Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Factores de riesgo asociados a enfermedades causadas por nematodos y cestodos endoparásitos en cerdos en el Centro de Faenamiento Pelileo(2024-10) Lascano Gualpa, Rosa Obdulia; Almeida Secaira, Roberto IsmaelIncidence of internal parasites affects pig production, which not only causes significant economic losses in livestock production worldwide, but also implies a risk to the health of people involved in this type of industry and consumers of meat. of pork. Thus, the present study was carried out in order to analyze the risk factors associated with diseases caused by endoparasite nematodes and cestodes in pigs at the Pelileo Slaughter Center during the period 2023-2024. Diagnosis of parasite species was carried out following the procedures established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries with its attached entity AGROCALIDAD (Agency for Phyto and Zoosanitary Regulation and Control). The species were found: Ascaris sp. and Hyostrongylus sp. (Nematoda) and larval phase of Cisticercus tenuicollis and the hydatidic cyst (Cestoda) mainly associated with the liver of pigs. The highest prevalence was observed for Ascaris sp. infections (21.07%) followed by larvae of Echinococcus granulosus (19.73%) and Hyostrongylus sp. (5.87%), while double Ascaris-Hyostrongylus infections were relatively low (1.33%) as well as infections by hydatidic cysts (1.07%). Regarding risk factors, it was found that age was associated with the prevalence of parasites, being higher in pigs less than 1 year old. Regarding the location within the host, parasites were mainly found in organs that make up part of its biological cycle. On the other hand, no association was found with the sex of the host. According to the results, the prevalence of Ascaris and metacestods of Echinococcus seems to be related to herd management factors, however, this aspect requires investigation.Item Prevalencia de tricomoniasis en bovinos faenados en el centro de Faenamiento Municipal de Pastaza(2024-10) Zúñiga Araujo, Solange Danniela; Carrillo Álvarez, Israel SalomónBovine trichomoniasis is caused by Tritrichomonas foetus, a protozoan species with wide worldwide distribution, causing a sexually transmitted disease in cattle that causes infertility, abortion and endometritis, postcoital pyometra or fetal maceration. In the present study, the prevalence of bovine trichomoniasis in cattle slaughtered at the Pastaza municipal slaughterhouse were determined. A total of 361 samples were taken from cattle admitted to the "Pastaza Municipal Slaughterhouse" from January to April 2024 from the Pastaza, Mera and Santa Clara municipalities. From these data, information on the relationship between the prevalence of the disease and the age, sex and origin of the animal was obtained. The study was carried out through simple random sampling and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency and percentages. Additionally, the association of the variables sex, age and place of origin of the cattle with the prevalence of trichomoniasis was established through a Spearman correlation (𝜒 2 ). A general prevalence of trichomoniasis of 2.8% was found in cattle slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse of Pastaza, observed only in cattle from five parishes of the Pastaza canton with a total of 10 positive cases. No association was found between the sex, age group and place of origin of the cattle and the prevalence of trichomoniasis in this study. Given the importance of trichomoniasis, it is recommended to carry out studies using molecular biology to confirm the presence of the parasite in herds in the area.Item Evaluación de un preparado microbiano sobre los índices productivos en gallinas ponedoras(2024-08) Jima Jiménez, Álvaro Fernando; Guerrero López, Jorge RicardoThe objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial preparation on the productive indices in laying hens, being evaluated 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%, and its effects on the productive indices and the cost/benefit relationship of the different treatments. Four different treatments were evaluated, including a control with 0% microbial preparation. For this research work, a completely randomized statistical design was carried out, which consists of ten repetitions for each treatment applied and five birds per repetition, that is, 50 experimental units adding a total of 200 laying hens of the Lohmann Brown – Classic line for research. The analysis of the means was performed using Tukey's statistical test at 5% reliability. Nine productive indices were evaluated and it was concluded that the different percentages of microbial preparation added to the birds' diet, it was determined that the best treatment was T2 and T3, for the variable egg weight with an addition of microbial preparation at 0.2 and 0. .3%, respectively, where a weight of 63.21g and 63.28g was achieved, showing highly significant differences compared to the T1 treatment (0.1%) with a weight of (61.52g) and the control T0 (0 %) obtained a minimum weight of (60.77g). Regarding the remaining variables, there are no statistically significant differences between the treatments. In cost/benefit ratio, T2 has a greater value of 1.07 points.Item Estudio retrospectivo de las causas de decomiso en la empresa Metropolitana de Rastro agencia Quito durante los años 2022 – 2023(2024-08) Castillo Vargas, Marcelo Gabriel; Lozada Ortiz, Jenny PiedadThe present retrospective study of the causes of confiscation in the company Metropolitana de Rastro agency Quito during the years 2022-2023. Its main objective was to analyze the causes of confiscation in the company Metropolitana de Rastro agency Quito during the years 2022-2023. To achieve this objective, a retrospective study was carried out that involved the analysis of records from the Agency for Phyto and Zoosanitary Regulation and Control, recorded in the Antemortem Inspection form in Slaughterhouses – Cattle, Pigs, Sheep/Goats, Camelids, Guinea Pigs and Rabbits of the Metropolitan Public Company of Rastro Agencia Quito. After analyzing the data collected, it was identified that in the case of cattle, Santo Domingo is the leading region in production, as for pigs, the cities of Pichincha and Cotopaxi were; In the case of sheep, the province of Cotopaxi stood out as the first producer of sheep meat. On the other hand, in the case of cattle, an increase in the percentage of confiscation is observed, going from 42% in 2022 to 45% in 2023. Distomatosis is the main cause of confiscation. For pigs, the percentage of confiscated organs remains high, with a slight increase of 1% in 2023. Liver disorders and ascariasis are the main causes of confiscation. Regarding sheep, a decrease is observed in the percentage of organs confiscated in 2023, although ospagostomiasis remains an important cause of confiscation in both years.Item Prevalencia de nemátodos gastrointestinales en cerdos faenados en el camal municipal del cantón Pelileo(2024-08) Naula Sánchez, Erick Josué; Almeida Secaira, Roberto IsmaelThis research focuses on determining the presence and frequency of gastrointestinal nematodes in pigs slaughtered in the Pelileo municipal slaughterhouse. This study aims to evaluate the parasitic load of nematodes in pigs intended for human consumption, which is of utmost importance for public health and the pork industry. The methodology used included the collection of gastrointestinal tissue samples from pigs slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse, followed by coproparasitoscopic analysis to identify and quantify the presence of nematodes in the adult stage, as well as eggs and larvae in the samples. The results obtained provide relevant information on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitosis in pigs, allowing the impact on public health and the quality of pork to be evaluated. The findings of this research have significant implications for animal and human health, as well as the local pork industry. The data collected can be used to implement measures to control and prevent parasitic infections in pigs, contributing to food security and the well-being of the population. Furthermore, the identification of gastrointestinal nematodes in pigs slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse of Pelileo Canton provides a solid basis for future research and actions aimed at improving pig management and production practices.Item Evaluación de extractos tánicos de Caesalpinia spinosa sobre la calidad en la curtición de pieles caprinas y bovinas(2024-08) Muenala Guagalango, Hugo Lizandro; Aragadvay Yungán, Ramón GonzaloIn the elaboration of the following study, the aim was to search and prove that the use of ionized tannins extracted from caesalpinia spinosa at a certain concentration can serve as a tanning source, in order to replace chromium, the extract was used as a base in an aqueous medium at 5% dilution, where a percentage of purity of 55.97% concentration was obtained, This medium was the one with the best reference values, so that after proceeding with the tanning process, good results were obtained in terms of physical (strain, elongation) and sensory (softness, fullness, roundness), reaching optimal margins for sale and use, and thus avoiding the harmful and polluting effects of chromium to the environment, in addition to the fact that through the use of this extract, production costs were reduced by almost half, thus leaving higher returns.Item Análisis retrospectivo de factores predisponentes a cardiopatías en caninos domésticos atendidos en el hospital veterinario Pet Care(2024-08) López Martínez, José Augusto; Rosero Peñaherrera, Marco AntonioThe current diet and environmental conditions in which pets are raised and maintained can directly or indirectly affect their health. Although pets, especially dogs, have a longer life expectancy, there are conditions in which their health can be compromised. Organic diseases have become very important among the pathologies in dogs, and among these, cardiopathies have casuistically represented a worrying process. In this retrospective study conducted at the Pet Care Veterinary Hospital in the city of Ambato, we focused on analyzing the variables sex, age, breed and weight and how they act in the predisposition to the various heart diseases that canine patients attended between 2017 and 2022 could suffer. By reviewing the medical records, the patients were identified and categorized according to the variables weight, age, sex and breed. In the methodology, a discriminatory observational study of convenience was used, using only the histories that met the requirements established for the study, thus identifying the prevalence of heart disease, and a chi-square analysis was used to compare the variables with the incidence of the pathologies found. The results showed that out of a total of 1776 canine patients seen during the study period, 112 were diagnosed with heart disease, representing 6.31% of the total; of these 112 patients, 92.86% had acquired heart disease and the remaining 7.14% had congenital heart disease. According to each of the research variables, it was found that there was a higher prevalence of heart disease in male patients (61.61%), older than 7 years (77.68%) and weighing between 5.1 and 10 kg (35.71%) with respect to the rest of the patients. Chi-square analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between these variables and the occurrence of the disease.Item Concentración sérica de progesterona (P4) en ovejas sometidas a diferentes dosis de eCG - PMSG con un protocolo de IATF en la región andina del Ecuador.(2024-08) Catagña Caiza, Gloria Beatriz; Aragadvay Yungan, Ramon GonzaloProgesterone (P4) levels increase when starting synchronization treatment with good ovarian status, which allows obtaining better-quality oocytes and increasing fertility. The objective of this study was to measure serum P4 concentrations in sheep from the Andean Region of Ecuador upon removal of the sponge, at the timeof heat detection (CD), fixed-time insemination (FTAI), and on day 7 after IATF. Located in the Andes Mountains, in the province of Pichincha, Pedro Moncayocanton, Malchinguí parish, the Huayrapungo Farm is situated at an altitude of 2600 to2800 meters above sea level and has a temperature of 7 to 17 °C. Multiparous sheep in production were of breed (Merino x Suffolk) f1, with body condition greater than 2(scale 1–5), less than 90 days open, and an age of 2–4 years. A conventional protocol divided them into two treatments: T1 (400 IU PMCG per 10 sheep) and T2 (500 IU PMCG per 10 sheep). On Day 0, of 60 mg P4 (PROGESPON,Zoetis) was administered; on Day 10, T1=400 IU was applied; and T2=500 IU of PMCG i.m. (NOVORMON-PMCG® 5000, Zoetis, Ecuador), together with 250 μg of Cloprostenol (PGF2α, Ciclase DL, Zoetis, Ecuador); on Day 12, the IVD was removed; on Day 13, DC; on Day 14, FTAI by laparoscopy; and on Day 7, after FTAI,blood samples were taken in each of these phases. On day 35, pregnancy was confirmed through ultrasonography (Minitube Vet). A generalized linear mixed model was used to analyze the data; treatment and progesterone were used as continuous variables, and pregnancy as discrete variables. T1 and T2 did not show significant differences in the pregnancy rate (60%) (P = 0.073). As well as the removal of the sponge, DC, and FTAI (P = 0.49). However, a significant difference was found on day 7after FTAI (P = 0.020*). However, serum P4 concentrations did not show any difference in the reproductive status of ewes (empty or pregnant) (P = 0.35). Animals were found to gradually increase circulating P4 concentrations after ovulation, beginning on day one and reaching the mean P4 concentration by day seven (6.9 ng/mL) during pregnancy. 500 IU PMCG significantly increased serum P4 concentrations at the beginning of the luteal phase but did not improve the pregnancyrate in female sheep.Item Evaluación del aceite de palma y premezcla gluconeogénica sobre el comportamiento productivo en cerdas primíparas(2024-08) Almeida Enríquez, Catherine Belén; Guerrero López, Jorge RicardoThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of palm oil and a gluconeogenic premix on the productive performance of primiparous sows. The research took place on the premises of the pig producer "Martita" located in the parish of Checa, canton Quito, and province of Pichincha. The study included 10 nulliparous Landrace x Yorkshire crossbred sows with an average weight of 80 kg +/- 10 kg in which two treatments were tested: T0 = 0% energy replacement (kcal) provided by palm oil, with a gluconeogenic premix and T1 = 100% energy replacement (kcal) provided by palm oil, with a gluconeogenic premix. For each treatment, five repetitions were used per treatment, integrating one sow per repetition. In the comparison of means, the T Student statistical test was used with a confidence level of 95%. The variables analyzed in this study included backfat thickness, feed intake during gestation and lactation, weight gain, piglet weight at birth and weaning, litter size, pre-weaning mortality, weaning-oestrus interval, pregnancy rate and partial costs. The results reported that replacing 100% of the energy provided by palm oil with a gluconeogenic premix significantly impacted cumulative feed intake especially during the last weeks of gestation and at the beginning of the lactation stage. However, it did not significantly affect the average daily feed intake in the two stages. Similarly, T1 considerably reduced backfat thickness during these periods. On the other hand, significant differences were observed in the weight of piglets from sows fed with the gluconeogenic premix, during birth and weaning, being these higher compared to the control group. In addition, the pre-weaning mortality rate was significantly lower in the T1 group. Finally, in the cost analysis, although the total cost was slightly higher for the T1 group due to the higher intake, it should be stressed that the improved results, such as piglet weight and reduced pre-weaning mortality, indicate that the benefits could justify the additional expense.Item Evaluación de harina de canela (Cinnamomum verum) sobre los índices productivos y morfometría de órganos linfoides en pollos de engorde(2024-02) Silva Arévalo, Daniela Alexandra; Guerrero López, Jorge RicardoThe objective of this study was to analyze different percentages of cinnamon flour addition in broiler chicken diets, with 0.05%, 0.075% and 0.1% being evaluated, and their effects on production indices and cost/cost ratio. benefit of different treatments. Four different treatments were studied, including a control with 0% cinnamon flour. For this work, a completely randomized statistical design was carried out, which consists of three repetitions for each treatment applied, which presented 10 experimental units adding up to a total of 120 chickens. The analysis of the means was performed using Tukey's statistical test at 95% reliability. It was divided into three stages of productive period, initial (0-7 days), growth (8-21 days), and fattening (22- 35 days). It was concluded that in the different stages, it was established that the best treatment was T3, on day 28 with greater weights in the spleen (1.3 g), bursa (2.2 g) and thymus (4.4 g), with respect to on day 35, there are no statistically significant differences between the treatments, and regarding the cumulative analysis, differences were obtained in terms of final weight and European deficiency index, with the most viable treatment being T3 with the addition of 0.1% cinnamon flour. by presenting good productive performance and a cost/benefit ratio of 1.4 points. Keywords: broiler chickens, cinnamon flour, production indices.