Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología
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Item Elaboración de un manual de Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura (BPM) para la microempresa de lácteos Suamore ubicada en el cantón Ambato provincia de Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2026-07) Suarez Guato, Jairo Mauricio; Vargas López, José HomeroThe development of a Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) manual for the microenterprise Suamore aims to improve the quality standards of the products produced and ensure food safety. The implementation of the manual will enable the microenterprise to produce safe products required by regulatory agencies, guaranteeing the satisfaction of the end consumer. A diagnosis of the current situation of the microenterprise was carried out using the checklist developed based on the provisions of the ARCSA – 016 – 2022 – AKRG regulation, which made it possible to establish corrective and necessary measures to prevent any type of contamination. Based on the diagnosis, the levels of compliance, non-compliance, and not applicable were determined to identify measures to remedy the existing nonconformities. In addition, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOP) were developed, according to the guidelines required by the microenterprise, from the reception of raw materials to the commercialization of the final product. On the other hand, training sessions were provided to the operational staff of the microenterprise with the objective of strengthening the knowledge acquired and ensuring effective management of regulatory documentation. Finally, the GMP manual was developed for the microenterprise Suamore with the objective of improving the quality management system in the processing plant, ensuring the quality and safety of the product intended for human consumption. Its implementation will allow the microenterprise to raise its quality standards and thereby improve its competitive position in the country's markets.Item Determinación del calor isostérico de adsorción de agua de harinas obtenidas a partir de residuos de brócoli, coliflor y col(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2026-07) Salgado Rivera, Johnny Paúl; Acurio Arcos, Liliana PatriciaThe research focuses on the need for more efficient use of broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage waste. While these vegetables have nutritional and technological value, their high moisture content makes them vulnerable to spoilage. Therefore, the study proposed transforming the waste from these three cruciferous vegetables into a stable flour and evaluating its water adsorption behavior. The method involved selecting, washing, and cutting the vegetable waste, using a control sample and its counterparts with thermal pretreatments: boiling, steaming, and microwave drying, followed by convection drying at 65 Celcius degree for eight hours. The samples were then ground, stored, and analyzed by constructing adsorption isotherms at 20, 30, and 40 Celcius degree using saturated saline solutions and the static gravimetric method. The net isosteric heat was calculated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The results showed that drying reduced water activity below 0.60, improving microbiological stability. Isotherms exhibited Type III behavior, and equilibrium moisture content increased with water activity. Furthermore, isosteric heat was highest at low moisture content and decreased with increasing moisture. Therefore, this type of flour is a viable alternative for utilizing cruciferous waste, provided that storage conditions are properly controlled.Item Diseño de una bebida saborizada a base de Diente de león (Taraxacum Officinale) y Muña (Minthostachys Mollis) especies presentes en Quisapincha – Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2026-07) Ramón Moreno, Jimmy Jorge; Delgado Ramos, Andrea VerónicaThe progressive loss of traditional knowledge and food utilization of native plant species, such as dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and muña (Minthostachys mollis), has limited their agro-industrial valorization in the province of Tungurahua. The objective of this research was to design a beverage based on both plant species sourced from Quisapincha. The methodology comprised the bromatological characterization of the raw materials, the formulation of three treatments through aromatic infusion, the evaluation of acceptability and sensory profile using sensory analysis, as well as the determination of the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the highest-rated treatment. The results showed that Taraxacum officinale presented higher contents of fiber (12.43 percent), protein (18.16 percent), and ash (15.39 percent), while Minthostachys mollis recorded the highest carbohydrate content (59.62 percent). Both species stood out for the presence of dietary fiber, inulin, phenolic compounds, and other bioactive metabolites of functional interest. The acceptability analysis, processed using ANOVA and Tukey's test, identified the formulation with 1.10 percent muña and 0.40 percent dandelion as the best treatment, which was characterized by aromatic, sweet, and refreshing attributes. The beverage presented a titratable acidity of 0.167 percent, a pH of 4.4, 7.23 degrees Brix, and the absence of growth of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, molds, and yeasts. It is concluded that the developed formulation constitutes a viable alternative for obtaining functional beverages, contributing to the technological, sensory, and functional potential of these understudied plant species, and expanding the available knowledge for their agro-industrial utilization.Item Estudio comparativo del efecto del tiempo y medio de maceración rico en probióticos sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas, microbiológicas y sensoriales de tres matrices vegetales liofilizadas a base de camote (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.), papa nativa (Solanum tuberosum L.) y zanahoria blanca (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2026-07) Quispe Saca, Jhonatan Paul; Moreno Miranda, Carlos SantiagoThe growing demand for healthy foods has driven interest in technologies that improve the quality and functionality of plant products. This study evaluated the influence of maceration prior to freeze-drying of sweet potato, native potato, and white carrot in water kefir or kombucha for 48, 96, and 144 hours. The methodology included physicochemical and microbiological analyses, determination of lactic acid bacteria viability, and sensory evaluation of the vegetables' acceptance. The results showed that maceration time and medium influenced the decrease in pH, reduction of enzymatic browning, and favorable modifications in texture. Sensory-wise, the treatments macerated in water kefir showed greater acceptability. The 144-hour treatments stood out in sweet potato and native potato, while the 48-hour treatments were the most successful in white carrot. The best treatments exhibited low moisture content and water activity, conditions that favor their stability and preservation. They also showed a nutritional profile characterized by a predominance of carbohydrates and dietary fiber. Microbiologically, the safety of the products was ensured, and viable counts of lactic acid bacteria were obtained after freeze-drying. It is concluded that maceration prior to freeze-drying improves the stability, safety, and preservation of lactic acid bacteria in the evaluated plant matrices. This study provides evidence for the integration of maceration and freeze-drying as a technological strategy for the potential development of functional plant-based foods.Item Formulación de un gel a base de extracto de polifenoles obtenidos de la cáscara de Theobroma cacao L. con actividad antioxidante(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2026-07) Tuitise Varas, Dallyana Shirley; Fernández Rivero, DanaeThe husk of the Theobroma cacao L. pod is an agro-industrial residue containing phenolic compounds, which possess antioxidant activity and can be used in the development of products for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors. Its use also contributes to the valorization of agricultural byproducts and the reduction of environmental impact. The extraction of phenolic compounds was carried out using an ultrasonic bath with a 2 cubed factorial design, where ethanol concentrations of 50 and 70 percent, solid-liquid ratios of 1:20 and 1:6, and temperatures of 30 and 40 degrees Celsius were evaluated. Subsequently, the selected extract was concentrated and incorporated into topical gel formulations at 3, 5, and 7 percent, corresponding to formulations A, B, and C. The results showed that the highest polyphenol recovery was obtained with 70 percent ethanol, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1, at 20 and 30 degrees Celsius, reaching 19.03 mg of gallic acid per gram of dry sample. The extract exhibited antioxidant inhibition of 71.28 percent and an antioxidant capacity of 407,596 micromoles of Trolox per liter. All formulations met physicochemical criteria, and formulation A was selected as the most optimal, as it showed no significant differences compared to formulation B, achieving 54.028 percent inhibition and 305,759 micromoles of Trolox per liter. These results demonstrate the potential of cocoa husk as a source of bioactive compounds.Item Exploración de la capacidad de adsorción de las hojas de Jacinto de agua (Eichhornia crassipes) de diversos líquidos por ángulo de contacto y de su superficie adaxial mediante microscopía de fuerza atómica(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2026-07) Tigselema Núñez, Jennifr Rubí; Casado Rojo, SantiagoThe foliar surface of aquatic plants constitutes a key interface in the interaction with substances present in the environment; however, there is limited information regarding the relationship between their nanoscopic structure and their behavior toward liquids of different natures. In this context, the present study aims to explore the adsorption capacity of Eichhornia crassipes leaves by determining contact angles and characterizing their adaxial surface. To this end, atomic force microscopy was used to analyze the surface topography at the nanoscopic scale and to determine roughness parameters in different leaf regions. Additionally, the interaction with water, mineral oil, and methanol was evaluated through contact angle measurements, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was performed to identify the main functional groups present on the leaf surface. The results revealed a heterogeneous topographical organization, characterized by the presence of epidermal structures and variations in roughness among regions, with high values in the central zone of the leaf. Likewise, a differential interaction was observed with the tested liquids, being greater for those with lower surface tension. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of structural polysaccharides, aromatic compounds, and lipid components associated with the plant cuticle. It is concluded that the adaxial surface of E. crassipes exhibits topographical and chemical characteristics that influence its interaction with different liquids. This study provides insights into the relationship between surface structure, chemical composition, and interfacial behavior in this aquatic species.Item Evaluación del potencial de los residuos agrícolas de maíz (Zea mays) y caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum) como sustratos para el cultivo del hongo cola de pavo (Trametes versicolor)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2026-07) Tenorio Quishpe, Martha Beatriz; Arancibia Soria, Mirari YosuneAgricultural residues from maize (Zea mays) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) represent an abundant and underutilized lignocellulosic biomass in Ecuador, whose valorization through the cultivation of medicinal fungi constitutes a high-impact biotechnological alternative. Using a design with two factors: type of agricultural residue (maize and sugarcane) and proportion of structural material (25, 50 and 75 percent), six treatments (T1-T6) were generated with three replicates each, employing Trametes versicolor as the model organism, a basidiomycete capable of degrading lignin through an extracellular enzymatic system that includes laccase, manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP); substrates were prepared by chopping, hydration to 85% moisture, pH adjustment between 4.5 and 6.5, and sterilization at 121 degrees Celsius for 90 minutes, before being inoculated with T. versicolor mycelium; response variables were mycelial colonization rate and percentage, analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (p less than 0.05). Results showed that both the type of agricultural residue and the proportion of structural material significantly influenced mycelial colonization of T. versicolor, with maize-based substrates containing a higher proportion of sawdust proving most suitable for fungal development under the evaluated conditions; these findings lay the groundwork for the development of sustainable production protocols for T. versicolor from local agroindustrial byproducts, with potential application in environmental biotechnology.Item Análisis cinético de la producción de ácido glucónico empleando residuos de cáscara de piña(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2026-07) Solis Castro, Krystel Patricia; García Pazmiño, María EugeniaThe generation of agro-industrial residues derived from pineapple processing represents an environmental concern due to the large amount of discarded biomass. However, these residues contain fermentable sugars that can be utilized in biotechnological processes. The aim of this research was to analyze the kinetic behavior of gluconic acid production using pineapple peel as substrate. For this purpose, bacteria compatible with Gluconobacter oxydans were isolated from kombucha through cultivation on GYC medium supplemented with calcium carbonate, selecting those with acidifying capacity. Preliminary identification included Gram staining and biochemical tests. Subsequently, fermentations were carried out using pineapple peel extract as a carbon source. Microbial growth was evaluated by optical density, while gluconic acid production was determined by spectrophotometry at Five hundred forty nm using a colorimetric method based on hydroxylamine and ferric chloride. The results demonstrated the ability of the isolated strains to grow on the substrate and produce gluconic acid during fermentation. It was concluded that pineapple peel constitutes a viable raw material for the biotechnological production of gluconic acid and a sustainable alternative for the valorization of agro-industrial residues.Item Diseño de la variante mutante S188D de la enzima PETasa de Ideonella sakaiensis(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2026-07) Robalino Sánchez, Génesis Aurora; García Solís, Mario DanielPolyethylene terephthalate PET accumulates in ecosystems at rates that conventional recycling methods cannot compensate for. The PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis, IsPETase, degrades PET, but its thermostability below 40 degrees Celsius limits its use in industrial applications. The structural comparison with the thermophilic cutinase LCC, whose D193 residue participates in salt bridge networks that sustain activity up to 70 degrees Celsius, motivated the S188D variation, which replaces the TCC codons with GAC, based on the ancestral mutant M8 architecture of IsPETase. The variant was cloned into the pET-30a(+) vector and expressed in E. coli Rosetta (DE3) under induction with IPTG 0.1 mM at 20 degrees Celsius. Purification by IMAC Ni NTA affinity chromatography produced 5,662 g of soluble protein, with fractions four and five showing the highest active protein concentration, 2,49 mg per mL, and the presence of the protein between the 26 to 34 kDa band was confirmed by SDS PAGE. The degradation assay showed that the activity of 1.5 mg of enzyme per g of micronized post consumer PET, without prior amorphization, at 50 degrees Celsius for 72 hours, reduced PET by an unspecified percentage compared with the control sample. This performance is acceptable, but it does not show significance compared with ancestral mutant variants. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate S188D with other cumulative mutations that strengthen the functional stability of IsPETase and consolidate it as a viable strategy for plastic biodegradation at an industrial scale.Item Evaluación de compuestos bioactivos a partir de microorganismos endófitos para el control de enfermedades por hongos fitopatógenos(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2026-07) Quisnia Aldas, Angeles Monserrath; Garcés Moncayo, María DanielaThe present research addresses the problem of diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi, which are responsible for significant losses in agricultural production and impacts on food security, generating growing interest in the development of sustainable biological strategies. Bioactive compounds produced by endophytic microorganisms isolated from medicinal plants from the Ecuadorian Amazon represent an alternative for the control of agriculturally relevant pathogens. A microbial bank of 104 endophytes was isolated and characterized, including 43 bacteria and 61 fungi. Among these, the isolates BEC-024 (Bacillus subtilis) and BEC-012 (Bacillus velezensis) showed the highest antagonistic potential against Alternaria spp., Botrytis spp., Fusarium spp., and Phoma spp., with larger inhibition halos and a broad spectrum of action. Metabolic expression under optimized conditions enabled the production of bioactive metabolites with high inhibitory activity, particularly in formula F3, composed of broad bean flour and glucose, which promoted mycelial inhibition against all evaluated pathogens. Subsequently, the compounds were concentrated and microencapsulated by spray drying using maltodextrin, obtaining an improved product. These findings demonstrate that the selected endophytes constitute an effective source of bioactive metabolites, whose microencapsulation enhances their stability and antifungal effect. The results suggest the application of these compounds as a biological alternative for the protection of agricultural crops, promoting sustainable, safe, and low-environmental-impact strategies against phytopathogenic fungi, thereby contributing to food security and the development of more responsible agricultural practices.