Ciencias Agropecuarias

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La acumulación de envases de plaguicidas y su incidencia en la contaminación ambiental en el cantón Quero
(2014-06-07) Gavilanes Freire, Guido Ernesto; Zurita Vásquez, José Hernán
La presente investigación se efectuó con la finalidad de analizar el impacto por la acumulación de envases de plaguicidas en la contaminación ambiental en el cantón Quero. La investigación se enfocó en estudiar una situación social como un todo, tratando de involucrar a los agricultores, a los distribuidores y a las autoridades en el tema. En el plan de análisis e interpretación de los resultados, se inició con la base de datos de las encuestas, para luego obtener los porcentajes y colocarlos en cuadros y gráficos para poder interpretar los resultados obtenidos. Con los datos derivados de los análisis estadísticos analizamos las hipótesis, para luego sacar las conclusiones y las recomendaciones respectivas de la investigación. Se concluye que el 97 % de los agricultores tienen pleno conocimiento que los envases de plaguicidas causan daño al medio ambiente, al suelo de cultivo y al agua. Los agricultores encuestados señalan que estas prácticas que ellos realizan para deshacerse de los envases de plaguicidas se deben a una falta de una alternativa viable que permita el correcto deshecho de los envases de plaguicidas.
Adaptabilidad de nueve cultivares de coliflor (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis L.) En el cantón Pujilí, provincia de Cotopaxi
(2022-11) Nachimba Sánchez, Verónica Michelle; Veloz Naranjo, Walter Oswaldo
Cauliflower is a crop that has acquired great economic importance at a national and international level due to the demand it has obtained in the market as it is considered an essential food for consumers who choose to consume foods that improve the health of the consumer, it has a large amount of nutrients such as vitamins A, K, B, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus. In the present study, the adaptability of 9 cauliflower cultivars was evaluated in the Molino Pata neighborhood, Pujilí canton, Cotopaxi province, this area is located at 3.077 meters above sea level, with sandy loam soil and a dry temperate climate optimal for growing vegetables. The catch percentage was established where the Skywalker cultivar obtained a high catch range while the Denova cultivar obtained a low catch range, the height of the plant was measured at 30 days where the Skywalker cultivar obtained a high range in terms of height with a mean of 20.33 cm, while the Bodilis cultivar obtained a high rank in terms of height at harvest with a mean of 62.33 cm. For the equatorial diameter, the EMCF 933 cultivar obtained a high rank with an average of 19.67 compared to the other cultivars, for the pellet weight variable, the Skywalker cultivar obtained a high rank with an average of 1582.33 grams. It was possible to define that the cultivar with the best response to the variables to be cultivated in the area was the Skywalker cultivar with a yield of 45.20 Tn/ha, being suitable for commercialization and greater profitability for farmers, while the Summer White cultivar It would be a good marketing option for the international market due to its weight and because it is an early crop.
Adaptabilidad de trece cultivares de brócoli (Brassica oleracea var. Itálica L.) En el cantón Pujilí, provincia de Cotopaxi.
(2022-11) Cuji Bunsi, Yomara Esthela; Veloz Naranjo, Walter Oswaldo
In the present study, the adaptability of broccoli cultivars (Brassica oleracea var. Itálica L.) was evaluated: Avenger, EMBR940, MKS-B106, EMBR958, MKS-B116, EMBR924, MKS-B111, Roxanne, Haiyan, EMBR266, EMBR944, EMBR258 and Kin 257, where the percentage of capture was established where the cultivar EMBR924 was the one that obtained a better range of capture and the cultivar Kin 257 obtained the lowest range of capture, in terms of plant height at 30 days the best range was obtained by cultivar EMBR924 with an average of 21.50 cm, while for the height of the plant on the days of harvest it was the cultivar Avenger with an average of 75.41 cm, for the variable days to harvest after transplantation, the cultivar EMBR958 was the one that presented a shorter cycle with an average of 82 days. For the equatorial diameter and the weight of the pellet, the most representative cultivar was Avenger with an average of 942.80 grams, followed by the cultivar EMBR940 with an average of 658.67 grams, being an ideal weight for marketing, for the other variables. As for compactness, shape and color, the cultivars Avenger, EMBR940 and EMBR258 presented the best characteristics such as the well-formed and compact dome, in addition a bluish green color was observed. With these classification variables, it was possible to define the cultivar with the best response to be cultivated in the Molino Pata neighborhood sector located in the Pujilí canton, in the province of Cotopaxi, which in this case were the Avenger cultivars with a yield rate of 27.32 Tn/ha and the EMBR940 cultivar presenting balanced characteristics in the physical aspect of its pellet, in addition to a yield rate of 18.82 Tn/ha.
Adaptabilidad de tres híbridos de sandía (Citrullus lanatus) en el cantón Patate
(2020-10) Carrillo Jara, Francisco Sebastián; Curay Quispe, Segundo
This research project was carried out to evaluate the adaptability of three watermelon hybrids (Citrullus lanatus). This project was conducted in the canton Patate, province of Tungurahua, located in the Quinlata sector, with an altitude of 2200 meters whose geographical coordinates are: latitude 1-30'57'' S and longitude 78-49'99'' O. For this evaluation a random experiment design was performed (DCA) with 6 repetitions. The variance analysis (ADEVA) was performed with Tukey significance tests at 5% where the following results were established: for the variable germination percentage the averages were for Royalthon 99.3%, followed by Emerald 97.33% and Royal Charleston 95.67%. The variable length of the plant was taken every 15 days. The flowering began obtaining results of 195.0 cm for Esmeralda, Royalthon 185.6 cm and Royal Charleston 157.6 cm after 60 days of the transplantation. Through the flowering days Royal Charleston turned out to be precocious with an average rate of 72.33 days, Royalthon 68.50 days and Esmeralda with an average of 67.17 days proving to be less precocious. In the variable number of flowers, both male and female flowers were counted every 7 days with an average of 5,583 for Esmeralda, 4,250 for Royalthon and 3,583 Royal Charleston which came out to be the lowest in the female flowers. The male flowers are older because they follow a much more complex pattern, Esmeralda with an average of 9,833, followed by Royal Charleston with 9.00 and Royalthon with 8,917. The average number of guides were 3,200 in Esmeralda, 3,067 in Royalthon and 3,033 with the Royal Royal Charleston. As for the fruit variables, the number of fully developed fruits had an average of 2,750 for Royal Charleston, 2,417 for Esmeralda and 2.33 for Royalthon. The fruit weight variable average for each treatment for Royal Charleston weight was 7,817kg, while Esmeralda and Royalthon`s weight was 6,983 kg for both treatments. The polar and equatorial variable diameter of the Royal Charleston was larger with 26.93 cm and 25.50 cm. The Royalthon was smaller with 25.60 cm (ø polar) and Esmeralda at 24.40 cm (ø ecuatorial). The Brix Royal Charleston variable grades reached 12.05 degrees Brix, followed by Esmeraldas 11.95 degrees Brix and 11.87 degrees Brix for Royalthon. Finally, the results obtained places Royalthon with the best results, which were 13960 kg/ha, followed by Royal Charleston with 13750 kg/ha and Esmeralda with 13120 kg/ha. Finally, after performing this research project it narrowed down that the three hybrids managed to adapt to the place where the crop was planted. The Royal Charleston hybrid seed being the earliest to flower in terms of results, the highest is the Royalthon seed, although it does not reach the national average of watermelon production.
Adaptabilidad de tres variedades del cultivo de maca (Lepidium meyeni) en la zona de Tabacundo
(2022-03) Moncayo Robinson, Washington Emilio; Curay Quispe, Segundo Euclides
Maca is a crop that is of great importance in nutrition and medicine due to its high content of minerals and vitamins. There is very little information about this crop, which is why many farmers have left this crop aside due to the inexperience they havewhen managing the crop. The present work is carried out in order to let them know ifthis crop can be adapted in other places that are not the high Andean parts. The sectorwhere the trial was located was in the parish of Tabacundo, which is at a height of 2,688 meters above sea level. The ecotypes that were used were the black maca, the white maca and the purple maca, which were adapted in different ways to the climaticand edaphic factors of the sector. Planting was done in beds 60 cm wide and 10 m longwith 50 cm paths, the planting distance used was 10 cm between plants and 10 cm between rows. The yields obtained in each ecotype were values close to those found during the research process and thus it is possible to determine if there was a stable adaptability of maca; however, each maca had its yield and the one with the highest yield was the black maca, which implies that it was the one that most adapted to changesin climate, high and low temperatures, heavy rains and frosts. In the same waywas the maca in which there were no pests or diseases. Ecuador, due to its geographicallocation, has a high probability that maca will be adapted, the provinces of Cañar, Azuay and Loja have begun planting this crop with more than 80 hectares, but the industrialization of this product has been carried out without machinery because the crops are from small farmers who work with their families with this superfood.
Adaptación de diez genotipos de zanahoria (Daucus carota) para zonas de altura en Quero - Tungurahua
(2022-09) Pallo Martínez, Klever Daniel; Guerrero Cando, David Aníbal
The importance of carrot cultivation (Daucus carota) at the national level is part of the food group with the most benefits for human beings, it is consumed directly or made into drinks, the value of this root lies in its nutritional importance; the adaptability of more carrot genotypes emerges as an alternative for use, new market options, increasing income levels for the producer. The objective of this work was to evaluate the adaptability of ten carrot genotypes (Daucus carota) together with two controls, for high altitude areas in Quero-Tungurahua, estimating their adaptation and agronomic behavior, as well as determining the yield per treatment studied. The trial was carried out in the Jaloa El Rosario community of the Quero canton, province of Tungurahua. According to the Global Positioning System (GPS) it is located at an altitude of 3,320 meters above sea level with its geographic coordinates of 1°25'41" South latitude and 78°34'44" West latitude. A DBCA randomized block design was used, with ten treatments, two controls and three replications. The data obtained from the trial were analyzed using the Infostat statistical package, applying an ADEVA, a 5% Tukey test was used for significant values, the results obtained show that T4 (Chantenay EMC559), presented the best characteristics, agronomic and of yield, being an alternative for the locality, the opposite happened with the T10 that was not adapted to the conditions of the study locality, concluding that the Genotype T4 (Chantenay EMC559) is an alternative for the small and large producers of the highlands.of Quero.
Adaptación de dos variedades de arándano (Vaccinium corymbosum), Biloxi y Emerald, bajo cubierta y semicubierta en el Centro de Investigación e Innovacción Tecnológica Agropecuaria Tungurahua - Pillaro (CIITAT).
(2022-03) Paredes Caiza, Diana Maribel; Dobronski Arcos, Jorge Enrique
This research project was developed at the Center for Agricultural Technological Research and Innovation Tungurahua - Píllaro (CIITAT) in order to determine the adaptation of two varieties of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), Biloxi and Emerald, when exposed to different climatic conditions. , the treatments with which we worked were T1 under plastic cover, T2 semi-covered, plastic and saran and T3 control in the open field, the study factors that were analyzed were plant height, number of shoots, number of flowers per cluster and number of fruits per bunch. It is worth mentioning that for all the treatments the substrate used was the same, as well as the fertilization, pH correction and irrigation. The data was taken monthly after the transplant until 6 months later. An experimental randomized block design with a 22+ 2 factorial arrangements with three replications was used. For the sources that were significant, the 5% Tukey test was used for the comparison of means. The results indicate that the Biloxi variety, when protected under cover, forming a controlled microclimate, presented better adaptability, fertilization and, consequently, a higher production level. In conclusion, the Biloxi and Emerald varieties show greater adaptation capacity in the T1 under cover. The investment for a blueberry crop under cover is high, but the life cycle of the blueberry allows us to recover it in the short term.
Adaptación de tres híbridos de tomate hortícola (Lycopersicum esculentum) bajo cubierta plástica
(2023-09) Tubón Tite, Wendy Lizbeth; Curay Quispe, Segundo Euclides
The research focuses on the behavior of three horticultural tomato hybrids (Lycopersicum esculentum) under plastic cover. A completely randomized block experimental design (DBCA) was used with 3 treatments and a commercial control and 4 repetitions. Several variables were evaluated, such as survival percentage, plant height, stem diameter, number of days to flowering, number of days to fruiting, number of days to harvest, number of fruits, distance between clusters, equatorial diameter. , polar diameter and fruit weight. For the statistical analysis of the data, the SPSS Statistics program was used and tests such as Scheffe were applied with a significance of 0.05; Homogeneity of variances with a confidence level of 95%. Showing that the three horticultural tomato hybrids successfully adapted under plastic cover in the Huachi Grande parish, Ambato canton, Tungurahua province. Where it was observed that the H1-Arsin Hybrid showed outstanding results in the variables studied during the investigation, as the third best in survival with 94.28%, greater stem diameter at 75 days with 1.41 cm, fewer days of flowering with 42.55 days, fewer days of fruiting with 57.70 days, greater polar diameter with 6.26 cm and higher yield (20,100 kg/ha), the shape of the fruit was round, which indicates a favorable fruit production in this variety and adapted to the environmental conditions of the Huachi Grande parish, which makes it the most promising option in the study.
Adición de la harina de limón mandarina (Citrus x limonia) sobre los índices productivos e inmunoglobulinas en cerdos (Sus scrofa domesticus) post destete
(2024-08) Ortega Espín, Adriana Denis; Guerrero López, Jorge Ricardo
The main objective of this research was to evaluate the addition of Mandarin lemon (Citrus x limonia) flour on productive indices and IgG and IgA immunoglobulins in post-weaning pigs. Four treatments were employed: Control Treatment (T0) without addition of flour; T1: with 0.1%; T2: with 0.2%; and T3: with 0.3% (Citrus x limonia). We used 24 post-weaning pigs of Landrace x Yorkshire crossbreed, 28 days old with initial weights ranging from 5.4 to 6.4 kg. They were distributed into 4 treatments with 6 repetitions each one, with one animal per repetition, using a completely randomized experimental design (DCA). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test at a significance level of 95%, with the statistical software Infostat 2020. The duration of the research work was 28 days, during which weights were recorded at 35, 42, 49, and 56 days of age. Subsequently, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein and sent to the laboratory to determine the levels of serum immunoglobulins IgG and IgA using the immunoturbidimetry technique. No significant results were obtained regarding productive indices in the first three weeks. However, in week four, it was demonstrated that there was a better weight gain ratio and a more favorable feed conversion ratio for T0, while T3 had a higher weight gain and feed conversion ratio, making it the least favorable. In immunology, results were obtained for T0 in IgA and for treatment T2 in IgG. Additionally, a lower incidence of digestive disorders was observed due to antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties.
Adición de un cultivo microbiano caseroen la dieta alimenticia de pollos parrilleros
(2015-02-28) Gamboa Granizo, Diana Gabriela; Guerrero López, Jorge Ricardo
En la Granja Experimental Avícola de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato, situada en el sector de Querochaca, Cantón Cevallos, Provincia de Tungurahua, se plantea una sustitución alimenticia en pollos de engorde línea ROSS 308, en la que se empleará un Cultivo Microbiano Caseropara remplazar el uso de antibióticos como promotor de crecimiento y determinar el porcentaje de adición en la dieta alimenticia; basado en el desarrollo normal del ave y comparando los parámetros productivos de los lotes en estudio. El Cultivo Microbiano Caseroes un producto biológico compuesto deun consorcio de microorganismos capaces de producir cantidades apreciables de ácidos orgánicos como láctico, acético, enzimas, entre otros. Disminuye el pH, aumenta ladigestibilidad de la materia seca. Consta deuna fuente de energía en forma de carbohidratos de fácil fermentación como melaza, una fuente de nitrógeno como la urea y aminoácidos que le pueda suministrar una harina proteica como la soya, además de minerales. La presente investigación se constituye de una unidad experimental de 240 animales, dando como resultado 4 tratamientos con 6 repeticiones; adicionando el Cultivo Microbiano Casero ala dieta alimenticiaen porcentajes de 0.1% (CM1),0.2% (CM2), 0.3% (CM3), respectivamente y el Testigo con 0% de cultivo microbiano (TS). Aplicando un Diseño Completamente al Azar, para la interpretación de los resultados se realizaron análisismedias por Tukey al 5% y ADEVA. De acuerdo a los resultados se estableció que el nivel de Cultivo Microbiano Casero con el que se obtuvo superior beneficio económico, ganancia de peso, y una evidente disminución de la mortalidad fueel tratamiento CM2 (Cultivo microbianoal0,2%). Por lo tanto se recomienda utilizar en las granjas productoras de pollos de engorde el Cultivo Microbiano Caseroal 0,2% (CM2), pues registró los mejores indicadores productivos y lo más importante se obtuvo una carne en buen estado garantizando la salud de los consumidores.
Adición de un cultivo microbiano caseroen la dieta alimenticia de pollos parrilleros
(2015-02-28) Gamboa Granizo, Diana Gabriela; Guerrero López, Jorge Ricardo
En la Granja Experimental Avícola de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato, situada en el sector de Querochaca, Cantón Cevallos, Provincia de Tungurahua, se plantea una sustitución alimenticia en pollos de engorde línea ROSS 308, en la que se empleará un Cultivo Microbiano Caseropara remplazar el uso de antibióticos como promotor de crecimiento y determinar el porcentaje de adición en la dieta alimenticia; basado en el desarrollo normal del ave y comparando los parámetros productivos de los lotes en estudio. El Cultivo Microbiano Caseroes un producto biológico compuesto deun consorcio de microorganismos capaces de producir cantidades apreciables de ácidos orgánicos como láctico, acético, enzimas, entre otros. Disminuye el pH, aumenta ladigestibilidad de la materia seca. Consta deuna fuente de energía en forma de carbohidratos de fácil fermentación como melaza, una fuente de nitrógeno como la urea y aminoácidos que le pueda suministrar una harina proteica como la soya, además de minerales. La presente investigación se constituye de una unidad experimental de 240 animales, dando como resultado 4 tratamientos con 6 repeticiones; adicionando el Cultivo Microbiano Casero ala dieta alimenticiaen porcentajes de 0.1% (CM1),0.2% (CM2), 0.3% (CM3), respectivamente y el Testigo con 0% de cultivo microbiano (TS). Aplicando un Diseño Completamente al Azar, para la interpretación de los resultados se realizaron análisismedias por Tukey al 5% y ADEVA. De acuerdo a los resultados se estableció que el nivel de Cultivo Microbiano Casero con el que se obtuvo superior beneficio económico, ganancia de peso, y una evidente disminución de la mortalidad fueel tratamiento CM2 (Cultivo microbianoal0,2%). Por lo tanto se recomienda utilizar en las granjas productoras de pollos de engorde el Cultivo Microbiano Caseroal 0,2% (CM2), pues registró los mejores indicadores productivos y lo más importante se obtuvo una carne en buen estado garantizando la salud de los consumidores
Aislamiento de bacterias asociadas con la rizosfera de Solanum tuberosum L. var. Superchola en dos localidades de la provincia de Tungurahua
(2023-03) Altamirano Mayorga, Christian Alejandro; Leiva Mora, Michel
The purpose of this research was to isolate and characterize the cultivable bacteria present in the roots (rhizobacteria) of the potato of the Superchola variety in two locations in the province of Tungurahua. In the first phase, the examination of soils where potatoes are grown was carried out, to later place them in plastic bottles with a capacity of 6000 ml; where the tubers of the Superchola variety were planted. In this way, 50 days elapsed, root samples were taken at each of the depths (8, 16 and 24 cm) to carry out the isolation by 3 methods (Inclusion of 10 mm long root fragments, Washing planting and by root dissemination, and Maceration of root fragments in NaCl saline buffer and dissemination), for which the nutrient agar culture medium was obtained. It was possible to obtain the number of 82 isolated bacteria obtained in their predominant cultural characterization in 84% with a circular shape, 85% with an entire border, 93% colonies with shine, 67% with a flat elevation and 88% with a smooth texture. In relation to its morphological characterization, Gram (+) bacteria predominated in 58%, bacilli 97%. To determine the amount of CFU/g of root, serial solutions of each location and depth were made, leaving them to incubate for 48 hours at 28°C and thus proceed to count. In order to measure the diversity of cultivable bacteria in the soil, 250 g of the sample from each location were taken, which were sent to the IDgen laboratory, where the metagenomic analysis was carried out, in which the report mentions the prevalence of 7856 cultivable bacteria in the soil. the town of Santa Rita in the canton of Píllaro and 1307 in the town of Llangahua in the canton of Ambato. Based on the results obtained, it could be said that in the Santa Rita locality of the Píllaro canton there is a greater bacterial biodiversity. It would be very interesting if each of the isolates obtained is used for research that seeks the creation of bio-inputs for this type of staple crop in the diet of the population.
Aislamiento de bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno y bioestimuladoras del crecimiento vegetal con potencial en la producción de biofertilizantes
(2018) Pilatuña Quishpe, María Fernanda; González Parra, Marilú
The isolation and identification of nitrogen fixing microorganisms with potential for the development of biofertilizers or substances that stimulate plant growth is a vital component for agricultural production, since conventional agriculture has been based on the excessive use of inorganic fertilizers. Therefore, an alternative to these problems is the use of biological methods, among them the selection of bacterial strains with these characteristics. The present research work was carried out with the objective of obtaining nitrofijadoras bacterial strains and stimulators of plant growth to contribute with the establishment of the germplasm bank with potential in the production of biofertilizers. The sampling was carried out in areas of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Technical University of Ambato in the amaranth, blackberry, carrot and mashua cultivation of the root and rhizospheric soil, where 26 isolates were obtained in a selective medium Ashby mannitol, for the identification, morphological, physiological and biochemical tests were performed, in which the strains AUTA AR2, AUTA AS5, MUTA AR4, MUTA AR5, MUTA AS6, SHUTA AR2, SHUTA AS3 and SHUTA AS4 resemble the genus Azotobacter. According to the capacity to produce ammonium, in the amaranth culture the strains with greater capacity were AUTA AR6, AUTA AR3, AUTA AS1, AUTA AS4 and AUTA AS6, in arrears MUTA AR4, MUTA AR5, MUTA AR1, MUTA AR2 AND MUTA AR3, carrot ZUTA AS1.1, ZUTA AS3, ZUTA AS1 and ZUTA AS2 and in mashua SHUTA AS1, SHUTA AS3, SHUTA AS4, SHUTA AS5 and SHUTA AR2. According to the nitro fijadora capacity and the tests carried out, 15 bacterial strains were selected to test the efficiency in the nursery. It was obtained as results that the strains AUTA AR6 and MUTA AR4 were the best in height of stem and number of leaves in comparison to the control treatment. Based on the results, these two treatments could be used for the preparation of biopreparations, however it is necessary to carry out more studies such as molecular biology for its identification.
Aislamiento de microorganismos benéficos asociados en plantas sanas de fresa (Fragaria x Ananassa) en la comunidad Angahuana Bajo
(2025-02) Iza Bravo Liliana Patricia; Pomboza Tamaquiza Pedro Pablo
The present study carried out on the isolation of associated beneficial microorganisms in healthy strawberry plants (Fraggaria ananassa). Soil samples were obtained from strawberry crops located in the Angahuana Bajo community, Santa Rosa Parish. It was obtained from 8 plants from two plots. Culture media were prepared and the microorganisms were inoculated in each Petri dish. The plates were then analyzed with the help of a microscope and information on colony formation was recorded. The developed fungi were isolated and performed by microculture to obtain pure cultures. These samples were identified and morphological characterization was carried out. The number of hyphae, conidia, conidiophores and number of spores were counted. The front and back color of each mushroom was recorded. The main results obtained were the isolation of 5 fungi which were identified and characterized. Within the study carried out, 4 species of pathogenic fungi and one beneficial fungus were found. In the rhizosphere soil, the genus Fusarium sp and the genus Penicillium sp were the most frequently colonized by pathogenic fungi; the genus Brachysporium sp and Cladosporium sp were less frequently colonized, and the beneficial fungus was found to be the genus Trichoderma sp. The beneficial fungus helps to improve the access and absorption of nutrients, such as the decomposition of organic matter. In addition, it helps to protect phytopathogenic fungi, which are related to crops.
Aislamiento y caracterización de Trichoderma spp. asociada con el cultivo de cebolla en suelos de la provincia Tungurahua
(2021-09) Veliz Pérez, Ángel Ricardo; Leiva Mora, Michel
With the method of inclusion of roots and bait with coconut fragments, Trichoderma could not be isolated. Through the use of containers with rice substrate, molasses and fish meal, an isolate of Trichoderma (P10M2) was obtained, while direct isolation from serial dilutions of soil samples three isolates of Trichoderma (P4M2, P5M1 and P6M3) were obtained. Young colonies of Trichoderma were white and light green colors at anverse of the colonies and the presence of yellow pigmentation in the P5M1 isolate were observed. Colonies were circular, some with concentric rings and irregular edges. Predominant texture of the colonies was cottony. Morphologically the isolates were similar with respect to the diameter of the hyphae, the diameter of the conidia and the length of the phyalides. Branched conidiophores with the main branches producing lateral branches. No strain was able to show significant antagonistic capacity in the dual culture test since none was able to grow on the colony of the phytopathogenic agent or sporulate on it. None of the four Trichoderma isolates were able to inhibit the mycelial growth of S. cepivora as they were not producers of volatile antifungal compounds. The main hyphal interactions observed in dual microcultures were: hyphal coiling, hyphal adhesion and hyphal lysis. The isolation and characterization of native strains of Trichoderma spp. associated with onion cultivation as a starting point to develop future biological control measures for onion white rot.
Aislamiento y caracterización del agente causal de pudriciones en el cultivo de Allium sativum L.
(2023-09) Tituaña Cajahuishca, Mónica Tatiana; Guerrero Cando, David Aníbal
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the crops with the smallest planting area in Ecuador due to its phytosanitary problems and the lack of quality seed bulbs. One of the factors that affects the production of this crop is the presence of diseases, among the most common is bulb rot. For this reason, the present investigation was proposed with the objective of identifying the causal agents that occur in the rotting of the garlic crop in the Pilahuín parish belonging to the Tungurahua province. Three isolates were obtained from infected bulb tissue, which were selected for cultural and morphological characterization. The results indicated that the causative agents of the most common rots were Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae, Penicillium allii and Sclerotium cepivorum Berk. It is hoped that the results of these studies serve as a basis for the establishment of an integrated disease management program that leads to an increase in the garlic (Allium sativum L.) planting area in order to reach a supply in Ecuador.
Aislamiento y caracterización del agente causal del manchado de la hoja y necrosis del fruto de Capsicum annuum L. en cinco localidades de la Provincia de Tungurahua y una localidad de la provincia de Chimborazo
(2023-03) López Villacis, María Liliana; Santana Mayorga, Rita Cumandá
Leaf spotting and fruit necrosis caused by C. fulvum causes chlorotic spots on the upper side of the leaves that turn yellowish as the pathogen progresses and dark spots on the underside that turn olive green, causing partial or total loss of leaves and exposing the fruit to direct sunburn. The fruit shows tan to black lesions that, as the pathogen progresses, form a kind of olive-green velvety mass, causing great economic problems for growers. The objective of this research is to obtain monosporic isolates of the causal agent of leaf spot and fruit necrosis, the characterization of the colonies, the description of morphological characteristics, the inoculation of healthy leaves and fruits, where 106 solutions were made and finally the reisolation from inoculated leaves and fruits. Six monosporic isolates obtained from leaves and six monosporic isolates obtained from fruits were obtained from five localities in the province of Tungurahua (Ambato, Baños, Patate, Pelileo and Mocha) and one locality in the province of Chimborazo (Riobamba), each isolate presenting different characteristics in both leaf and fruit. The morphological characteristics of isolates of C. fulvum showed an average hyphal size of 93.67 µm in isolates obtained from leaves and an average of 99.18 µm in isolates obtained from fruits. The conidiophores with average length of 27.82 µm in isolates from leaves and average of 25.82 µm in isolates from fruits. In conidiophores with average length of 5.11 µm and average width of 3.67 µm in leaf isolates and average length of 5.8 µm and average width of 4.03 µm in fruit isolates. In the inoculation of healthy leaves and fruits, the infection rate was determined in (%) as the first symptoms appear and as the days go by, the leaves and fruits become more contaminated and obtain a higher infection percentage. In the re-isolation, the same colonies of C. fulvum were obtained in leaves and fruits that were harvested at the beginning of the research.
Aislamiento, caracterización cultural y morfológica de aislados monospóricos del agente causal del moho gris de la hoja de Solanum lycopersicum L. en la provincia de Tungurahua.
(2022-03) Jácome Pilco, Dayana Estefanía; Leiva Mora, Michel
The gray mold of the tomato leaf discovered in England in 1883 is characterized by producing yellow areas on the leaves, observing an olive green color on the underside, which affects the agricultural yield and the quality of the fruits. The objective of this work was to obtain monosporic isolates from tomato leaves with signs of gray mold in order to characterize them culturally and morphologically. For the monosporic isolation, the leaf printing method was obtained and later a modification of the Valmas method was obtained. For the cultural characterization of the colonies of the isolates, the following characteristics were evaluated: color of the front and back of the colonies, elevation, texture, edges, pigmentation and presence or absence of perspiration liquid. For the morphological characterization, the microculture method and observation under the microscope of the diameter of the hyphae, the length of the conidiophores and the length and width of the conidia were obtained. For the first time for Ecuador, 80 isolated monospores will be acquired from 8 cantons of the Tungurahua province (Tisaleo, Baños, Patate, Ambato, Cevallos, Píllaro, Mocha and Pelileo) all presenting olive green colors on the obverse of the colony, while in the reverse was black, in addition a superficial elevation, plush texture and irregular shape appeared. Isolates 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 had lobed borders in their colonies, while 5 showed regular borders. no pigment isolated from the culture medium (PDA), nor was there evidence of transpiration liquid in its colonies. The mycelial growth at 7 days was in a range between 0.50 mm.day -1 to 1.29 mm.day -1 , with the average speed being 0.93 mm.day-1 and at 14 days it reached values which were in the range between 0.95mm.day-1 to 1.46mm.day-1 , with the average velocity being 1.23mm.day-1 .The average diameter of the hyphae of the isolates obtained from C. fulvum showed a lower value of 2 µm, a higher value of 11 µm and an average value of 5.41 µm. In the conidiophores, the smallest size was 9 µm while the largest was 116 µm with an average value of 33.01 µm. The conidia regarding the length had a minimum value of 3 µm and the largest value of 13 µm with an average value of 6 µm, while the width of the conidia showed a minimum value of 1.5 µm and the maximum was 5 µm for an average value of 5 µm.
Aislamiento, caracterización cultural, morfológica, patogénica e identificación de genes AVR en Cladosporium fulvum Cooke.
(2023-12) Sánchez Ortiz, Aldo Martin; Leiva Mora, Michel
Gray mold caused by Cladosporium fulvum was described by Cooke in 1883, which develops in nightshades, specifically in tomato crops, causing damage from the youngest leaves to the top of the plant. The objective of this research was to "Isolate and characterize culturally, morphologically and pathogenically monosporic isolates of Cladosporium fulvum" obtained from signs of gray mold on Solanum lycopersicum leaves to identify the presence or absence of Avr genes in the cantons of the province of Tungurahua (Ambato, Baños, Cevallos, Mocha, Patate, Pelileo, Píllaro, Tisaleo). For isolation, the leaf printing method was applied in potato dextrose (PDA) culture medium with gentamicin sulfate, to describe the cultural and morphological characteristics, the microculture method was used accompanied by the observation of fungal structures under an optical microscope. of transmitted light. In the pathogenic characterization, the isolates of C. fulvum were activated The conidia were counted in the Neubauer chamber of the differential cultivars previously sown on substrates and the inoculum was applied with a manual sprayer. For amplification, DNA extraction and lyophilization of each of the isolates was carried out prior to development. of conventional PCR with two denaturations at 94°C with different cycles and an annealing at 55°C and 34 cycles with a final extension of 72°C. Obtaining that in the 8 cantons of the province of Tungurahua they all showed olive green colors on the obverse, while on the back it was black, with a superficial elevation, plush texture and irregular shape, lobed edges and in some isolates there was pigmentation and perspiration liquid, the mycelial growth in the colonies was obtained with a length of 5.93 µm, width 2.8 µm, hyphae 5.37 µm and conidiophores 32.97 µm average values. In the pathogenic characterization it was evident that the degree of affectation 1 represented between 1 to 5% of the surface of leaves with signs of C. fulvum, while 2 varied from 6 to 20% in the differential cultivars (Cf0-Cf2- Cf4- Cf5-Cf6), finally in the detection of the presence or absence of genes, the presence of the genes Avr2, Avr4e, Ecp2, Ecp4 and Ecp5 and total absence of the genes Avr4, Avr9 and Ecp1 were observed. Based on the results and the tests carried out, it was possible to create bases for the selection of resistance genes for the production of S. lycopersicum hybrids in the province of Tungurahua.
Aislamiento, caracterización e identificación de bacterias con capacidad fijadora de nitrógeno atmosférico asociadas con la rizosfera de Solanum tuberosum L. Var. Superchola
(2024-02) Muñoz Muñoz, Kevin Alexis; Leiva Mora, Michel
The present research was developed with the purpose of isolating, characterizing and identifying in vitro atmospheric nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with the rhizosphere of S. tuberosum var. Superchola; as well as to determine their effect on the growth of potato vitroplants in greenhouses. Isolates were obtained from four localities in the province of Tungurahua, which were culturally and morphologically characterized. The in vitro atmospheric nitrogen fixation capacity was determined using modified Jensen culture medium, and molecular identification was performed by PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes. Finally, the effect of the bacterial isolates on the growth of potato vitroplants in greenhouses was determined. The results showed that in the canton of Píllaro there was the highest quantity of CFU. g-1 of soil (9.08 x 109), in the cultural characterization 87% had smooth texture, 42% flat surface, 82% smooth consistency, 42% circular shape, 84% entire margin and 95% showed brightness. In the morphological characterization of the isolates, 84% were Gram (-) bacteria and 95% were bacilli. The bacterial isolate with the highest atmospheric nitrogen-fixing potential was CC-FCAGP-BFN1 and the one with the lowest potential was CC-FCAGP-BFN15. PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes identified the strains Pseudomonas sp. (CC-FCAGP-BFN1, CC-FCAGP-BFN16), CC-FCAGP-BFN14) and Paraburkholderia dipogonis (CC-FCAGP-BFN24), which showed a high capacity for atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Likewise, the bacterial strain CC-FCAGP-BFN1 (Pseudomonas sp.) was the only one that increased leaf area, fresh and dry mass and leaf area index of S. tuberosum vitroplants. Based on the above results, four bacterial strains were identified from the rhizosphere of S. tuberosum, one of which was the most promising for favoring vegetative growth due to its high capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen.