Carrera de Biotecnología

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Start date: 2022Subject: search.filters.subject.GESTIÓN DE RESIDUOS

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    Evaluación de la capacidad antioxidante y estabilidad de un extracto obtenido a partir de residuos de hojas de la cosecha del maíz (Zea mays)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2025-02) Puruncajas Paucar, Angel Santiago; Fernández Rivero, Danae
    Maize (Zea mays) is a major crop in Ecuador, generating high volumes of underutilized agricultural waste which, if poorly managed, could pollute the environment or have non-economic value. Maize leaves, rich in biomolecules such as chlorophyll and flavonoids, hold potential for industrial applications in food and cosmetics. This research aims to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and stability of maize leaf extracts to promote their utilization. Two extracts were prepared using 96 percent ethanol and an acetone-ethanol mixture in a 3 to 1 ratio, which were analyzed through FTIR spectrophotometry. Their antioxidant capacity was studied using the DPPH assay. The extracts were stored at different temperatures for four weeks, and their FTIR spectra and antioxidant capacity were examined. The FTIR study indicates the presence of hydroxylated compounds in both extracts, acetone extract containing more diverse groups. The antioxidant capacity was 107.15 and 104.39 micromoles of Trolox per gram of maize leaves for ethanol and acetone-ethanol extracts, respectively. The stability study showed changes in the FTIR spectra of both extracts, with an increase in the presence of new functional groups. The acetone-ethanol extract exhibited greater stability in antioxidant capacity, whereas the ethanol extract showed a significant reduction. Refrigeration proved to be the best condition for preserving antioxidant activity in both extracts.
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    Caracterización cinética de las variantes silvestre y mutantes I208V, N212A y S238Y de la enzima PETasa de Ideonella sakaiensis
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Sierra Mena, Joselyn Patricia; García Solís, Mario Daniel
    The accumulation of plastic waste has reached critical levels, with 8 million tons polluting the oceans annually. The resulting microplastics enter ecosystems and organisms, posing a serious threat to environmental health. In response, bioremediation has emerged as a sustainable alternative, employing microorganisms or enzymes to degrade polymers. The enzyme IsPETase from Ideonella sakaiensis is particularly more effective than other PET-degrading enzymes. Thus, mutations close to the active site (S238Y, N212A and I208V) have been recently designed to improve its activity and thermostability, evaluated in qualitative analyses. Therefore, in this research the kinetics of these mutants was characterized by evaluating the kinetic parameters of the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes, using p(NP)-acetate as substrate and varying the temperature (25, 35 and 45 degrees Celsius). The data were analyzed with GraphPad Prism. A reduction in KM was observed in the mutants, indicating that the mutations increased the affinity for the substrate, although the decrease in kcat, reflected a lower catalytic capacity, especially for the I208V variant. Overall, all three mutations are less efficient than the WT variant in hydrolyzing phenyl esters under saturated conditions. Regarding the effect of temperature, the N212A variant showed the highest activity at 45 degrees Celsius, standing out as the most thermostable. This study aims to deepen the catalytic efficiency of IsPETase mutants, contributing to the development of biotechnological recycling for plastic wastes.
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    Evaluación de la biodegradación y propiedades mecánicas de diferentes formulaciones de bioplástico obtenidas a partir del aprovechamiento de colágeno residual y almidón de papa (Solanum tuberosum)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Miquinga Lasluisa, Cinthya Alejandra; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    Plastic pollution is one of the most critical problems we face, as the population continues to prefer this material for its versatility in daily life. However, the accumulation of plastics causes serious problems in terrestrial and marine ecosystems, affecting all beings that inhabit them. In addition, poor waste management has similar repercussions. This study focused on evaluating the biodegradation and mechanical properties of a bioplastic made from biopolymers recovered from organic waste, such as starch and collagen. For the production of bioplastics, collagen and starch were extracted by thermal hydrolysis and the wet method. Different formulations were used, varying the concentrations of starch and collagen, and two plasticizers were used: polyvinyl alcohol and glycerin. The aim was to develop a rapidly degrading material with optimal mechanical strength characteristics. It was determined that the most efficient collagen extraction was achieved at 120 minutes, with the highest yield. The presence of glycerin increased the flexibility of the sheets, while polyvinyl alcohol gave them more rigidity. The sample with a 1:1 ratio of flesh collagen showed higher tensile strength compared to the others. In biodegradation tests, faster decay was observed in water than on land; On land, the sheets with flesh collagen degraded more quickly. Therefore, it can be deduced that sheets made with flesh collagen and wet blue have optimal characteristics for the manufacture of bioplastics.
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    Evaluación de la capacidad de biodegradación de contenedores fabricados a partir de recursos agroindustriales infrautilizados de la industria bananera
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Méndez López, Tomás Sebastián; Arancibia Soria, Mirari Yosune
    According to the United Nations, approximately 430 million tons of plastic are produced each year. Consequently, this waste represents 85 percent of the total contamination in bodies of water, 36 percent of which are disposable containers. To combat this problem, resources have been focused on the research of more environmentally friendly materials. In Ecuador, banana, due to its high production and waste generation, emerges as one of the best alternatives for the development of bio containers to replace single-use plastics. For this reason, this research evaluated the biodegradation capacity of containers made from underutilized agro-industrial resources of the banana industry. For this purpose, a buried test was carried out with samples of biodegradable banana containers (CBB) in agricultural soil for 15, 30, 45 and 60 days, where values of up to 52.53 percent biodegradation based on dry weight were obtained. On the other hand, in vitro biodegradation capacity was evaluated by inoculation of Aspergillus niger, where it was demonstrated that this strain prefers CBB as a substrate, compared to filter paper and single-use plastics, due to the greater availability of nutrients for its growth. Finally, through microbiological analysis and bibliographic research, it was demonstrated that the shelf life of CBB is equal to or greater than 60 days, since their physicochemical and usability characteristics are not compromised during this period.
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    Obtención de nano-celulosa bacteriana utilizando hidrolizados de bagazo de caña y cáscara de cacao
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Sailema Sailema, Erick Fabricio; Fernández Rivero, Danae
    Cellulose is one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth, and various applications in medicine and industry are being investigated. Most of it is found in plants (vegetable cellulose). However, the production of vegetable cellulose faces deforestation and costly purification processes problems. On the other hand, there are bacterial cellulose which has several advantages due to its characteristics; however, its production cost at industrial scale still exhibits problems. Therefore, use agro-industrial waste from cocoa and sugarcane as a carbon source to obtain bacterial cellulose presents a possible solution to the problem. Consequently, it was proposed to evaluate hydrolysis treatments on agro-industrial wastes to obtain fermentable sugars, which will be the carbon source in minimal mediums. Subsequently, cellulose yield produced by two acetic strains (PDC21 and PDC 25) and Komagataeibacter xylinus DSM 2004 (DSM 2004) was evaluated in the same medium. Once the appropriate treatment to produce cellulose was determined, which consisted of the use of cocoa shell hydrolyzate and the DSM 2004 bacteria, two cellulose hydrolysis methods were compared to obtain one of its derivatives, nano-cellulose, which was characterized morphologically by FT-IR and SEM. The research demonstrated the suitability of use hydrolysates of cocoa shell waste and sugarcane bagasse as low-cost carbon sources to produce bacterial cellulose. In addition, it was determined that the hydrolysis treatments used to obtain nano-cellulose do not influence its morphology.
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    Evaluación de la vida útil de un extracto obtenido de la cáscara de piña (Ananas comosus) con propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Nuñez Ambato, Erika Fernanda; Fernández Rivero, Danae
    Considering the growing interest in the utilization of agricultural waste, pineapple peel stands out as a rich source of bioactive compounds. The need to replace synthetic antioxidants and anti-inflammatories, associated with health risks, emphasizes the importance of exploring natural sources. Additionally, the assessment of shelf life is crucial to ensure the stability and efficacy of the extract over time. The extraction process began using ethanol and distilled water as solvents in different proportions. The concentration of polyphenols was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, demonstrating that the ethanol treatment was the most efficient. Total flavonoid evaluation was performed on the extract with the highest polyphenol concentration using the colorimetric method of aluminum chloride. Furthermore, the analysis of antioxidant activity was conducted through the DPPH assay, resulting in an inhibition percentage of 52.27 percent. The analysis of anti-inflammatory activity was also carried out using the egg albumin denaturation assay, revealing significant percentages of denaturation inhibition, reaching 73.15 percent. Stability was analyzed over a month and showed a slight increase in pH and variation in humidity, confirming the robustness of the extract. This study provides valuable information on the shelf life of pineapple peel extract, highlighting its potential as a natural source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatories. This contributes to the expansion of knowledge on the utilization of agricultural by-products and the search for natural solutions to health challenges.
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    Determinación del efecto de Cr6+ y Cd2+ sobre la producción de biogás y las características de lixiviado de vertederos biorreactores para la estabilización de materia orgánica residual
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Ortega Quiroz, Luis Enrique; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    Bioreactor landfills are an attractive option for municipal solid waste management compared to conventional landfills. It is characterized by the recirculation of the generated leachate, so that the need for leachate treatment is reduced and the rate of biogas generation increases. However, this biogas production can be affected by the concentration of heavy metals such as hexavalent chromium and cadmium, which could have toxic effects on microbiological processes. Three identically started bioreactor landfills were implemented for twelve weeks. They were installed in columns, where successive layers of compost, green waste and sludge from the Ambato wastewater treatment plant were added. The first landfill was used as a control, while the other two were added with hexavalent chromium and cadmium in the ninth week, where a slight stabilization of biogas production occurred. The leachate generated by the columns was collected in a bottom vessel and recirculated to the upper section of the column. The quality of the leachate was analyzed by measuring compounds such as sulphate, sulphide, phosphate, ammonium, magnesium, COD, chromium and cadmium. It was concluded that the addition of hexavalent chromium and cadmium in the bioreactor landfill was not toxic to the microorganisms, but it did affect their operation by causing blockage in the recirculation. This indicates that the presence of these metals did not have an impact on the quality of the leachate and biogas generation.
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    Determinación del efecto de Cr6+ y Cd2+ sobre la producción de biogás y las características de lixiviado de vertederos biorreactores para la estabilización de materia orgánica residual
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-03) Montiel Sánchez, Gabriela Vanessa; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    Bioreactor landfills are an attractive option for municipal solid waste management compared to conventional landfills. It is characterized by the recirculation of the generated leachate, so that the need for leachate treatment is reduced and the rate of biogas generation increases. However, this biogas production can be affected by the concentration of heavy metals such as hexavalent chromium and cadmium, which could have toxic effects on microbiological processes. Three identically started bioreactor landfills were implemented for twelve weeks. They were installed in columns, where successive layers of compost, green waste and sludge from the Ambato wastewater treatment plant were added. The first landfill was used as a control, while the other two were added with hexavalent chromium and cadmium in the ninth week, where a slight stabilization of biogas production occurred. The leachate generated by the columns was collected in a bottom vessel and recirculated to the upper section of the column. The quality of the leachate was analyzed by measuring compounds such as sulphate, sulphide, phosphate, ammonium, magnesium, COD, chromium and cadmium. It was concluded that the addition of hexavalent chromium and cadmium in the bioreactor landfill was not toxic to the microorganisms, but it did affect their operation by causing blockage in the recirculation. This indicates that the presence of these metals did not have an impact on the quality of the leachate and biogas generation.
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    Evaluación del proceso de conservación de la grasa proveniente de los residuos de carnaza de una curtiembre en Ambato
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Maliza Valdospin, Natalia Carolina; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    In Ecuador, tannery industries actively participate in the circular economy; however, they have also raised environmental concerns due to the significant amounts of solid waste generated, including fat from residual leather trimmings, which is typically sent to landfills. Therefore, evaluating a conservation method is crucial for waste management. Under the research line of Agri-food Production and the Environment, the initial characterization of the fat was carried out, and a conservation method was developed using three concentrations of an essential oil. Its antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity was assessed through physicochemical and microbiological parameters, along with oxidative stability tests. The initial results showed values for moisture, acidity index, peroxide index, and saponification index within the parameters of the INEN 1313:2012 standard. Regarding the established method, the analysis of variance results revealed that both storage time and the concentration of rosemary essential oil are factors affecting fat quality. The results of the oxidative stability test confirmed that the optimal conservation time is at 700 ppm with a shelf-life of 2397 days, but with a higher cost-benefit compared to Luctanox LG. Finally, the microbiological test results indicated values below the limits set by national and international standards.
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    Recuperación de antocianinas a partir de los residuos agroindustriales de la mora de castilla
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Llerena Toasa, Diana Michelle; López Hernández, Orestes Darío
    Tungurahua being one of the provinces with the highest production of blackberry, the idea of recovering anthocyanins from the agroindustrial waste of this fruit, arises as a topic of vital importance, since the bioactive substances that are present in the skin of the blackberry, not only give the characteristic color and flavor to the fruit, but also have antioxidant properties and great benefits for human health. For the extraction of anthocyanins, 96 percent ethanol was used as a solvent, to which citric acid was added to preserve the stability of these bioactives against factors that could affect their integrity. Subsequently, they were microencapsulated with maltodextrin to preserve the activity of the bioactive, thus prolonging their useful life, to finally determine the antioxidant activity of the anthocyanins. It was determined that the optimum conditions to obtain the highest amount of anthocyanins were 1:15 plant material - solvent volume for 30 minutes. In the microencapsulation process, it was obtained an efficiency of 78.178 percent, indicating effective microencapsulation. On the other hand, in the determination of the antioxidant activity, it was obtained 55.606 percent DPPH inhibition in the concentrate (Trolox referent of 311.711 micromol per liter) and 29.342 percent in the microencapsulated (Trolox referent of 205.550 micromol per liter), taking into account that in this value there is only 20 percent of the concentrate. This process represents a significant advance in the valorization of agro-industrial waste and the sustainable production of bioactive compounds.