Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología

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    Análisis de la presencia de metales pesados en la concha negra (Anadara tuberculosa) expendida en los mercados de la ciudad de Ambato y su cumplimiento con los límites establecidos en la normativa alimentaria
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2025-02) Gaibor Angulo, Marissa Antonella; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    The determination of heavy metals in black shells (Anadara tuberculosa) makes them a very important marine resource in coastal ecosystems and for human consumption to assess environmental and health risks. Heavy metals such as Arsenic (As), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), can accumulate in the soft tissues of this species, because it has a filtering capacity since it is exposed to contaminated waters either by anthropogenic activities such as mining, agriculture and industrial and urban discharges. For the analysis of heavy metals in black shells, it is necessary to collect samples in specific areas. It is vitally important to identify the areas of sale and origin of the product through informal interviews with the sellers. The samples must be prepared for the quantification of heavy metals using the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique. The results obtained after using the technique are compared with international and local regulations, such as those of the European Communities and the CODEX, with evidence that the limits of heavy metals obtained in the analysis are below the limits established by the regulations, however, the presence of these metals is not ruled out. The evaluation of the toxicological risk allows the identification and quantification of the dangers that are associated with chemical substances, evaluating their impact on human health and the environment by examining a danger in order to avoid or reduce it, where the samples analyzed are below the reference dose, showing that they do not represent a risk to health.
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    Evaluación in vitro de la capacidad antioxidante de los componentes bioactivos microencapsulados provenientes del hongo Hericium erinaceus
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2025-02) Cajiao Valdivieso, Jannis Naomi; López Hernández, Orestes Darío
    The mushroom Hericium erinaceus is a macromycete renowned for its bioactive properties, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective capacities, positioning it as a promising resource for improving human health. This study evaluated the optimal extraction conditions of its bioactive components and analyzed the antioxidant properties and microencapsulation efficiency of the extracted compounds. Using dried and ground samples of H. erinaceus, four extraction treatments were conducted, with treatment T2 (boiling water for 2 hours at a 1:20 ratio) yielding the best results. Spectrophotometric methods determined the concentrations of polyphenols (7.04 milligrams of gallic acid per gram of dry basis) and polysaccharides (20.76 milligrams of glucose per gram of dry basis), while antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method, achieving a 70.77 percent inhibition and an antioxidant capacity of 3.23 micromoles of Trolox per gram of dry basis. Additionally, the microencapsulation of bioactive compounds was validated using FTIR spectroscopy, confirming the interaction between the active compounds and the polymeric matrix. The results demonstrate that H. erinaceus extracts rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides exhibit significant antioxidant activity, highlighting their potential as functional foods. This study expands the understanding of the mushroom's bioactive properties, confirming its viability as an alternative to enhance human health in Ecuador, particularly in addressing challenges related to malnutrition and oxidative stress.
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    Determinación de los factores de malnutrición asociados a las prácticas alimentarias y consumo de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados en población de estudiantes universitarios
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2025-02) Cruz Quinatoa, Gabriela Ruby; Franco Crespo, Christian David
    The consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods has become both a global trend and a significant issue over the years, negatively affecting human health. This phenomenon has gained considerable importance in Latin America. For this reason, the present study focused on examining dietary habits and the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods among university students. A survey was conducted with two hundred and ninety-two students from the Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, identifying various factors associated with unhealthy diets and poor eating habits, including the social environment, socioeconomic status, and cultural context. The findings revealed that the majority of students frequently consume unhealthy foods, with processed foods being the most prevalent. This behavior may lead to negative health consequences over time, such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, or excess body weight. Among the surveyed population, at least twenty-eight point four percent of the students were classified as overweight or having type one obesity. Although this proportion is not yet alarming, it could progressively increase if dietary habits do not improve. The implications of these findigs are analyzed, and strategies based on the results are proposed to encourage healthier eating habits within the university student population.
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    Caracterización de los perfiles de resistencia antimicrobiana de Escherichia coli aislada de mamíferos en cautiverio del EcoZoológico San Martín – Baños de Agua Santa
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Medina Pujos, Anabell Yessenia; Calero Cáceres, William Ricardo
    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a public health problem around the world; therefore, to prevent the emergence and spread of pathogenic bacteria, measures should be taken by adopting a One Health perspective. Around the world, one of the factors for the emergence of resistant pathogens has been the zoonotic exchange between animals and humans, and its association with the use of different antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine. For this reason, the study of wild or captive species is essential. This research focuses on characterizing antimicrobial resistance profiles in E. coli isolates from captive mammals at the San Martín Eco Zoo in Baños de Agua Santa. From a total of 27 faecal samples collected, 90 strains were isolated. 32 strains presented resistance to more than three families of antibiotics; however, only strains E57 and E75 isolated from ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) showed resistance to six families of antibiotics. The antibiotics with the highest percentage of resistance were ampicillin (97.5), ceftriaxone (95), cefuroxime (95), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (52.5), ceftazidime (47.5) and ciprofloxacin (37.5). The generated profiles showed the relationship between resistance to antimicrobials and the diet of the mammals studied, observing that those isolated from mammals with a meat-based diet were multi-resistant E. coli; In addition, the antibiotic treatment received helped with the presence of more resistant isolates. The results obtained indicate that captive species can be potential reservoirs of multi-resistant bacteria to antibiotics.
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    Análisis comparativo nutricional del tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) y mora (Rubus ulmifolius) de origen orgánico y agroquímico
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2022-09) Camino Torres, Mary Joseph; Franco Crespo, Christian David
    In the present study, a segment of the agri-food sector is analyzed from the comparison of products that are classified as organic vegetables and those of conventional origin. For this reason, it is important to raise awareness of the availability of healthy and wholesome foods that are currently gaining greater support from the population. The investigation worked with two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius) products, to which physical-chemical and proximal analyzes were carried out in order to analyze the differences that exist in the nutritional quality of a product of organic origin and a conventional product where agrochemicals are used. It is important to mention that organic products suffer from pest stress, which is why they activate defense mechanisms to increase vitamin levels; In the case of conventional products, this does not happen because when applying chemical substances, they help to eliminate existing pests. The results showed that organic products have different nutritional characteristics than conventional products. However, these differences do not show statistical significance. In addition, it was shown that organic products have higher levels of lycopene because the skin of food is richer in pigments, this carotenoid is more concentrated in the skin of organic fruits. Organic blackberries contain higher values of vitamins, benefiting the health of those who consume them, since the opposite happens in conventional products, since the excessive use of agrochemicals is causing different types of diseases in people who have long-term problems.
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    Perfiles de la resistencia antimicrobiana de enterobacterias aisladas a partir de comida callejera de la ciudad de Ambato
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Maestría en Ciencia de los Alimentos, 2022-05) Tubón Ocaña, Jessica Magaly; Calero Cáceres, William Ricardo
    Consumption of ready-to-eat street food in Ecuador is extensive, and the information about the presence of foodborne pathogens, their virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance is negligible. Foodborne pathogens represent a significant cause of negative impacts on human health and the economy worldwide. This investigation includes the occurrence, antibiotic resistance profiles, and antibiotic resistance genes of Enterobacterales isolated from ready-to-eat street foods in Ambato, Ecuador, between 2020 and 2021. The results highlight the high frequency of detection of positive isolates of enteric microorganisms such as E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Cronobacter, Morganella, and Rahnella. Among the E. coli isolates, only one microorganism pertains to the enterohemorrhagic o enteropathogenic pathotype (EPEC o EAEC). The profiles of phenotypic and genotypic resistance to antibiotics show high percentages of resistance to antibiotics of clinical interest, such as ampicillin, cefoxitin, cephalothin, amoxicillin y clavulanic acid, and chloramphenicol, suggesting that prepared foods sold on the street could represent a potential route of dissemination of resistant in the food chain. The profiles of multi-resistance and emerging resistance to antibiotics were identified, highlighting the presence of beta-lactam resistance genes blaTEM and carbapenemase resistance gene blaCMY. Considering their epidemiological importance is required further investigation using whole-genome sequencing techniques.
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    Evaluación de la resistencia antimicrobiana de Enterobacterias aisladas a partir de vegetales de la ciudad de Riobamba
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Maestría en Ciencia de los Alimentos, 2022-05) Barragán Fonseca, Gabriela Cecilia; Calero Cáceres, William Ricardo
    The monitoring of hygienic conditions throughout the food production chain aims to prevent the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. The safety of raw vegetables and fruits is being affected by the presence of Enterobacteriaceae that possess complex mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and virulence. In Riobamba (Ecuador) it was found that a high percentage of the vegetables shipped in the city's markets harbor Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp., bacteria that show a considerable amount of multi-resistance patterns to different antibiotics. The antibiotic resistance by phenotypic evaluation detected high rates of resistance to the clinically-important beta-lacta antibiotic ampicillin and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. The molecular detection of antibiotic resistance genes detected de presence of beta-lactamases blaCTX-M and blaTEM, as well as carbapenemases blaCMY and blaSHV, that were considered emerging resistance mechanisms. On the other hand, the evaluation of virulence genes of diarrheagenic E. coli revealed the presence of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and enteroadherent E. coli (EAEC) pathotypes in some isolates. Although its finding is not numerous, the presence of this pathotypes is of concern due to the great frequency with which the EHEC variant appears in reports of foodborne diseases. Considering this result, the vegetables marketed in the city of Riobamba may constitute a potential route of dissemination of pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance through food chain.
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    Determinación de la concentración de metales pesados (cadmio, plomo y cromo) en la lechuga (Lactuca sativa) que se cultiva en la parroquia Presidente Urbina del cantón Píllaro
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería en Alimentos, 2022-03) Lasluiza Quishpe, María Fernanda; Cerda Mejía, Liliana Alexandra
    Lettuce is a vegetable frequently used in the diet due to its low caloric value and is rich in vitamins and minerals. Environmental contamination has increased in recent years because of anthropogenic activities, being the most interesting the irrigation water and soil where they are grown because they have presented heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, and chromium, which are considered toxic and therefore it affects the health of the population when they ingest it through contaminated food with high concentrations. This research determined the presence of cadmium, lead, and chromium in samples composed of lettuce, irrigation water, and agricultural soil collected in the Presidente Urbina parish of the Pillaro canton belonging to the province of Tungurahua, through the atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. The three samples were compared with national and international standards, as a result, it was found that the analyzed samples have concentrations below the maximum permissible limit for cadmium, lead, and chromium. Therefore, the crops of the Presidente Urbina parish are free of heavy metal contaminants, this is guaranteeing the health of these consumers.