Antibioresistance was carried out by the agar diffusion method and the search for resistance genes through PCR. In this way, a Kruskall Wallis test and the Mann Whitney U test were performed for the antibioresistance data, and for the genes, prevalence and a chi-square test were analyzed, with a 95% confidence interval. The results for the antibioresistance of the strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin 45.1% and ceftriaxone 25.8% and the antibiotics that provided greater susceptibility were gentamicin and amikacin with a p≤0.05. For the gyrA genes of CIP and blaCTXM of CX there were prevalence of 100% and 96.77% respectively. When comparing the difference between the origin of the sales center and the resistance gene, there was no statistical difference p≥ 0.05 in both genes. Finding resistance to antibiotics gives us a warning that the indiscriminate use of these in the country's animal production could be an important factor for this resistance. The prevalence of genes is a guide to the main resistance mechanism that could be used by E. coli, such as mutations in genes and genes that encode enzymes that provide resistance. And finally, finding antibioresistance and resistance genes in chicken meat in the Ambato canton is a warning of the possible risk of transmissibility of resistant strains that could generate resistance to antibiotics in people. However, the current data in Ecuador on this possibility is not yet being studied with the importance of the case. Therefore, studies like this open a gap for us to analyze everything that antibioresistance implies and the repercussions on public health in Ecuador.Item Estudio retrospectivo de la prevalencia de brucelosis bovina (Brucella abortus) en el Ecuador desde los años 2015 – 2023(2024-11) Barragán Taco Edison Macgyver; Núñez Torres Oscar PatricioBovine brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, is a zoonotic disease of global importance due to its consequences for both public health and the economy, especially in developing countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia where control and eradication practices are ineffective. In this study, the prevalence of bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) in Ecuador from 2016 to 2023 was analyzed. A total of 1,279 cases of bovine brucellosis reported according to the records of the PhytoZoosanitary Regulation and Control Agency - AGROCALIDAD from 2016 to 2023 were analyzed to evaluate possible differences in the prevalence percentages of brucellosis through the years of study, variations in the months of the year, provinces that make up Ecuador, as well as the regions. Overall, the Sierra and Oriente regions showed the highest prevalence rates, with averages of 15.80 and 15.87%, respectively, while in the Costa Region the average rate reached 10.53%. In the Costa Provinces, prevalence ranged from 6.0% in the province of Santa Elena to 15.2% in Guayas. In the Sierra Region, a wider variation in prevalence levels was observed, ranging from 7.8% in the province of Carchi to 29.6% in the province of Loja, while in the Oriente Region seroprevalence ranged from 6.8% in Morona Santiago to 22.9% in the province of Napo. Finally, bovine brucellosis in Ecuador showed wide variations between the years 2016 to 2023, with values of 14.75% in 2016, which tended to decrease until 2018 with a variation of up to -44% compared to the two previous years, while in 2019 an increase was observed with a variation of 84%, after which it decreased until 2021 and a slight rebound in 2022.Item Factores de riesgos asociados a la prevalencia de enteroparásitos e histoparásitos en suinos faenados en el camal de Baños de Agua Santa(2024-11) Nasamuez Muñoz Cinthya Dayanara; Núñez Torres Oscar PatricioThe present study focuses on the need to determine the risk factors associated to the prevalence of enteroparasites and histoparasites in pigs slaughtered in the Camal Municipal de Baños de Agua Santa, since the presence of parasites is the cause of various diseases in said animals affecting to the quality of the meat. The post-mortem inspection of the gastrointestinal tract and muscle tissues was carried out in order to evaluate the presence or absence of parasitosis, for which there was a population of 1012 pigs that were slaughtered in the slaughterhouse, then descriptive statistics were used considering the frequency, histograms, using SPSS software. When evaluating the prevalence of parasitic in the present investigation, it was reported that only 173 positive samples were obtained, representing 17.1%, of which the highest prevalence according to sex occurs in males with 59.5%, the prevalence of parasites according to age was occurs in animals. with less than a year is 89%, this implies the lack of deworming during the development and completion stages, this entails economic losses for producers. A higher percentage of parasites was reported in animals from Zaruma (44.5%). According to sex, in the present investigation, a greater presence of Ascaris is seen in males with 56%, this being the main parasite causing economic losses, causing a setback in the development of pigs. According to the risk factors and management that are present in the production systems used determine the prevalence of the parasite load, it is important to consider that the parasites found in this research are of great importance and may even be transmissible. to humans.Item Presencia de genes de resistencia a los antibióticos en Shigella spp. aislada de carne de pollo que se expende en el cantón de Ambato.(2024-11) Pazmiño Orozco Andrés Sebastián; Cruz Quintana Sandra MargaritaShigella spp. is a common causal agent of diarrheal diseases around the world. The treatment of choice for shigellosis is the administration of antibiotics. However, the resistance that Shigella spp. has developed to these molecules poses a major challenge in the need to find effective treatment alternatives. Transmission of Shigella spp. is via the fecal-oral route, however, infection can result from the ingestion of contaminated food where poor hygiene during handling can be considered a risk factor for the occurrence of disease. Likewise, unhygienic conditions during the slaughter of animals could constitute one of the main sources of contamination of meat for human consumption. In this research, we start from previous studies where, from samples of chicken meat taken from points of sale and slaughterhouses in Ambato, 17 strains of Shigella spp. were isolated and molecularly identified and some of them, showed marked resitance mainly to two antibiotics: amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMC) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). The aim of this investigation was to verify the presence of a resistance gene for each of the antibiotics described above. For AMC, the blaTEM gene was searched for, which encodes for class A ESBL (extended spectrum β-lactamases), finding a prevalence of 23.53%, while for CIP, the gyrA gene was searched for, which encodes for the A subunits of DNA gyrase, finding a prevalence of 100%. One of the resistance mechanisms for AMC would be the production of TEM-like ESBLs, while specific mutations in a small region near the start of the gyrA gene, called the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR), have been widely linked to CIP resistance in Enterobacteriaceae.Item Bienestar animal y calidad de carne antes y después del faenamiento en ovinos del Camal Municipal de Ambato(2024-11) Soria Rojas Mónica Abigail; Vargas Burgos Julio CesarThe titled study addresses the relevance of animal welfare and the quality of sheep meat in the context of the Camal Municipal de Ambato, Ecuador. The growing demand for sheep meat and consumer expectations in terms of quality and animal welfare pose significant challenges for the livestock industry in the region. Evaluate animal welfare and sheep meat quality before and after slaughter to identify areas for improvement in handling and transportation practices. An observational and descriptive study was carried out, using a simple random sampling of sheep slaughtered in one month. Parameters such as body condition, live weight, carcass yield. The data were analyzed with SPSS software, applying Student t' tests and analysis of variance. The results indicate that sheep transported from greater distances and in unsuitable vehicles have higher levels of stress, reflected in a greater incidence of DFD (dark, firm and dry) meat. Furthermore, proper management practices, such as the use of effective stunning methods, positively influence meat quality and animal welfare. The study highlights the importance of implementing humane transportation and handling practices to improve animal welfare and the quality of sheep meat in the Ambato Municipal Camal. These improvements not only benefit producers and consumers, but also contribute to the sustainability and competitiveness of sheep production in the region.Item Evaluación de moduladores naturales y químicos sobre la cinética ruminal in vitro y sus implicaciones en la salud del rumen(2024-11) Pillaga Buñay Clara Valeria; Aragadvay Yungán Ramón GonzaloThe multiple feeding strategies seek to reduce the emission of enteric CH4 as a result of ruminal fermentation and reduce energy expenditure in ruminants, seeking to mitigate the harmful effects produced in the atmosphere by this gas and favor the productive efficiency and health of the animal. The present research work investigated modulators of ruminal kinetics using secondary metabolites, enzymes and immediately available energy sources in order to study their beneficial effects on rumen health during physiological stages of high metabolic demand such as postpartum. In the main results, the associated effect of polyphenols present in tanniferous shrubs and prebiotics such as mannan oligosaccharides was observed, which significantly influenced (p=0.0001) the average rate of gas production (1.66 mL/h), enteric methane emission (46.4 mL/g/24h) and improving in vitro digestibility (73.5 DVMS24h mg/g). Ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations under in vitro conditions were significantly influenced (p=<.001) by diets that included polyphenols present in tanniferous shrubs and prebiotics such as mannan oligosaccharides (116.39 NH3-N mg/L-1) in contrast to treatments with conventional raw materials. Propionic acid significantly increased (p=<.001) its molar proportion (22.27 mol/100mol) in diets that included polyphenols present in tanniferous shrubs and prebiotics such as mannan oligosaccharides compared to the molar proportion of diets based on raw materials. conventional (16.62 mol/100mol). It is concluded that alterations in the rumen function parameters studied predispose to the development of metabolic diseases such as ketosis and ruminal acidosis.