Carrera de Biotecnología

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Microencapsulación de microorganismos mediante secado por aspersión con aplicación industrial
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-03) Altamirano Sánchez, María Fernanda; López Hernández, Orestes Darío
Functional products containing beneficial microorganisms are gaining popularity on the world market. The viability of microorganisms present in products can be affected during processing, storage and ingestion by the consumer. Microencapsulation by spray drying makes it possible to prolong the consumption time of said products and preserve cell viability. In spray drying, a fluid is atomized in a stream of hot air to obtain dry particles with low water content. Therefore, in the present job it is presented a review of the most recent research on the spray drying of efficient microorganisms with application in the human food, animal food, agricultural and environmental and healthcare industries, with specific reference to the best conditions that allow obtaining powders with high cell viability. The main topics covered are the types of microencapsulated microorganisms, the objective of the study, viable cell count, growth medium, encapsulating agents, operating parameters, equipment and storage conditions. Within the analysis carried out, it can be determined that bacteria, yeasts, cyanobacteria and fungi have been microencapsulated for different purposes. Especially a large number of studies on bacteria with application in the human food industry have been reported, while in the healthcare industry a minimal amount of research has been published. On the other hand, it has been determined that the genus and species, the wall materials, as well as the operating parameters significantly influence cell viability and microencapsulation efficiency.
Estandarización del método PMAxxTM qPCR para la cuantificación de la carga viable de Salmonella spp. en contenido cecal de origen avícola
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-03) Corrales Martínez, Joselyn Griselda; Calero Cáceres, William Ricardo
Currently, the standardization and validation of quantitative molecular techniques such as qPCR are important for the quality assurance and research sectors. Especially, the standardization of qPCR protocols for the detection of Salmonella spp. is essential, due to the impact it has on the health of the population. The present work aimed to standardize the PMAxxTM-based qPCR method for the detection and quantification of viable cells of S. infantis in poultry cecal content samples. First, staining with PMAxx bacterial viability stain (Trademark) of pure Salmonella culture samples was performed to inhibit the signal of non-viable cells. After DNA extraction with two different kits, a bank of serial dilutions was made, which were used for the construction of standard curves using the Illumina Eco Thermal Cycler (Trademark) Real-Time PCR System. In the analysis of the results, the concentration and volume of dye used significantly inhibited the signal of dead cells. The standard curves obtained with the two DNA extraction kits showed a high linearity greater than 0.99 and a limit of quantification of Ct 31.4. However, the best efficiency was obtained with the QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit, which was 84.99 percent. Therefore, the optimization of the method obtained with this kit was used because it had acceptable yield values for the subsequent quantification of S. infantis in samples of poultry cecal contents.
Verificación de la aptitud del método microbiológico para tres matrices farmacéuticas (sólida, semisólida y líquida) del laboratorio Neofarmaco del Ecuador Cía. Ltda.
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-03) Rivadeneira Cueva, Brenda Patricia; Calero Cáceres, William Ricardo
This degree project describes the verification of the suitability of the microbiological method for non-sterile products, which includes tests for the presence and absence of the most common specific microorganisms such as: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans; and total aerobic (Bacillus subtilis) and mold-yeast (Aspergillus niger) count tests with certified ATCC strains. The results of the microbiological analyzes were evaluated according to the criteria established by USP and AEFI for each of the three pharmaceutical matrices: solid (chewable tablets), semi-solid (vaginal cream) and liquid (pediatric drops). For the verification of the method, it was evaluated under certain parameters, where it is highlighted that it is exact since it yielded percentages greater than 70 and that it was found within the range established by the USP, not less than 50 nor greater than 200 percent of microbial recovery; accurate because the data was less than 20 percent and robust. In addition, in the robustness test, factors such as temperature, incubation time and type of plate that can influence the growth of the counting microorganisms were compared. According to the results, it is shown that the verified microbiological method is reliable and appropriate for the determination of pathogenic microorganisms and the count of total aerobes and molds-yeasts in the three pharmaceutical matrices of the Neofarmaco Laboratory of Ecuador Cía. Ltd.
Actividad antimicrobiana de aceites esenciales de plantas
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-03) Rojas Hechavarría, Miguel Alejandro; Arancibia Soria, Mirari Yosune
Essential oils are volatile compounds product of the secondary metabolism of plants, these can have antimicrobial activity for both bacteria and fungi due to the varied composition of terpenes, phenols, among other molecules, this allows these compounds to be multipurpose in several branches of the industry such as pharmaceuticals or cosmetics, in this last one they also have antioxidant activity. The activity of the essential oils will be different for each plant and for each organism, to obtain a great variety of results, the individual activity of 47 plants was specifically searched, in which they were tested against different types of bacteria and fungi, once the information was collected it was classified according to their results, these focused on tests of inhibition halo using diffusion disc, in which a certain amount or concentration of essential oil is tested to reveal how strong the antimicrobial activity is. Based on these results that are presented in different research studies, they were classified according to their antimicrobial activity as high, moderate, low and no activity. Essential oils have a very varied activity and the information collected is a sample of the great potential that this type of compound can have, so the main objective has been to collect all the relevant information on the subject that can be found in databases of scientific data to facilitate future work with these types of compounds.
Extracción de gingerol con CO2 supercrítico a partir del jengibre (Zingiber Officinale) y su microencapsulación por el método de secado por aspersión
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-03) Sotomayor Sarabia, Yonayker Gamaliel; López Hernández, Orestes Darío
The ginger plant species, Zingiber officinale, has metabolites with beneficial industrial purposes implemented since ancient times such as gingerols, in greater quantity 6-gingerol, with antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, antidiabetic, antiangiogenic and anticancer capacity. Extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide favors the integrity of the thermal-unstable and oxidizable active components with the environment due to the low temperatures of the solvents. Spray-drying microencapsulation has emerged as a technique to protect metabolites from environmental damage by means of polymeric coating. This study was based on collecting information on the extraction of gingerol with supercritical carbon dioxide from ginger and its microencapsulation by the spray-drying method, as well as suggesting automated parameters based on metabolite yield. The qualitative research was carried out with a theoretical design based on indexed databases, thus the information was organized and compared with studies from the last decade. According to the literature, the optimal conditions for metabolite extraction were at 40 degrees Celsius, 20 Megapascals, 20 grams per minute with uncertainty values of 5 and 10, respectively, with variable time. The optimal polymer mixture was maltodextrin with gum arabic due to its emulsifying capacity and stability; showed better efficiencies (93 and 94 percent) with a ratio of 5:5 and 1:1. Negligible parameters for microencapsulation were 160 and 120 degrees Celsius at the inlet and outlet; with flow rate between 35 and 100 liters per hour.
Plantas andinas y amazónicas del Ecuador con actividad antimicrobiana
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-03) López Medina, Daniela Cristina; López Hernández, Orestes Darío
The final present report of curricular integration was carried out with the purpose of obtaining a compendium and identifying the plants of Ecuador with antimicrobial activity in the Andean and Amazonian Zones of the country through a bibliographic review and the analysis of degree works and scientific articles, since one of the most relevant current problems for research worldwide is antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This problem originated mainly from the inappropriate use of these chemical substances, for which microorganisms developed resistance mechanisms with the aim of inhibiting the mechanism of action of antibiotics on them. In Ecuador, AMR has also been classified as a primary problem, since resistance records have been found that promote diseases at the community and hospital levels, for which the country has taken measures to counteract this problem, such as the National Reference Center of Antimicrobial Resistance and the National Surveillance Plan for the Prevention and Control of AMR (2019-2023). From the studies examined, information was obtained from research carried out in Ecuador where it is shown that the plants of the Andean and Amazonian zones of the country have antimicrobial activity on certain bacteria that cause AMR. In addition, the main extraction methods with the solvents used and the tests to measure the antimicrobial activity were detailed, it should be emphasized that the choice of these methods depends on the interests of the researcher and the results he hopes to obtain.
Aplicación de aceites esenciales como aditivos naturales en los sistemas alimentarios
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-03) Cofre Santo, Daniela Marilú; Arancibia Soria, Mirari Yosune
Chemical additives are widely used within the food industry, however, in recent years they've lost acceptance by consumers, who continuously demand safer and better quality products. Essential oils have received great attention as natural additives and potential substitutes for derivatives of synthetic origin. Due to their chemical composition, essential oils have pleasant odors and, above all, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, etc., so their application in food is promising. In this sense, the present work consisted of a bibliographical research on the potential use of 46 types of essential oils as aromatizing, flavoring and preservative additives in food systems. Its application in meat products, dairy products, fish, beverages, fruits, vegetables, and others, has been widely discussed, emphasizing the study of the incorporation of these compounds in the preservation and extension of the shelf life of foods, as well as, in the development of new technologies such as the encapsulation or incorporation of essential oils in edible films and coatings in order to improve their activity and avoid undesirable effects on the organoleptic characteristics of food products.
Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria de extractos obtenidos de Scenedesmus sp.
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Abril Ibarra, Zulay Alejandra; Fernández Rivero, Danae
Growing interest for replacing synthetic molecules with natural ones has increased the demand of biological sources; it has been used like mainly source the plants; however, the microalgae represent a highly competitive strategy. Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic microorganisms, which are easily of culture and scale. The present investigation is focused on the study of the bioactivities of Ecuadorian Scenedesmus sp. to give information about its potential like source of bioactive natural molecules. The culture of microalgae was done with a low-cost medium elaborated using BASFOLIAR (10:4:7) fertilizer and water, and the culture was exposed to continuous illumination. The hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts obtained from Scenedesmus sp. were characterized with quantitative essays for total phenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids. The high concentration of these metabolites was achieved with the extract obtained with ethanol:water 80:20 (volume:volume percentage). The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity with 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and inhibition of denaturalization of albumin assay, respectively. Like the best results for the bioactivities were obtained 6,37 micromoles of Trolox per gram of dry weight and 41,40 percent of imbibition of DPPH radical capacity and 38,42 percent of imbibition of albumin denaturation capacity, both for the hydroethanolic extract rich in bioactive compounds.
Obtención y microencapsulación de un extracto rico en compuestos fenólicos con capacidad antioxidante de guayusa (Ilex guayusa)
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Peñaloza Suárez, Adriana Gabriela; López Hernández, Orestes Darío
Phenolic compounds are bioactive molecules whose properties, such as their antioxidant capacity, have made them substances of great interest in different industries. In recent years, guayusa (Ilex guayusa) has been studied as an important source of these compounds. Therefore, in this study, the best conditions for extraction, microencapsulation, and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds from guayusa leaves were determined. A three-square experimental design was applied in which the solvent concentration (ethanol) and the extraction time were evaluated to optimize the obtaining of phenols. The best extraction conditions indicated by the surface analysis were with 42 percent ethanol for a time of 62 minutes. In the microencapsulation process, the following variables were studied: extract concentration and inlet temperature. The optimized microencapsulation conditions obtained were a concentration of 30 percent solids of the extract at an inlet temperature of 150 degrees Celsius. Finally, for the evaluation of the antioxidant capacity, the DPPH method was applied, obtaining as a result a higher percentage of inhibition for the liquid extract than for the microencapsulated one with higher efficiency.
Influencia del procesamiento de semillas de diferentes variedades de Chenopodium quinoa en su perfil nutraceútico y metabólico
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Carrillo Hidalgo, Doménica Carolina; Lalaleo Córdova, Liliana Paulina
The purpose of this research consisted of the NMR metabolomics analysis performed with three quinoa cultivars with 5 treatments including the control. The results obtained by Lalaleo et al., (2020) in the project Differentiating, evaluating, and classifying three quinoa ecotypes by washing, cooking and germination treatments, using proton nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic approach, were the basis for the development of this study. The raw data obtained were values resulting from the integration of the spectrum peaks of each sample analyzed and data from the correct grouping of each ecotype. The exploratory analysis of data groups from different quinoa cultivars allowed us to identify the normally distributed metabolites in the control group and in those that received some type of treatment. Discrimination between the type of seed processing and cultivar was performed using Random Forest. When the variety was analyzed as an important variable, it was determined that amino acids and certain nutrients are the most relevant to evaluate the accuracy of the model. Finally, the nutraceutical contribution of each variety and treatment was evaluated, based on the categorization. In the amino acids, it was identified that the germination treatment (G) has greater metabolic activity in the three varieties. In organic acids, formic and pyruvic acid show the greatest direct correlation in Ck and WCk. In carbohydrates, treatment G with the highest direct correlation exhibited galactose. The treatment (G) with the highest direct correlation in all its varieties with several metabolites in the other nutrients group.
Construcción de variantes mutantes de la enzima PETasa de Ideonella sakaiensis
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Sevilla Cevallos, María Eduarda; Cerda Mejía, Liliana Alexandra
Indiscriminate plastic production has become a serious environmental problem due to the lack of an efficient treatment. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most used polymers, however chemical and physical options for its degradation are not efficient, neither environmentally friendly. During the last decade, PET biologic treatment has aroused great interest, since it allows the complete degradation of this polymer, and its degradation products work as raw material to produce new PET. Consequently, biological degradation makes it possible to establish a circular system for the use of PET. This investigation built mutant variants of the Ideonella sakaiensis PETase, based on a structural and computational analysis of the enzyme to rationally design variants that potentially increase the enzymatic activity on PET. I208V, N212A and S238Y mutations presented a greater difference in binding energies, suggesting high affinity for the substrate and a low one for the reaction products. Mutant variants were built by site-directed mutagenesis using QuickChange II kit, and through Sanger sequencing it was confirmed that at least two clones of each mutant variant got the desired sequence. Obtained mutations were expressed in E. coli Rosetta (DE3) under expression assay established conditions, 0.1 mM IPTG and 22°C overnight (approx. 15 h). Finally, expressed mutants were purified through affinity chromatography (FPLC) using a Ni-NTA column coupled to an FPLC system. The presence of the enzyme of interest was verified by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis.
Caracterización de los perfiles de resistencia antimicrobiana de Escherichia coli aislada de mamíferos en cautiverio del EcoZoológico San Martín – Baños de Agua Santa
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Medina Pujos, Anabell Yessenia; Calero Cáceres, William Ricardo
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a public health problem around the world; therefore, to prevent the emergence and spread of pathogenic bacteria, measures should be taken by adopting a One Health perspective. Around the world, one of the factors for the emergence of resistant pathogens has been the zoonotic exchange between animals and humans, and its association with the use of different antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine. For this reason, the study of wild or captive species is essential. This research focuses on characterizing antimicrobial resistance profiles in E. coli isolates from captive mammals at the San Martín Eco Zoo in Baños de Agua Santa. From a total of 27 faecal samples collected, 90 strains were isolated. 32 strains presented resistance to more than three families of antibiotics; however, only strains E57 and E75 isolated from ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) showed resistance to six families of antibiotics. The antibiotics with the highest percentage of resistance were ampicillin (97.5), ceftriaxone (95), cefuroxime (95), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (52.5), ceftazidime (47.5) and ciprofloxacin (37.5). The generated profiles showed the relationship between resistance to antimicrobials and the diet of the mammals studied, observing that those isolated from mammals with a meat-based diet were multi-resistant E. coli; In addition, the antibiotic treatment received helped with the presence of more resistant isolates. The results obtained indicate that captive species can be potential reservoirs of multi-resistant bacteria to antibiotics.
Evaluación físico-química y microbiológica en el desempeño de las áreas de producción de productos naturales y cosméticos en el laboratorio NEOFÁRMACO del Ecuador Cía. Ltda.
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Mosquera Sánchez, Marco Antonio; Tubón Usca, Irvin Ricardo
In this study, was evaluated the physicochemical and microbiological performance of the production areas of cosmetics and natural products at Laboratorio Neofármaco del Ecuador, located in the city of Ambato. Pharmaceutical laboratories require legal authorization to produce medicines in general, and they must comply with certain regulations such as good manufacturing practices (GMP) established by national and international health regulatory authorities, ensuring production processes and product quality. For performance evaluation, physicochemical tests were carried out to determine the temperature and humidity, the concentration of particles in the air with their respective process capability indexes (Cp), differential pressure, velocity air and exchange air rates. Then, a microbiological environmental monitoring of the air was carried out by means of different samplings such as active sampling in the area, active sampling of the diffuser, and passive sampling. On the other hand, for microbiological evaluation of surfaces, the swab sampling method was applied, where a microbiological count of total aerobes, molds-yeasts, and Salmonella spp was performed. To conclude, it was demonstrated that both areas comply with all the established specifications and maintain consistent results, which ensures the safety in manufacture of non-sterile pharmaceutical products.
Determinación de un método eficiente para la germinación in vitro de semillas de Zapoteca aculeata
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Yugcha Yugcha, Michelle Estefanía; Vargas López, José Homero
Endemic species are often among the most sensitive to environmental changes and disturbances and therefore most at risk of extinction. To solve this problem, in vitro seed germination is a suitable method to propagate threatened plant species for conservation. The present work aimed to determine an efficient method for in vitro germination of Zapoteca aculeata seeds. First, two disinfection treatments were applied to the seeds to calculate the percentage of contamination. Then, six pre-germination treatments were applied to the seeds to evaluate the percentage and time of germination. Finally, the seed germination process was characterised. At each stage, the treatment that gave the best germination percentage was chosen using analysis of variance to statistically verify the significant difference of the treatments and the significant differences between the evaluated groups were evaluated using Tukey's test. The best results were obtained with disinfection D1, reaching a germination percentage of 27.08 percent, this is due to the concentration and exposure time of the seeds in the disinfectant solutions. With the pre-germinative method T2 a germination percentage of 46.25 percent was obtained, and the seeds were the earliest to germinate, taking between 17.4 days. Therefore, it is recommended to use it in future research because there is no information in the scientific literature regarding research work on the germination of Z. aculeata seeds.
Producción de bioetanol utilizando biomasa de un cultivo mixto de microalgas como materia prima
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Carrera Ocampo, Miguel Ángel; García Solís, Mario Daniel
The biotechnological potential of microalgae in biofuels production continues to be a promising alternative to face the current energy crisis. This research project aimed to use the biomass of a mixed microalgae culture to produce bioethanol, for which the biomass production using industrial by-products as additional sources of carbon in the culture media was evaluated, and the optimal conditions for the acid hydrolysis of the carbohydrates contained in the microalgal biomass were determined. The mixotrophic cultures, composed of carbon dioxide and cheese whey or ethylene glycol as carbon sources, allowed the generation of higher biomass yields (1.38 and 0.60 milligrams per milliliter) in comparison with the autotrophic culture using carbon dioxide solely (0.50 milligrams per milliliter). Regarding the acid hydrolysis of carbohydrates, the higher release of reducing sugars per dry biomass (0.27 milligrams per milligram) was obtained using 2.0 percent volume-volume sulfuric acid. Additionally, it was determined that it is possible to obtain a higher amount of reducing sugars from the biomass obtained in the culture medium supplemented with ethylene glycol (0.30 milligrams per milligram). Finally, ethanol was produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a concentration per dry biomass of 0.35 milligrams per milligram with a process yield of 82 percent from the fermentation of the sugars present in the biomass hydrolysate obtained from the culture with ethylene glycol. The results support the use of the biomass of the microalgae consortium as an efficient alternative to produce third-generation bioethanol.
Caracterización y evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana de una cubierta biodegradable de almidón de yuca enriquecida con aceite esencial de lavanda Lavandula angustifolia mill
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Guevara Morales, Christopher Josue; Tubón Usca, Irvin Ricardo
Biofilms were made from cassava starch (5 percent weight on volume) and gelatin (5 percent weight on volume), plasticized with glycerol (3 percent weight on volume). The influence of the incorporation of different concentrations of essential oil of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia mill) 1; 2.5; 5 and 10 percent, on the physical-chemical properties and antimicrobial activity of the biodegradable films produced. At a higher concentration of essential oil, the films become opaque and present a yellowish color, they are also heterogeneous and rough. The thickness and the Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) increase as the concentration of the essential oil increases. On the other hand, the solubility, swelling capacity and water vapor transfer rate (WVTR) show a tendency to decrease as the concentration of the essential oil increases. The humidity does not present a clear trend since it decreases up to a concentration of 2.5 percent and increases from the concentration of 5 percent A.E. The microbial inhibition halos are greater as the concentration of Lavender essential oil increases, indicating that the antimicrobial action is greater on S. aureus strains (ATCC 13150) and less on E. coli (ATCC 11229). Results were analyzed from one way ANOVA using GraphPad statistical software.
Actividad antiviral de aceites esenciales de plantas
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Barona Endara, Joselyn Michelle; Arancibia Soria, Mirari Yosune
Essential oils are highly volatile aromatic substances that are extracted from plant material from different parts of plants. It has been shown in various bibliographic sources that these compounds can inhibit different types of viruses due to their varied composition of bioactive substances and represents a potential source of active principles for its use in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the availability of summaries with synthesized information on a variety of these is limited, which leads to a general lack of knowledge of their benefits. The objective of this study is to identify the main essential oils that have antiviral activity. With this aim, the research question is the following: ¿Which essential oils exhibit antiviral activity according to the literature reviewed in bibliographic databases? This is answered through an exhaustive investigation of quantitative data of in vitro antiviral activity of 42 types of plants. The data found are classified according to the percentage of inhibition in the categories of high (total inhibition), high, moderate, low, no activity and no activity with enhancement of viral activity. These results indicate varied antiviral activity, of the essential oils investigated, several of them have a total inhibition capacity of certain viruses, while others, despite not eliminating them, have a high antiviral activity and, on the other hand, certain essential oils demonstrate a viral potentiating ability. Taking this into account, it is recommended to use the tabulated data for future research to verify the efficacy of these substances.
Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana de la hoja y fruto del mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth) frente a bacterias patógenas (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli y Listeria monocytogenes)
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Guamán Poaquiza, Edith Johanna; Tubón Usca, Irvin Ricardo
The resistance of multiresistant bacteria to antibiotics is a global health problem, which has generated various infectious diseases transmitted by contaminated food. Therefore, the OMS promotes innovation and research of new sources that counteract this problem. For this reason, this research project aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of leaves and fruits of V. floribundum Kunth and the antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. First, ethanolic extracts were obtained, resulting in yields of 11,189 and 41,163 percent of leaf and fruit extract, respectively. The qualitative determination of secondary metabolites was developed through phytochemical assays and metabolites were obtained such as: flavonoids and tannins in the leaf and flavonoids, tannins, phenols and diterpenes in the fruit. The antioxidant capacity with the DPPH technique was performed, where 86,422 and 27,930 percent of the leaf and fruit were obtained. Finally, the agar diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. The inhibition halos in the leaf extract were: L. monocytogenes (20,667 mm), S. aureus (17,833 mm), B. cereus (18,500 mm) and E. coli (13,667 mm) and in the fruit extract: L. monocytogenes (14,000 mm), S. aureus (11,667 mm), B. cereus (11,500 mm) and E. coli (9,833 mm). The best percentage of inhibition was of S. aureus with 89 and 38,4 percent of the leaf and fruit with Vancomycin and with Gentamicin L. monocytogenes obtained 68,3 and 35 percent of the extract of the leaf and fruit.
Elaboración de andamios biológicos a partir de biopolímeros naturales mediante métodos manuales y bioimpresión 3D para aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Guáitara Martínez, Sandro Daniel; Núñez Villacís, Lorena de los Ángeles
There are thousands of patients with injuries that cannot be adequately treated, making tissue engineering a great alternative. Although it is not limited only to this because it can also be suitable for the development of drugs and the study of diseases. The aim of this research is to elaborate different scaffolds with potential applications in tissue engineering, using natural polymers. For this purpose, freeze-drying as a manual method and 3D bioprinting were used. The solutions for the scaffolds were elaborated by dissolving chitosan and collagen in acetic acid and mixing them with an agarose solution in PBS; these solutions were freeze-dried to obtain dry and porous scaffolds. For the 3D bioprinter, the solutions were printed in the form of 4 cm square squares, with a mesh inside. They were evaluated by SEM in order to measure the pore size and analyze their surface area. Using the ethanol infiltration method, a better understanding of the pores was obtained. Water absorption capacity tests were performed. Due to the importance of biodegradability, it was evaluated by immersion in blood plasma for 2, 4 and 7 days. Finally, the biomineralization of the scaffolds was also evaluated in the same way as biodegradability, i.e., incubating in blood plasma. With the evaluation of the characteristics, it was analyzed for which tissues the scaffolds could be useful, which was mainly bone and dermal tissue.
Producción de una base proteica para consumo animal a partir de residuos sólidos de carnaza provenientes de la industria de curtiembre en la ciudad de Ambato
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Guashco Camino, Jessenia Estefania; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
A good waste management in the industrial field reduces environmental impact. At present, solid waste from tanneries generates a great deal of contamination; the raw material has a high content of protein, fat and essential nutrients for animal feed, which can be transformed if a good use is sought. The objective of this work is to produce a protein base for animal consumption from solid residues generated in the fleshing stage, coming from a tannery industry in the city of Ambato. The largest amount of pork rinds was obtained in a cooking time of 60 minutes with a particle size of 6 centimeters and the drying of pork rinds at a temperature of 90 degrees Celsius for 462 minutes. The protein base composition was analyzed by physicochemical and microbiological analysis, presenting 8 percent moisture, 0.86 percent ash, 66.52 percent protein, 37.64 percent fat, 6.30 in pH, 18.59 milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram in saponification index, 0.38 milliequivalents of active oxygen per kilogram in peroxide index, 87.3 milligrams per gram of calcium and 0.47 percent in phosphorus. In addition, it is free of Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceae, which indicates that the protein base meets the requirements established by the Ecuadorian technical standard INEN 1829:2014 and can be established as the basis of a product in animal feed.