Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología
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Item Obtención de astaxantina a partir de exoesqueletos de cangrejo rojo (Ucides occidentalis)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2025-02) Chiliquinga Angulo, Joel Alexander; Cadena Carrera, Santiago EsmiroAstaxanthin is a carotenoid with outstanding biological activity, and its antioxidant capacity surpasses those of other carotenoids. Since the use of synthetic astaxanthin is restricted, there has been growing interest in obtaining this compound from natural sources. Astaxanthin is responsible for the characteristic reddish hue of the red crab (Ucides occidentalis). In Ecuador, approximately 40 million red crabs are caught annually for consumption, which generates a sanitation problem due to the large amounts of resulting by-products, as 70 to 80 percent corresponds to the inedible fraction of crustaceans. Considering this, the present study evaluated the overall extraction yield and the amount of astaxanthin present in each extract using extraction techniques such as Soxhlet and maceration, considering the extraction time. The overall extraction yield and astaxanthin content were evaluated by gravimetry and spectrophotometry, respectively. The highest overall yield was obtained using the Soxhlet technique at 210 min (0.120 percent), and the highest astaxanthin content was obtained using the Soxhlet technique at 180 min (332.132 microgram per gram). The antioxidant capacity of the extract with the highest astaxanthin content was evaluated by the DPPH method, where 48.779 percent inhibition equivalent to 250.620 micromoles of Trolox per liter was obtained. Therefore, the present investigation demonstrated the production of astaxanthin, evaluating its yield as a function of the extraction time with ethanol and its antioxidant capacity.Item Optimización del proceso de extracción de compuestos bioactivos mediante superficie de respuesta a partir de residuos de camarón(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2024-08) Villafuerte Herrera, Ronaldo Julián; Cadena Carrera, Santiago EsmiroAstaxanthin is a carotenoid with significant biological activity, even greater antioxidant activity than other carotenoids. Synthetic astaxanthin has usage restrictions, which has led to interest in obtaining it from natural sources. Astaxanthin is responsible for the pinkish color of shrimp, and the cultivation of shrimp has increased globally, along with its negative effects, primarily the generation of waste that constitutes approximately 25 to 60 percent by weight. Considering this, the present study evaluated the extraction of astaxanthin using Soxhlet and modeled the extraction kinetics from shrimp shells (Litopenaeus vannamei). The raw material was characterized by proximal analysis, particle size, and shape. The overall extraction yield and astaxanthin content were evaluated by gravimetry and spectrophotometry, respectively. The highest overall yield was obtained with the ethanol plus water solvent (3.75 percent), and the highest astaxanthin concentration was for the ethanol and methanol solvents (292.2 and 296.0 micrograms per gram, respectively). The model that best fit to describe the extraction kinetics was the Peleg model, with a determination coefficient between 0.93 and 0.98. This research demonstrates the potential recovery of astaxanthin from shrimp waste using ethanol.Item Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria de carotenoides microencapsulados a partir de los residuos de la naranjilla (Solanum quitoense)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Sailema Criollo, Anthony Erick; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoThe percentage of food waste has due to the fact that companies do not correctly use the entire product. Consequently, research has been carried out in order to take advantage of these waste, highlighting naranjilla for its high nutritional content, particularly carotenoids, a bioactive compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties capable of preventing various diseases. In the present study, carotenoid extraction was performed out at different plant material/solvent ratios and extraction times. A statistical analysis was then applied to optimize the two factors, obtaining a concentration of 2,287 mg per liter. Next, it was microencapsulated with a polymeric combination of gum arabic and maltodextrin. Subsequently, the microencapsulation efficiency was evaluated qualitatively by FT-IR and quantitatively with 91,74 percent efficiency. The antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method, achieving an inhibition percentage of 63,00 and 49,52 for the extract and the microencapsulate, respectively. Finally, the anti-inflammatory capacity was evaluated with an inhibition percentage of 56,42 for the extract and 41,42 in the microencapsulated. The results obtained indicate that the higher the concentration of carotenoids in the sample, the better results will be achieved. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to take advantage of the residues of naranjilla with a high content of carotenoids with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can be used in new products of industrial interest.Item Caracterización de la producción de metabolitos primarios y secundarios por Scenedesmus sp. nativa del Ecuador(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Paredes Paredes, Jennifer Katheryn; García Solís, Mario DanielCurrently, global problems have arisen, such as the limited availability of food and population growth, causing the depletion of natural resources, emissions of greenhouse gases and nitrous oxide from fertilizers and pesticides, methane production by ruminants, and deforestation. At the same time, the need to feed the growing population has driven the development of techniques to obtain microalgae supplements, since they produce active compounds and metabolites such as carbohydrates, proteins, pigments, vitamins and amino acids. For this reason, this research seeks to evaluate the production of primary and secondary metabolites by the microalga Scenedesmus sp. native to Ecuador, quantifying its capacity to produce proteins, carbohydrates and pigments under different culture conditions. Supplements to the BBM medium with different concentrations of sodium nitrate (0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 grams per liter) and carbon sources (carbon dioxide, ethylene glycol, sodium acetate) were used. These conditions were combined to obtain 12 treatments. The culture scenario was 21 degrees Celsius, a light-dark cycle of 16 and 8 hours, and constant aeration of 200 milliliters per minute with 0.04 percent volume-volume carbon dioxide. The results showed that the best treatment was the mixotrophic culture with ethylene glycol and high concentration of sodium nitrate, producing the highest amount of proteins, carbohydrates and pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids). It was also determined that the growth kinetics of Scenedesmus sp. varies according to the concentration of sodium nitrate in the medium.Item Evaluación de la estabilidad de las cápsulas de gelatina formuladas a partir de microencapsulados de carotenoides extraídos de la cáscara de tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Bautista Gavilanes, Shirley Nicole; Fernández Rivero, DanaeCurrently, the increase in food waste has reached alarming figures, amounting to 3.4 billion tons, due to the growth of the world population. Faced with this global challenge, new alternatives have been explored, among which the reuse of tomato tree peels stands out for its significant content of carotenoids, compounds known for their ability to prevent different diseases. In this study, carotenoids were extracted by the solvent method, mainly using 96 percent ethanol, due to its superior yields, while in the quantification of carotenoids were 0.40 to 0.50 mg/L. Subsequently, the concentrated extract was microencapsulated with maltodextrin and gum arabic, highly soluble and biocompatible polymers, achieving efficiencies above 90 percent. Carr's index of 20 percent and Hausner's index of 1.25 indicate uniformity and firmness in the capsule formulation. The evaluation of antioxidant activity showed percentages of 88.29 for the extract, 28.54 in the microencapsulates and 32.98 for the initial formulation, gradually decreasing with time. Finally, physical parameters were evaluated, including visual inspection that confirmed the external stability of the capsules. Over time, a gradual increase in weight was noted, while the disintegration time exhibited a decreasing trend, attributable to environmental factors such as humidity and agglomeration. Likewise, the shelf life of the hard gelatin capsules was determined, with a value of 5 months and 43 days.Item Evaluación de compuestos bioactivos con actividad antioxidante presentes en las hojas de espinaca (Spinacia oleracea) provenientes de residuos de la Plaza San Jacinto ubicada en la parroquia Izamba, cantón Ambato, provincia Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Vayas Ambuludi, Edison Santiago; Fernández Rivero, DanaeThe use of medicinal plants to alleviate and treat diseases or conditions has increased considerably in recent years, being recognized by international organizations as complementary medicine. The present study is focused on the reuse of leftover spinach as a source of obtaining bioactive compounds, which are carotenoids and total phenols considered as antioxidant agents, which present a positive benefit for health. The optimal extraction conditions were evaluated through an experimental design where postharvest time (week 1 and 2) and extraction time (30 and 60 minutes) were taken into account, where the optimal value was 20.057 percent in week 1 in a time of 60 minutes. The concentration of total carotenoids was determined by spectrophotometry whose optimal value was 137.109 micrograms per gram, in week 1 in a time of 60 minutes. On the other hand, the content of total phenols was evaluated by the Folin Ciocalteu method applying a standard curve of gallic acid (GAE) whose optimal value was 26.8307 milligrams GAE in week 2 in a time of 30 minutes. Finally, the antioxidant activity was determined using a trolox standard calibration curve where a value of 480,850 micromol of trolox per grams was obtained for week 1 in a time of 60 minutes. Therefore, the present investigation demonstrated that spinach contains bioactive compounds, that with the passage of postharvest time its antioxidant activity decreases.Item Evaluación de la vida útil de microencapsulados de carotenoides provenientes de desechos agroindustriales de tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum) en la provincia de Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Silva Manjarres, Caroline Estefania; Fernández Rivero, DanaeCurrently, a large amount of agro-industrial waste (peels) of tree tomatoes is generated. The peels contain compounds of interest such as carotenoids, which are a source of provitamin A and have antioxidant activity. For this reason, their study has increased to treat different conditions. Three batches of extract were made with a concentration of 0.62 milligrams per liter and the extraction efficiency was 16.84 milligrams per kilogram. The microencapsulation was prepared with concentrated extract, polymers and distilled water using the mini–Spray Dryer equipment. The microencapsulation efficiency was 95 percent, and the yield percentage was 64.87. The physicochemical characterization of the extract was carried out for 15 days, using a moisture balance, the TSS was between 1.90 and 1.43 percent, pH was 4.63 and carotene concentration was between 0.56 and 0.66 milligrams per liter. The characterization of the microencapsulates was evaluated for 30 days for three batches generated, having a pH of 4.29 and a moisture percentage of less than 3. The antioxidant activity yielded values of 40.03 and 38 percent inhibition of DPPH of the extract and the microencapsulates, respectively, equivalent to 223.09 and 211.836 micro mol per liter of Trolox. The predicted shelf life was 37 days for the extracts and 74 days for the microencapsulates. The present research extracted carotenoids from agroindustrial wastes and preserved them using microencapsulation, performing physicochemical characterization tests to verify the stability of both.Item Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria de un extracto que contiene carotenoides obtenido a partir de Capsicum annuum en dos diferentes estados de madurez(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Chinchero Betancourt, Abigail Micaela; Fernández Rivero, DanaeThe study of natural bioactive components, especially carotenoids, is of great interest in the scientific community due to the beneficial effects they have on human health and disease prevention. Carotenoids are liposoluble pigments that in C. annuum. fruits are responsible for the specific coloration depending on the stage of maturity. There is epidemiological evidence that demonstrates their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, which is why they are competitive against antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecules of synthetic origin. Ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of Capsicum annuum., were obtained at two different stages of maturity (100 percent mature and a stage between 40-60 percent mature) and using ethanol solvent at 3 different concentrations (70, 80 and 96 percent). The stage of maturity was determined based on the CIELAB colorimetric scale. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the percentage of inhibition, using the Trolox compound as a reference. And finally, anti-inflammatory activity was determined by measuring the percentage inhibition of albumin at specific concentrations. The results obtained indicate that the higher the degree of maturity, the greater the color intensity and the higher the concentration of carotenoids. The best extract was obtained with fruit at 100 percent maturity and with ethanol at a concentration of 96 percent, the total content was 225.18 milligrams of carotenoids per gram of dry weight. The higher the concentration of carotenoids, the higher the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.Item Evaluación in vitro del efecto antioxidante del extracto microencapsulado de achiote (Bixa orellana) rico en bixina(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Pineda Olmedo, Bryan Alexis; Hernández Navarro, YoelCarotenoids are compounds of research interest, whose potential has grown over time and has been exploited in the food area as an additive, colorant for food and beverages, however, its high antioxidant capacity has demonstrated a new use. Bixin being the most abundant component of annatto (Bixa orellana) has several functions such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, dietary and most importantly an alternative against free radical scavenging due to its antioxidant potential. Therefore, in the present work, the optimal conditions for preparation, extraction, microencapsulation and inhibition analysis of an extract rich in bixin using annatto were sought. The parameters of interest were determined by means of an experimental design 32, where different extraction times (20, 30 and 40 min) and several ethanol concentrations (70, 80 and 96 percent) were evaluated. By means of this analysis, a larger scale extraction was obtained by using 96 percent ethanol and 40 min, being this the best treatment among 27 samples. By means of the concentrated extract with these variables, a microencapsulation efficiency greater than 80 percent was obtained. Finally, in the determination of in vitro antioxidant activity, the DPPH method was used, obtaining an inhibition percentage of 40 and 44 percent, showing that annatto is an optimal alternative against free radicals.Item Estudio de los beneficios del consumo de licopeno como suplemento alimenticio(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2022-09) López Acosta, Doménica Aydee; Cerda Mejía, Liliana AlexandraA diet rich in foods containing carotenoids is associated with health benefits. Interest in lycopene is growing rapidly because it is a natural pigment characterized by high antioxidant potential and unique physicochemical structures that contribute to specific biological properties related to the red color present in tomatoes and tomato products. In plant sources where lycopene is found, the isomer is predominantly all-trans; however, the most bioavailable form is cis - lycopene. In the results of the review, the mechanisms of action of lycopene, bioactivity, digestive absorption, metabolism, transport and stability are highlighted. The comprehensive study of food seen as a food matrix, involves not only the nutritional aspect, but also all those elements that can be part of the diet. Due to the above, various publications show an association between the consumption of lycopene in the diet and the preventive role of certain types of diseases, where the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer and other ailments is related. However, as a food supplement, lycopene is packaged in dark bottles to achieve protection against light exposure, because it can undergo degradation processes and loss of bioactivity; opting for a lycopene supplement will provide the right amount of this antioxidant, there is no consensus on the recommended daily dose, which is in the range of 7 to 70 milligrams per day.