Ciencias Agropecuarias

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    Factores de riesgo asociados a enfermedades causadas por nematodos y cestodos endoparásitos en cerdos en el Centro de Faenamiento Pelileo
    (2024-10) Lascano Gualpa, Rosa Obdulia; Almeida Secaira, Roberto Ismael
    Incidence of internal parasites affects pig production, which not only causes significant economic losses in livestock production worldwide, but also implies a risk to the health of people involved in this type of industry and consumers of meat. of pork. Thus, the present study was carried out in order to analyze the risk factors associated with diseases caused by endoparasite nematodes and cestodes in pigs at the Pelileo Slaughter Center during the period 2023-2024. Diagnosis of parasite species was carried out following the procedures established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries with its attached entity AGROCALIDAD (Agency for Phyto and Zoosanitary Regulation and Control). The species were found: Ascaris sp. and Hyostrongylus sp. (Nematoda) and larval phase of Cisticercus tenuicollis and the hydatidic cyst (Cestoda) mainly associated with the liver of pigs. The highest prevalence was observed for Ascaris sp. infections (21.07%) followed by larvae of Echinococcus granulosus (19.73%) and Hyostrongylus sp. (5.87%), while double Ascaris-Hyostrongylus infections were relatively low (1.33%) as well as infections by hydatidic cysts (1.07%). Regarding risk factors, it was found that age was associated with the prevalence of parasites, being higher in pigs less than 1 year old. Regarding the location within the host, parasites were mainly found in organs that make up part of its biological cycle. On the other hand, no association was found with the sex of the host. According to the results, the prevalence of Ascaris and metacestods of Echinococcus seems to be related to herd management factors, however, this aspect requires investigation.
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    Prevalencia de tricomoniasis en bovinos faenados en el centro de Faenamiento Municipal de Pastaza
    (2024-10) Zúñiga Araujo, Solange Danniela; Carrillo Álvarez, Israel Salomón
    Bovine trichomoniasis is caused by Tritrichomonas foetus, a protozoan species with wide worldwide distribution, causing a sexually transmitted disease in cattle that causes infertility, abortion and endometritis, postcoital pyometra or fetal maceration. In the present study, the prevalence of bovine trichomoniasis in cattle slaughtered at the Pastaza municipal slaughterhouse were determined. A total of 361 samples were taken from cattle admitted to the "Pastaza Municipal Slaughterhouse" from January to April 2024 from the Pastaza, Mera and Santa Clara municipalities. From these data, information on the relationship between the prevalence of the disease and the age, sex and origin of the animal was obtained. The study was carried out through simple random sampling and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency and percentages. Additionally, the association of the variables sex, age and place of origin of the cattle with the prevalence of trichomoniasis was established through a Spearman correlation (𝜒 2 ). A general prevalence of trichomoniasis of 2.8% was found in cattle slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse of Pastaza, observed only in cattle from five parishes of the Pastaza canton with a total of 10 positive cases. No association was found between the sex, age group and place of origin of the cattle and the prevalence of trichomoniasis in this study. Given the importance of trichomoniasis, it is recommended to carry out studies using molecular biology to confirm the presence of the parasite in herds in the area.
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    Efecto in vitro de Beauveria bassiana en el control de Melophagus ovinus (Diptera: Hippoboscidae)
    (2024-08) Córdova Córdova, Johanna Lissette; López Villacis, Isabel Cristina
    Melophagus ovinus is an ectoparasite of sheep able to cause weight loss, anemia, and reduced wool growth, leading to an economic impact due to reduced production of meat, milk, and wool from sheep, as well as damage caused by the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, thus requiring permanent control measures. In this research, in vitro effect of Beauveria bassiana on the control of Melophagus ovinus was evaluated. For this purpose, the effect of four doses of the biopesticide (T1 = 1.0x105 spores/ml; T2 = 1.0x106 spores/ml; T3 = 1.0x107 spores/ml; T4 = 1.0x108 spores/ml, and distilled water was used as control) was tested on the mortality rate of adult female M. ovinus. Additionally, LD50 was calculated using Probit analysis. Concentrations of B. bassiana affected the mortality rate in M. ovinus. In general, the mortality rate was dependent on the concentration of B. bassiana, reaching 55.56% at 120 hours after applying the highest dose, which was 50% higher than the mortality observed with the lowest dose and 90% higher than the control treatment. A similar trend was observed in the second and third evaluations. Probit analysis showed an LD50 value of 1.47x105 conidia/ml, while the LD90 and LD95 values were 6.7x106 and 3.8x107 conidia/ml, respectively, which it would be expected to result in 90% and 95% mortality of the study population under in vitro conditions. According to the results, topic application of B. bassiana suspensions could be a potential alternative for controlling M. ovinus; however, in vivo evaluations are required to determine its effect on sheep.
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    Evaluación de un preparado microbiano sobre los índices productivos en gallinas ponedoras
    (2024-08) Jima Jiménez, Álvaro Fernando; Guerrero López, Jorge Ricardo
    The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial preparation on the productive indices in laying hens, being evaluated 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%, and its effects on the productive indices and the cost/benefit relationship of the different treatments. Four different treatments were evaluated, including a control with 0% microbial preparation. For this research work, a completely randomized statistical design was carried out, which consists of ten repetitions for each treatment applied and five birds per repetition, that is, 50 experimental units adding a total of 200 laying hens of the Lohmann Brown – Classic line for research. The analysis of the means was performed using Tukey's statistical test at 5% reliability. Nine productive indices were evaluated and it was concluded that the different percentages of microbial preparation added to the birds' diet, it was determined that the best treatment was T2 and T3, for the variable egg weight with an addition of microbial preparation at 0.2 and 0. .3%, respectively, where a weight of 63.21g and 63.28g was achieved, showing highly significant differences compared to the T1 treatment (0.1%) with a weight of (61.52g) and the control T0 (0 %) obtained a minimum weight of (60.77g). Regarding the remaining variables, there are no statistically significant differences between the treatments. In cost/benefit ratio, T2 has a greater value of 1.07 points.
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    Estudio retrospectivo de las causas de decomiso en la empresa Metropolitana de Rastro agencia Quito durante los años 2022 – 2023
    (2024-08) Castillo Vargas, Marcelo Gabriel; Lozada Ortiz, Jenny Piedad
    The present retrospective study of the causes of confiscation in the company Metropolitana de Rastro agency Quito during the years 2022-2023. Its main objective was to analyze the causes of confiscation in the company Metropolitana de Rastro agency Quito during the years 2022-2023. To achieve this objective, a retrospective study was carried out that involved the analysis of records from the Agency for Phyto and Zoosanitary Regulation and Control, recorded in the Antemortem Inspection form in Slaughterhouses – Cattle, Pigs, Sheep/Goats, Camelids, Guinea Pigs and Rabbits of the Metropolitan Public Company of Rastro Agencia Quito. After analyzing the data collected, it was identified that in the case of cattle, Santo Domingo is the leading region in production, as for pigs, the cities of Pichincha and Cotopaxi were; In the case of sheep, the province of Cotopaxi stood out as the first producer of sheep meat. On the other hand, in the case of cattle, an increase in the percentage of confiscation is observed, going from 42% in 2022 to 45% in 2023. Distomatosis is the main cause of confiscation. For pigs, the percentage of confiscated organs remains high, with a slight increase of 1% in 2023. Liver disorders and ascariasis are the main causes of confiscation. Regarding sheep, a decrease is observed in the percentage of organs confiscated in 2023, although ospagostomiasis remains an important cause of confiscation in both years.
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    Evaluación de fórmulas de sustratos alternativos en la germinación de semillas de brócoli (Brassica oleracea var.italica)
    (2024-08) Altamirano Núñez, Christian Rodrigo; Guerrero Cando, David Aníbal
    Seed health is a vital factor for successful agricultural production to prevent the spread of different pathogens. Likewise, soil suppression is very important to help seed germination, and it is necessary to have a large number of beneficial microorganisms. Therefore, the use of a good substrate is one of the key points to ensure healthy and vigorous seedlings. In this sense, in the present research, different substrate formulas for broccoli seed germination were evaluated, where different percentages of Azolla enriched with zeolite and humic acids were evaluated on plant height, germination percentage, leaves per plant, root volume and percentage of useful plants. The following proportions were used: S1 (Azolla 70% + zeolite 30%), S2 (Azolla 69.5% + zeolite 29.5 % + humic acids 1.0%), S3 (Azolla 69% + zeolite 29 % + humic acids 2%), S4 (Azolla 68.5% + zeolite 28.5 % + humic acids 3.0%) and it was compared with a commercial substrate, S5 based on Sphagnum peat. The effect of the different substrates was observed where significant differences were observed between them. The greatest plant height was obtained with the substrate composed of 68.5% Azolla, 28.5% zeolite and 3.0% humic acids, with which the plants reached 2.52 cm and 3.2 cm at 15 and 30 days, respectively. Likewise, the number of leaves per plant (3.13 leaves), root volume (0.45 ml), germination percentage (95.70%) and useful plants (92.67%) were observed with the same substrate, whose values were significantly equal to those obtained with the commercial substrate. Although the costs for obtaining the different substrates did not show significant differences, the use of substrates based on Azolla enriched with zeolite and humic acids is suggested, since these are products that are easily available in the area.
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    Efecto de los fitobióticos orégano (origanum vulgare) y anís (pimpinella anisum) sobre las vellosidades intestinales y los parámetros productivos en cerdos destetados
    (2024-08) Zúñiga Sánchez, Michael Javier; Burgos Mayorga, Ana Rafaela
    This research was conducted to compare the effect of phytobiotics oregano (Origanum vulgare) and anise (Pimpinella anisum) on intestinal villi and productive parameters in weaned pigs, and to assess the cost-benefit relationship of the treatments based on partial costs. The results of the weight test indicate that treatments with oregano (T1) and anise (T2) had a positive impact on the weight gain of weaned pigs compared to the control group (T0), without treatment, over eight weeks. Differences were statistically significant in each analyzed week. In the fourth week, groups T1 and T2 showed significantly higher weights than the control group, with means of 12.91 kg and 12.82 kg compared to 9.88 g, respectively. These effects were maintained and became more pronounced in subsequent weeks, reaching average weights in the eighth week of 29.18 kg for T2 and 25.97 kg for T1, compared to 21.17 kg for the control group. Regarding food consumption, groups T1 and T2 consumed less food than the control group, indicating greater feed efficiency. For example, in the fourth week, consumptions were 0.25 (T1) and 0.23 (T2) compared to 0.30 for the control group. This trend continued in subsequent weeks, with the treated groups maintaining lower food consumption but higher weight gain. In conclusion, treatments with oregano and anise significantly improved the weight and feed efficiency of weaned pigs. Anise treatment showed slight superiority, highlighting its digestive, antimicrobial, and appetite-stimulating properties, which contribute to these results. Implementing anise as an additive in pig feed could be an effective strategy to improve animal performance and health.
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    Evaluación del forraje verde hidropónico de cebada (Hordeum vulgare) y concentrado sobre los índices productivos en etapas de crecimiento y engorde en cuyes (Cavia porcellus)
    (2024-08) Villalba Chulco, Ambar Cristina; Núñez Torres, Oscar Patricio
    The study evaluated the effects of different proportions of hydroponic barley green fodder (FVHC) and feed concentrate in the feeding of guinea pigs in the growth and fattening stages. The treatments were distributed in five groups: 100% FVHC + 0% feed concentrate (T0), 75% FVHC + 25% feed concentrate (T1), 50% FVHC + 50% feed concentrate (T2), 25% FVHC + 75% feed concentrate (T3) and 0% FVHC + 100% feed concentrate (T4). The results showed that T2 (50% FVHC + 50% feed concentrate) was the most balanced and effective as it obtained significant weight gain and adequate feed conversion in the growth and fattening stage. On the contrary, T0 (100% FVHC + 0% feed concentrate) and T4 (0% FVHC + 100% feed concentrate) had limitations in which the former obtained higher feed intake and higher feed conversion, demonstrating that it was not sufficient to satisfy the guinea pig's nutritional requirements. On the other hand, T4 presented lower feed efficiency throughout the study because the insufficient amount of fiber negatively affected its performance. Finally, the study emphasizes the importance of a mixed diet to ensure optimal performance and welfare of the guinea pigs.
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    Evaluación de la sensibilidad antibiótica y presencia de genes de resistencia en Enterococcus gallinarum aislado en carne de pollo en Ambato
    (2024-08) Villacis Gamboa, David Alexander; Cruz Quintana, Sandra Margarita
    Enterococcus gallinarum is a Gram-positive bacterium that grows in short chains and can be found in the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans at temperatures ranging from 10 - 37ºC. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity and presence of resistance genes in Enterococcus gallinarum isolated from chicken meat in Ambato. The Kirby Bauer method with antibiotic discs was used to evaluate the sensitivity and resistance to vancomycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and trimethopin + sulfamethasone. The antibiotic chosen to detect resistance genes was vancomycin by DNA extraction, PCR and electrophoresis. PCR primers VanA F and VanA R were used to amplify a band of 732 base pairs. Resistance to vancomycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and sensitivity to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and trimethopin + sulfamethasone was shown. No vancomycin resistance genes were detected and the main molecular mechanisms of resistance of Enterococcus gallinarum to vancomycin were investigated as efflux pumps, resistance genes and target site modification. It was concluded that Enterococcus gallinarum from chicken meat sold in the canton of Ambato is sensitive to clavulanic acid and trimethopin + sulfamethasone and resistant to vancomycin, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. To vancomycin it does not present resistance genes, its main resistance mechanisms are resistance genes, efflux pumps, modification of the target point.
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    Evaluación de la calidad de canal bovina y su relación con el manejo ante-mortem en EP – FYPROCAI
    (2024-08) Velasco Ayala, Hendry Bladimir; Burgos Mayorga, Ana Rafaela
    The objective of the present investigation was to determine the effect of ante-mortem handling on the characteristics of beef. 278 cattle slaughtered in the EP-FYPROCAI company were evaluated trough daily observations during the months of April and May 2024. The animals were observed from their arrival, they were identified with a code and followed throughout the slaughter process until storage of carcasses. The following variables were taken: live weight, rest area, fasting time, water quality, phenotypic characteristics, live weight, number of falls, vocalizations, use of electric prod, hits with forbidden objects, stunning with a captive bolt, time of stunning to bleeding, pH (45 minutes, 6, 12, and 24 hours), temperature (45 minutes and 12 hours), color was evaluated based on a colorimetry scale, conformation of the carcass based on conformation grades 1-4, carcass weight, and carcass yield was calculated based on live weight and carcass weight data. The results showed that the fasting time was correct, however, the handling trough facilities presented failures due to hits with forbidden objects and excessive use of electric prod, but the number of falls was within the accepted parameter. Sixty nine percent of animals received a correct stunning; 58% had a time of stunning to bleeding of 2-3 minutes; pH at 45 minutes postmortem was 6.93, followed by 6.13 at 6 hours, continuing at 12 hours with a decrease in pH to 5.89, and at 24 hours with a pH of 5.73; 80% of carcasses were considered normal, while 18% of carcasses were considered DFD, and 2% were considered PSE meat. Mean of temperature at 45 minutes was of 31.09°C, while, at 12 hours reached 12.25°C, and at 24 hours reached a temperature of 7.37°C. Sixty six percent of the carcasses were in good conformation. These results reflected that, there was a relationship between ante-mortem variables and the quality of the carcass, therefore, ante-mortem handling did influence the quality of the meat.