Maestría en Nutrición vegetal

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Respuesta Productiva y Calidad de Fritura de Papa (Solanum Tuberosum l.), Var. Puzza, a la Aplicación de Titanio Y Abono Orgánico en Jaloa Alto, Quero, Tungurahua, Ecuador
(2021-01) Moreta Villacrés, Robinson Fabricio; Pallo Paredes, Edwin Leonardo
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) is cultivated in countries with a temperate climate and is a very important item for the diet of our country. It is well known that the Organic titanium (Org-Ti) is a production and quality bio-stimulant for crops and so is too, the positive impact of organic fertilizer (OF) in agriculture; but in the Ecuadorian Sierra, the benefits of Org-Ti and (OF) in potatoes (Solanum Tuberosum L.) should be studied. The study objective was to evaluate the productive response and quality of potato frying, var. Puzza, to the application of O-Ti and OF. The study was conducted at 3300masl from Dec. 2019 to Jun. 2020 in Quero, with a DBCA in divided plots and four replicas. The OF was the main plot (0 and 1.37 Mg ha-1) and the Org-Ti the subplot (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mL 200 L-1). It was sown at 1.2x0.3m, two tuberseeds per stand and fertilized according to the soil analysis. At harvest, the tubers were categorized and samples were taken for nutrient and dry matter analysis and frying tests. The average productivity was 49.4 Mg ha-1; Org-Ti and OF did not affect this total (p > 0.10). No productive benefits of Org-Ti were observed, but a negative interaction with OF in large category tubers (p = 0.07) was evidenced. However, OF increased the thick category tubers by 1.2 Mg ha-1 (1.7%, p = 0.09), very Thick by 2.7 Mg ha-1 (4.7%, p <0.01); and reduced the small category by 2.2 Mg ha-1 (4.0%, p <0.01). Neither the Org-Ti nor the OF affected the nutritional content, dry matter and frying quality (p > 0.10). The Org-Ti did not improve potato productivity or quality but the OF did improve the volume of commercial potatoes (thick and very thick), whose price is higher than the small category, resulting a potential to improve the farmer's economy. Keywords: Organic Fertilizer, Frying Quality, Stimulation, Productivity, Organic Titanium.
Evaluación de grados brix como herramienta para determinar el punto óptimo de cosecha con dos aplicaciones de k en tomate (Solanum lycorpersicum M.), en San Antonio de Pichincha, Quito, Ecuador
(2021-04) Silva Barrera, José Miguel; Pantoja, José Luis
One problem in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum M.) production is the postharvest losses (PPC) due to the extremely high maturity stage (EC) at which the tomato reaches local markets. Determining an optimal harvest stage (POC) based on Brix measurements (°B, an indirect measure of the total dissolved solids (SST) content) helps to decrease tomato losses, but it have not been evaluated in Ecuador yet. Furthermore, it is possible to increase tomato productivity through K foliar sprays (KF). The purpose was to determine a tomato POC with the use of °B measurements as an estimative of the SST in four EC and identify whether the KF have any effects over the ripening process and total weight. Four EC were selected and two levels of KF (0 and 12 kg K ha-1) were applied to them six times. A divided parcel (four plant per plot) with four replicates in a randomized complete block (RCB) arrangement design was used. It was evaluated the average tomato weight, equatorial and polar diameters, Brix degrees, acidity, and total yield. The °B and the productivity of tomato did not have a relation because the highest °B was obtained at red maturity stage (p = 0.03). Nevertheless, this is not useful to tomato growers because the EC is very high, and it increases the PPC. However, the application of KF increased in 6% the average tomato weight, and it also increased in 11% the total yield (p < 0.10). It could be presumed that K enhanced the activation of several enzymes which promoted photosynthesis, increased sugar flow, and regulated water efficiency on the plant. Additionally, it was determined that the tomato POC was at light red EC because at that stage were obtained the highest results of tomato weight and diameter. In economic terms, the application of KF in addition to harvest the tomatoes at light red EC provided a profitability to tomato growers of US$ 1.35 for each US$ 1.00 invested. Thus, the application of KF and harvest the tomatoes at light red EC could be an alternative to maximize the total yield of the crop and minimize the PPC of tomato.
Respuesta a la aplicación de N y K en el cultivo de brócoli (Brassica oleracea), VAR. SK6-401 en la parroquia Mulaló.
(2021-04) Aldás Arias, Edgar Patricio; Curay Quispe, Segundo
The consumption of vegetables and especially broccoli, due to the substantial contribution of nutrients in addition to its medicinal properties, as an aid in the prevention of cancer diseases; turns this into a crop of productive and commercial interest. Therefore, its management requires modernization and innovation, to achieve profitable productivity. Therefore, soil management is the fundamental basis of the development of this crop. Macronutrients in vegetables participate in fundamental functions and processes in vegetables, which affect the development and growth of crops. Hence, this research aims to determine the response of the application of N and K in broccoli var. SK6-401 in the Mulaló parish, to identify the optimal dose of N (DON) and K (DOK), its relationship with profitability in addition to carry out the economic evaluation of the treatments. This project was developed under a quantitative approach, with a type of experimental research at an applicative level. A randomized complete block design (DBCA) with three replications and an absolute control was implemented. For this, nine treatments based on fertilization were used: N and K whose application was divided into four parts during the crop cycle. The doses of N (170 kg ha-1,340 kg ha-1 and 510 kg ha-1) and K (60 kg ha-1, 120 kg ha-1 and 180 kg ha-1), which in combination were obtained the nine treatments. The days to harvest did not show a significant difference, while the variables weight, diameter and productivity showed a significant difference (P <0.05), T5 was identified through a test of means as the treatment with the best response, average pellet weight of 668 g diameter of 20 cm. While for the variables Incidence of Alternaria and Plasmodiphora it did not show significant difference. In relation to cost-1 benefit (P <0.05), T5 exceeded the average, which for this research represents a profit of 3.5 US $ for every US $ 1 invested.
Efecto de tres fuentes y tres dosis de potasio en el rendimiento de papa china, cultivar “blanca” [Colocasia esculenta (L.) schott] en la parroquia El Triunfo, provincia de Pastaza
(2021-04) Pineda Morales, Noé Efraín; Leiva Mora, Michel
The objective of this work was to determine the effect of sources and doses of K+ on the agricultural yield of Chinese potato, cultivar "white", because there is no history of similar studies in our country. During the experimental field phase at harvest time (210 days after planting, dpp) the following variables were evaluated: weight of cormels per plant, quality categories of cormels (first-class cormels 100 - 200 g, second 50 - 100 g and third less than 50 g), number of cormels per plant, weight of cormels per category and yield of cormels per hectare, benefit-cost ratio-1 (BC-1). All the sources of potassium increased agricultural yield, although the KNO3 fertilization source was the one that showed the greatest increase. When 99.6 g. plant-1 of KNO3 were applied, the highest quantity of cormels of C. esculenta cultivar “blanca” was obtained with first-rate quality. The fertilization treatment based on the application of 49.9 g. KCl's plant-1 was the one that generated the highest profit per dollar invested. However, in all treatments that used potassium sources, the profit was increased when compared to the control without fertilization. Profits ranged from US $ 0.3 to US $ 1.1 per every dollar invested.
Evaluación de la extracción de n, p y k en el cultivo de Brócoli Var. Avenger
(2021-04) Escobar, Edgar Hernán; León Gordón, Olguer Alfredo
The increase in the consumption of broccoli Brassica oleracea worldwide, for Ecuador in recent years represents a crop of great economic importance. The lack of studies in the country on the requirements demanded by the crop for correct fertilization significantly affects the productivity and quality of broccoli. The objective of this study was to identify the level of N, P and K extraction in the broccoli Brassica oleraca var. Avenger. It was developed in the parish of Mulaló, in the province of Cotopaxi. The research was developed in an open field crop, under a quantitative approach in a non-experimental type of research at a descriptive level. The methodology for the extraction levels and obtaining N, P and K extraction curves, a cultivation area of 2 ha was established, with a sowing density of 55,000 plants ha-1, for the analysis 12 elite plants were selected At 35, 56, 75 and 95 dat, they were sent to the laboratory for analysis, the extraction results of the main macronutrients demanded by the plant were N 348.6 kg ha-1, P 61.7 kg ha-1, and K 295.2 kg ha-1, and the mathematical models of each nutrient were determined with a confidence level for N of 0.95, P of 0.96 and K of 1.0. It is recommended to consider that at 75 dat the accumulated extraction level of 251.8 kg ha-1 of K and 213.2 kg ha-1 of N influences the formation and development of the pellet.
Respuesta del maíz blanco harinoso tipo chazo a las condiciones agroclimáticas de Cevallos, Tungurahua, Ecuador
(2021-07) Grefa Yumbo, Mireya Elvia; Dobronski Arcos, Jorge Enrique
Corn (Zea mays L.) presents problems of low productivity due to biotic, abiotic and agronomic management factors, as well as the lack of training for corn producers in the correct management of storage systems in the field (bag silos, field silos, and cells) and the lack of research on the adaptation of native varieties. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect on yield of fertilization and planting distance of Chazo-type white floury corn, determining the best fertilization plan. The study was carried out between August and March in Cevallos canton, Tungurahua province, Ecuador, using a split plot experimental design with three replications. Planting was done manually and harvesting was done in dry grain. The qualitative characteristics evaluated were at the cob and grain level, determining that 100% of the evaluated cobs showed excellent coverage, that is, the tip of the cob was very tight; 44% of the harvested cobs were conical in shape and the arrangement of the rows of grain was irregular with 43%. Finally, with regard to the surface of the grain, it was observed that 55% was round. For the quantitative descriptors analyzed: plant height (cm), number of leaves, height of ear insertion, leaf length and leaf width, once the analysis of variance was performed, no statistical differences were detected for the sources of variation fertilization, planting distances, as well as for the interaction of the two factors under study. In the analysis of variance for the variable ear weight, significant differences were identified only for the source of variation fertilization, where 100% fertilization (135 kg N, 30 kg P, 100 kg K, 18 kg Ca, 18 kg Mg, 24 kg S) was superior to the rest of the treatments. The analysis of variance for the yield variable determined that there were no statistical differences for planting distances and the interaction between factors; however, significant differences were identified for 100% fertilization. In the analysis of variance where no statistical differences were found, it can be affirmed that this is possibly due to the genetic characteristics of the native variety of Chazo corn, showing homogeneity in the material. It is recommended to carry out yield evaluations in other altitudinal zones of the Tungurahua province with the material resulting from this research, since this material showed good adaptability to soil and climatic conditions.
Evaluación de giberelina y citoquinina en la inducción floral y rendimiento del cultivo de fresa (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) Variedad Albión
(2022-08) Valle Naranjo, Gustavo Daniel; León Gordón, Olguer Alfredo
The present work was done at Cevallos Canton, Tungurahua province and the aim was to determine the effect of gibberellin (AG3) and Cytokinin (Kinetin) on flower induction and yield of Fragaria ananassa Duch. cultivar “Albión” because not any studies have been executed in this scenario. During the experimental development in trial for the first flowering cycle the following variables were evaluated; days to flowering and number of flower per plant at the first producing cycle (3 months), also number of fruits per plant, fresh weight of fruits, equadorial and polar diameter, Total Solid Solubles (TSS), dry matter, yield per hectare and Benefic. Cost rate were. When we applied 5.0 mg.L-1 AG3 + 25 mg.L-1 kinetin, the days to flowering were reduced in 12.5%, 13.8% of fresh weight increased respect to control without hormones. When 15 mg.L-1 AG3 + 0.375 mg.L-1 Kinetin were applied flower numbers increased in 20% and number of fruits in 17,4%. The spray of 10 mg.L-1 AG3 + 0.250 mg.L-1 Kinetin increased equadorial diameter in 1.3% and the polar diameter in 2.0 %. After application of 5.0 mg.L-1 AG3 + 0.375 mg.L1 Kinetin dry matter was higher in 1.16 % respect to control. Combined mixtures of 5.0 mg.L-1 AG3 + 0.125 mg.L-1 Kinetin, 10 mg.L-1 AG3 + 0.375 mg.L-1 Kinetin and 15,0 mg.L-1 AG3 + 0.250 mg.L-1 Kinetin, reduced acidity in 0.48% in comparison with the control. For Total Solids Soluble no effect was observed after AG3 and Kinetin in any combination. The most profitable treatment was the application of 5.0 mg.L-1 AG3 + 0.250 mg.L-1 Kinetin, which reach $ 0.37 per invested dollar. The mixture of AG3 and Kinetin using different doses and combinations in F. ananassa, variety Albión, let us an efficient managements of flower induction, increased yield for selecting the best combination of plant hormones to reach higher profitability, aspect of great concern to farmers of strawberry at Cevallos Canton from Tungurahua province. Keywords: GA3, Albión, biostimulant, phytohormone, phytoregulator, bloom, Fragaria, strawberry, gibberellin, kinetin.
Influencia del Metalosato de calcio sobre las características agronómicas y el rendimiento del brócoli (Brassica oleracea L.) Var. Avenger
(2022-10) Muñoz Pazos, José Luis; Pérez Salinas, Marco Oswaldo
Broccoli cultivation is produced under intensive management systems in Ecuador and has been one of the agricultural products dedicated to export for about 30 years. The objective of this work was to determine the influence of calcium metalosate on the agronomic characteristics and the commercial yield of broccoli in the Poaló, canton Latacunga, province of Cotopaxi. The research was carried out in the open field with a quantitative approach of the experimental type. A randomized complete block design with a 3 x 3 + 1 factorial arrangement with 3 replications was used. Three doses of metalosate and three frequencies of application were analyzed. The following variables were evaluated: weight of the pellet, equatorial diameter of the pellet, calcium content (%), index of compaction of the pellet, diameter of the stem, formation of the dome, days to harvest, dry matter content of the leaves and calcium content in the leaves. According to the results obtained, there were no statistically significant differences on the weight of the pellet, the equatorial diameter of the pella of B. oleracea Var. Avenger (40 days after transplant). When calcium metalosate was used at 0.5 cc/L every 10 days, the greatest hardness or compaction of the pellet was achieved. With the exception of the doses of 0.5 cc/L every 10 and every 30 days, as well as the control, the rest of the treatment used increased the stem diameter values. Treatments T1, T3, T4, T6, T7, T8 and T9 had a better formation of the dome of B. oleracea Var. avenger. In the plants that were not applied calcium metalosate, the formation of the dome was compromised. In treatments T1, T2, T4, T5 and T9, the days to harvest were significantly reduced. At 79 days after transplantation, the highest dry matter content of the leaves was observed in the plants that did not receive calcium metalosate applications. However, the highest calcium content in the leaves was obtained when 1 ml.L-1 of calcium metallosate was applied every 15 days. With the foliar application of calcium metalosates, it was possible to improve the agronomic quality of broccoli, which is an aspect of great importance to reduce deformities, lack of weight and improve the compaction of B. oleracea Var. Avenger.
Eficiencia de la aplicación de aceite ozonificado en la nutrición del Delphinium sp. en la parroquia Montalvo
(2022-11) Yánez Villacís, Juan José; Curay Quispe, Segundo Euclides
In Ecuador the cultivation of Delphinium has gained in acceptance, as well as the use of ozonated oils to reduce damage caused by pests. Developing experiences that allow determining the effect of ozonized products on the health of Delphinium varieties could create new opportunities for organic management in the flower market with greater care for the health of producers and caring for the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate combinations of doses of Agrozoil and varieties of Delphinium spp. on the production index, physiological response and profitability in the Montalvo parish. To comply with the experimental stage, a randomized complete block design was used with the following specifications: 3 doses of ozonized oil combined with 5 varieties of Delphinium, 5 controls without Agrozoil and 3 repetitions for each treatment. The following variables were evaluated: harvest percentage, production index, time to harvest, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and inflorescence height, as well as a greater number of flowers. The fresh mass and the dry mass in the root, stem, leaves and flowers were also determined. According to the results obtained, the highest percentage of harvest and production index was reached when 7 ml.L-1 of Agrozoil was applied in the Guinevere and Blue bird varieties. In the Galahat variety, the time to harvest was reduced by 20 days when using 5 and 7 ml.L-1 of Agrozoil. When 7 ml.L-1 of Agrozoil was applied in Astolat and Summer skies, a greater height and diameter of the stem was reached. Combining 7 mL.L-1 of Agrozoil in Summer skies increased stem height, stem diameter, leaf area, and inflorescence height as well as a greater number of flowers. When applying 5 mL.L-1 and 7 mL.L-1 of Agrozoil in the Galahat variety as well as 7 mL.L-1 of Agrozoil in the Guinevere variety, a greater number of leaves per plant was reached. The greatest fresh mass of the root was observed in Astolat without Agrozoil, while when using 3 ml of Agrozoil this variety reached the greatest fresh mass of the stem. The combination of 7 ml of Agrozoil in the Astolat, Galahat and Guinevere varieties as well as in Guinevere without Agrozoil had greater fresh mass in the leaves. With 7 ml of Agrozoil in Blue bird, greater dry matter was obtained in the root, while the application of 7 ml of Agrozoil in Astolat increased the dry matter in the stem and in the leaves. Finally, the spraying of 7 ml of Agrozoil in the Astolat and Blue bird varieties achieved a greater dry mass of the flowers. In accordance with the stated results, it was found that the Agrozoil product in some Delphinium varieties and with some doses of Agrozoil had a positive effect on the growth, development and reproductive phase, which lays the foundations for introducing Agrozoil within integrated management strategies in this flower crop.
Análisis de extracto de savia para determinar el estado nutricional del cultivo de rosa
(2023-02) Miranda Guevara, Carla Jasmin; Lindao Córdova, Víctor Alberto
The present research work seeks to determine the nutritional levels of the rose bush by means of rapid measurement equipment in situ, in order to recommend and evaluate the efficiency of fertigation. For the measurements of the nutrient content in the sap, vegetative stems were used in the rice state, monitoring the collection temperature of the samples at 15 °C, 10 stems were cut for each repetition, defoliating and measuring 10 cm of the stem, they were crushed. the pieces of stems and the sap was extracted by means of a syringe, these samples were placed in the Horiba sensors for analysis. The nutrient solutions of the soil were extracted from the suction lysimeter or sucker, by means of an emptying of the sucker and they were placed in the horiba sensors for their respective analysis. It was found that the higher the temperature and radiation, the higher the absorption of the elements at the sap level, likewise, the lower these parameters are, the lower the absorption at the sap level. In the case of the sucker analysis, the higher the temperature, the nutrient content in the solution will be higher, because evapotranspiration allows a greater flow of masses and movement of the elements contained in the soil, otherwise it occurs when the temperature and radiation are less. Therefore, it is determined that the use of the Horiba meters allows a quick and efficient assessment of the absorption of nutrients in the cultivation of the rose.
Evaluación del efecto bioestimulante del ácido fúlvico en el comportamiento agronómico del racimo de tomate riñón (Solanum lycopersicum Mill), en invernadero
(2023-02) Delgado Montesdeoca, Ernesto Efraín
In Ecuador, the cultivation of kidney tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) is produced intensively, under greenhouse conditions and using high doses of fertilizers that exceed the nutritional needs required to obtain satisfactory productions, as a result, this excess has left consequences such as deterioration and desertification of the soil and in addition to affecting the economic aspect for which the trend of sustainable agriculture has been generated. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the "biostimulant effect of fulvic acid on the agronomic behavior of the kidney tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill)" under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design used was completely randomized blocks (DBCA), with four treatments T1 (absolute control), T2 (500 g/ha), T3 (1000 g/ha) and T4 (1500 g/ha) arranged in three repetitions; the variables of stem height and diameter at 45, 60 and 135 days, the number of fruits at 50, 65 and 80 days after transplanting, the size of the fruit, production and yield were also evaluated. The data collected during the development of the crop were statistically analyzed by the ANOVA test with a p < 0.05 on the established dates, the best results obtained in the variable height and stem diameter after transplanting at 135 days correspond to T4 (1500 g /ha of fulvic acids) with values of 170.8 cm and 1.38 cm respectively, but nevertheless there was T3 (1000 g/ha of fulvic acids) with 168.13 cm and 1.36 cm and also T2 (500 g/ha of fulvic acids) with values of 167.97 cm and 1.27 cm respectively, obtained favorable results in terms of the variables mentioned, with respect to the number of fruits after transplanting at 80 days, the best treatments were T4 with 21.13, T3 with 18.10, T2 with 14.90 and T1 with 13.17; As regards the fruit size variable, there was no significant difference and finally, in the economic analysis, the best Cost-Benefit ratio-1 corresponds to T4 with $1.89, that is, for each dollar invested, a profit of $0.89 US dollars is obtained, while that T3 presents a Benefit Cost-1 ratio of $1.65 whose profit is $0.65 cents for each dollar invested by the farmer, T2 presents a Benefit Cost-1 ratio of $1.42 whose profit is 0.42 cents for each dollar invested and T1 presents a Benefit-Cost-1 ratio of $0.96, that is, of the dollar invested, only $0.96 is recovered with a return of -4.02%. Descriptors: Fulvic acids. Humic acids, Biostimulant, complexing agent, chelating agent, staking, F1 hybrid varieties, Solanum lycopersicum Mill, pruning, draining, kidney tomato.
Efecto del uso de biofertilizantes sobre los parámetros productivos y rendimiento de col (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)
(2023-06) Corrales Gutiérrez, Paul Andrés; Gutiérrez Albán, Alberto Cristóbal
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is one of the most important commercial vegetables worldwide; however, in many cases a decrease in productivity has been observed, together with an increase in production costs and dependence on external inputs, which consequently represents a deterioration in the quality of life of farmers and damage to the environment. In this sense, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the use of biofertilizers on the productive parameters and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). The effect of a commercial Azotobacter biofertilizer was evaluated, which was applied at the 25-day-old seedling level individually or combined with inorganic fertilizer (NPK) in presentations of 80-40-40 NPK kg.ha-1, 120-60- 60 NPK kg.ha-1 and 160-80-80 NPK kg.ha-1. A significant effect of the use of Azotobacter + F2-120-60-60 NPK kg.ha-1 on plant height was observed, which was evident from the evaluations at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting with means of 17.75; 32.30 and 52.68 cm, respectively. This treatment also showed the best results in diameter, pellet weight and yield, with 20.5 cm diameter pellets being obtained, with an average weight of 4.2 kg and an average yield of 116.8 t.ha1, while that with the rest of the treatments the yield varied from 66.9 to 77.5 t.ha-1, which represented a decrease of 42.9 and 33.7%. Based on the results, it was shown that the use of conventional inorganic fertilizers in combination with Azotobacter-based biofertilizers promotes the productive parameters of this crop, so it is concluded that this could be a viable option in the production of cabbage
Efecto de la aplicación de dos fertilizantes edáficos y tres fertilizantes foliares sobre la producción y rentabilidad del cultivo de banano (Musa AAA.) en el cantón Baba
(2023-06) Mendoza Campelo, Carlos Alberto; León Gordón, Olguer Alfredo
Banana (Musa spp. AAA) cultivation is important in many countries, and its nutrition is essential for optimal production and profitability. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of different soil and foliar fertilizers on the production and profitability of banana cultivation in the Baba canton. Several variables were evaluated, such as the height of the plant, the diameter of the pseudostem, the number of leaves and the weight of the bunch. The results showed that the different fertilizers and bionutrients applied had a positive impact on the banana crop of cv 'Galil 12' Gran dwarf superior (Musa spp. AAA, Cavendish subgroup). In particular, the combination of Fertcampo+Pronter Plus and Fertcampo+Bionutriente increased bunch weight and the number of hands per bunch, while the combination of Fertcampo+Bionutriente, Multifert+Natura Energy and Fertcampo+Natura Energy increased rachis weight. In addition, the interaction between edaphic and foliar fertilizers significantly affected the bunch weight and the rachis weight of the 'Galil 12' Gran enano superior cultivar, which suggests the importance of adequate fertilization to achieve a better yield. All the treatments tested, including the commercial control of the company Inversiones Dalton Valarezo, were profitable because the benefitcost ratio was greater than unity. However, the highest level of profitability was achieved with the use of Multifert + Fronter Plus and Multifert + Natura Energy Plus. In conclusion, this study shows that the proper use of soil and foliar fertilizers can significantly improve the production and profitability of banana cultivation, which may have important implications for the banana industry and for the reduction of environmental problems
Evaluación del comportamiento del cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) bajo diferentes niveles de nitrógeno en el cantón Colta, provincia de Chimborazo
(2023-06) Cuvi Ramírez, Edisson Geovanny; López Villacís, Isabel Cristina
Coriander is a crop of economic importance for its culinary and pharmaceutical uses; however, its productivity can be affected by both weather variations and deficiencies in fertilization plans. In the present investigation, the effect of the nitrogen fertilization dose on the yield and quality of the coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) crop was evaluated in Canton Colta, province of Chimborazo, using three sources of nitrogenous fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate and Ferthigue) were used at three doses levels (high, medium and low) on the parameters plant height, number of petioles, root length, fresh weight of the plant, time to harvest and yield in purple coriander plants. The experiment was conducted under a split plot design. As results, an interaction effect was found between the source and the dose of the fertilizer applied on the growth of coriander plant measured at 57, 70 and 90 days after sowing. In a similar way, an interaction effect between the source and fertilization dose on the fresh weight in coriander plants was detected, while only the individual effect of the fertilization source in root length and petiole number was observed. Finally, no effect of either the source or the dose was found on the number of plumules per plant or on the time to harvest. Based on the economic analysis, the highest cost-benefit ratio was achieved with urea and ammonium nitrate in the highest doses, however, given that the organic fertilizer also showed promising results, its inclusion is suggested in order to reduce the negative effect of inorganic fertilizers.
Efecto del tipo y forma de fertilización sobre la inducción de resistencia al ataque de Tetranychus urticae Koch en plantas de fresa
(2023-06) Villacreses Pallo, Valeria Paola; Santana Mayorga, Rita Cumandá
The two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch is included among the phytophagous mites most frequently found in most strawberry-producing areas worldwide and it is capable of damaging the crop. Due to the damage caused in this crop, the need to look for alternatives to reduce the use of chemical products is highlighted, among which the use of natural enemies in biological control programs and the use of the natural resistance of plants stand out. In this research, the effect of the type and form of fertilization on the induction of resistance to the attack of Tetranychus urticae Koch in Albion variety strawberry plants were evaluated. The effect of four types of fertilization was evaluated (F1: 100% inorganic NPK fertilization at the recommended dose applied on leaf; F2: 100% inorganic NPK fertilization at the recommended dose applied in soil; F3: 50% fertilization inorganic NPK + biofertilizer applied in soil and F4: 50% of inorganic NPK fertilization + biofertilizer applied on leaf) on oviposition, longevity and antixenosis in T. urticae in strawberry plants variety Albion. These parameters were compared with the content of total polyphenols and flavonoids. Oviposition was not affected by fertilization and varied from 5.3 eggs/female in plants that were treated with the F3 treatment to 6.4 eggs/female in plants treated with F4. On the contrary, the longevity of T. urticae females was influenced by fertilization, being significantly lower when the females were reared on leaves of plants that were treated with F3. Additionally, an effect of the type of fertilization and the sampling date was observed on the number of mites present in strawberry plants of Albion, observing that the lower preference shown by T. urticae was observed in plants treated with F3, in which found 0.67 mites/leaf, followed by plants fertilized with F1, where the number of mites was 1.18 individuals/leaf and in plants treated with F4 with 1.64 mites/leaf. Fertilization also affected the content of both phenols and total flavonoids. According to the results, the biofertilizer improved the absorption of nutrients, making them more efficient in activating the resistance mechanisms of the plant, for which it could be used to take advantage of the benefits not only in crop fertilization but also in its potential use for pest management of economic importance.
Evaluación del efecto de fertilización con dos fuentes de calcio en el rendimiento de la papa (Solanum tuberosum)
(2023-12) Valenzuela Coba, Katherine Gabriela; Santana Mayorga, Rita Cumandá
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the fourth largest food crop worldwide and in Ecuador it is considered one of the main foods for families in the Ecuadorian Sierra area. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of fertilization with two sources of calcium on the yield of the Super Chola variety potato. In the experiment, two sources of calcium (Calcium Nitrate and Calcium Sulfate) and their effect on plant height, fresh and dry weight of tubers, yield and calcium content in the peel of potato tubers were evaluated. Plant height was measured at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing, while the rest of the variables were evaluated at the time of harvest. At 30 and 90 days after, the highest height was reached by potato plants fertilized with calcium nitrate, followed by plants treated with calcium sulfate. Regarding the weight of the tubers, no significant differences were observed due to the effect of the calcium source applied, but the plants treated with calcium nitrate produced tubers with a higher fresh weight (86.7 g), followed by those obtained from plants treated with sulfate. of calcium (77.8 g). Although the yield of the Super Chola variety potato plants was not significantly affected by the calcium source used, both sources caused greater yield when compared to the control treatment plants. The calcium content in the peel of potato tubers varied with the treatment, being higher in tubers obtained from plants treated with calcium nitrate and sulfate, reaching values of 0.201 and 0.197%, respectively. The yield and calcium content were improved by the use of calcium as sources of additional fertilization to NPK-based fertilizers, which is why its inclusion in fertilization programs is recommended.
Aislamiento, caracterización cultural, morfológica, patogénica e identificación de genes AVR en Cladosporium fulvum Cooke.
(2023-12) Sánchez Ortiz, Aldo Martin; Leiva Mora, Michel
Gray mold caused by Cladosporium fulvum was described by Cooke in 1883, which develops in nightshades, specifically in tomato crops, causing damage from the youngest leaves to the top of the plant. The objective of this research was to "Isolate and characterize culturally, morphologically and pathogenically monosporic isolates of Cladosporium fulvum" obtained from signs of gray mold on Solanum lycopersicum leaves to identify the presence or absence of Avr genes in the cantons of the province of Tungurahua (Ambato, Baños, Cevallos, Mocha, Patate, Pelileo, Píllaro, Tisaleo). For isolation, the leaf printing method was applied in potato dextrose (PDA) culture medium with gentamicin sulfate, to describe the cultural and morphological characteristics, the microculture method was used accompanied by the observation of fungal structures under an optical microscope. of transmitted light. In the pathogenic characterization, the isolates of C. fulvum were activated The conidia were counted in the Neubauer chamber of the differential cultivars previously sown on substrates and the inoculum was applied with a manual sprayer. For amplification, DNA extraction and lyophilization of each of the isolates was carried out prior to development. of conventional PCR with two denaturations at 94°C with different cycles and an annealing at 55°C and 34 cycles with a final extension of 72°C. Obtaining that in the 8 cantons of the province of Tungurahua they all showed olive green colors on the obverse, while on the back it was black, with a superficial elevation, plush texture and irregular shape, lobed edges and in some isolates there was pigmentation and perspiration liquid, the mycelial growth in the colonies was obtained with a length of 5.93 µm, width 2.8 µm, hyphae 5.37 µm and conidiophores 32.97 µm average values. In the pathogenic characterization it was evident that the degree of affectation 1 represented between 1 to 5% of the surface of leaves with signs of C. fulvum, while 2 varied from 6 to 20% in the differential cultivars (Cf0-Cf2- Cf4- Cf5-Cf6), finally in the detection of the presence or absence of genes, the presence of the genes Avr2, Avr4e, Ecp2, Ecp4 and Ecp5 and total absence of the genes Avr4, Avr9 and Ecp1 were observed. Based on the results and the tests carried out, it was possible to create bases for the selection of resistance genes for the production of S. lycopersicum hybrids in the province of Tungurahua.
Evaluación de cama caliente en la propagación asexual de arándanos (vaccinium myrtillus)
(2023-12) Vaca Mayorga, Christian Ruperto; Curay Quisphe, Segundo Euclides
The present investigation was carried out on the property of Eng. Ruperto Vaca, in the Tambo Centro hamlet of the Cevallos Canton of the province of Tungurahua, the origin of the cuttings is from 3-year-old plants from the Corp Harvest company located in the Huachi Grande parish from the Ambato canton. An experimental investigation was carried out with a completely randomized design with the following specifications: 3 types of substrates, 2 classes of hormones, 2 temperatures and their respective control, Tukey significance tests were applied at 5% to differentiate between treatments. The analysis of variance was carried out and the Tukey test at 5 was performed on the source of variation corresponding to treatments. The data that was analyzed were: Growth of the cutting, length of the root, days to rooting, percentage of rooting, number of roots. The economic analysis was carried out using the benefit-cost relationship. It is concluded that the temperature applied to the blueberry cuttings with the implementation of hot beds directly affects the rooting of the cuttings since in all the variables studied in this experiment the best results were achieved. By studying the effect of rooting hormones, it was determined that the application of ANA influences the variables of cutting growth and root length, while the days to rooting, the percentage of rooting and the number of roots had better results with the IBA application. The substrate that provided the most suitable conditions for the rooting of blueberry cuttings in the experiment was coconut fiber, which had the best results in the variables studied, which is why it was established as the best to be used for blueberry rooting. in warm beds.
Equilibrio catiónico en la productividad del cultivo de tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum Cav.) variedad amarillo gigante
(2023-12) Morocho Quishpi, María Manuela; Guerrero Cando, David Aníbal
The cultivation of tree tomato (Solanum betaceum) in Ecuador energizes the local economy of small and medium producers in the provinces of Carchi, Imbabura, Cotopaxi, Tungurahua and Chimborazo, however, poor nutritional management results in a considerable reduction of productivity and quality of the fruit. In the El Altar parish, Penipe, the productive response of the tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav) giant yellow variety to the application of three cationic balances T1 (55% Ca, 20% K, 25 Mg), T2 (60%) was determined. Ca, 30%K, 10%Mg), T3 (80% Ca, 15%K, 5%Mg). Different variables were evaluated, such as fruit weight and diameter, number of fruit plant-1, plant yield-1, yield ha-1. and % dry matter. The results demonstrated that there is a positive relationship between the cationic balance doses on the yield of tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav). In particular, the T2 treatment of cationic balance (60% Ca, 30% K, 10% Mg) is the one that presented the best response for the agronomic variables under study with a productivity of 44 Tn. ha-1. All treatments evaluated, including the absolute control, were profitable because the benefit-cost ratio was greater than unity. However, the highest level of profitability was achieved with the use of the cationic balance (60% Ca, 30% K, 10% Mg) with a value of 2,9 In short, the study shows that the optimal balance of cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) in the soil can significantly improve the productivity and profitability of tree tomato cultivation.
Influencia del biocarbono sobre la respuesta morfofisiología de vitroplantas de Solanum tuberosum L. Var Superchola
(2024-02) Mayorga Romero, Santiago Alberto; Munóz Espinosa, Manolo Sebastián
The study addresses the influence of biocarbon in vitroplants of Solanum tuberosum L. Var Superchola under greenhouse conditions. In a global context of agricultural challenges, biocarbon is presented as a sustainable strategy to improve productivity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Biocarbon, derived from organic residues such as teak, improves soil fertility, increases moisture retention and increases cation exchange capacity. The study focuses on the Superchola variety, important in the Ecuadorian diet and economy, with the objective of evaluating how vitroplants respond to teak biocarbon substrates. The research was carried out at the Technical University of Ambato. Based on the results obtained, they revealed that the combination of biocarbon and peat affects the morphophysiological response of vitroplants. Mixtures with a lower proportion of biocarbon showed better results, with Tb1-Bc0 (100% blond peat + 0% biocarbon) standing out. In addition, it was observed that high amounts of biocarbon negatively affect plant growth. Nutrient extraction varied according to substrate combinations, being advisable to optimize the choice of mixtures to promote a favorable morphophysiological response. The importance of monitoring biocarbon use is emphasized and further investigation of its interaction with plant morphology and nutrient extraction is suggested. As we have seen, the study offers guidelines to improve the sustainable production of potatoes, a vital species for food and economy in Ecuador, emphasizing the need for a careful and strategic management of biocarbon. Key words: Biochar, Vitroplants, Morphophysiology, Nutrients and Sustainable production.