Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología
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Item Cuantificación simultanea de conservantes y cafeína en bebidas azucaradas consumidas por los moradores de la provincia de Tungurahua, por espectroscopia ultravioleta(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-03) Verdesoto Martínez, Solange Monserrath; Pérez Aldas, Lander VinicioEnergy drinks such as Monster Energy and 220V, which contribute to increased energy, physical performance and a better mental state of the people who consume it, on the other hand, Coca-Cola light is a carbonated drink made up of sugar in the form of monosaccharides and added caffeine that stimulates the nervous system; In order to preserve the properties and nutritional value of the drink, preservatives such as sorbic acid and benzoic acid are used, recognized by the CODEX192 standard as additives that inhibit the formation of bacteria, molds and yeasts. The concentrations of both preservatives and caffeine in the mentioned beverages were determined, for which a method validated by UV-VIS spectrophotometry was used, the respective absorbances were measured and due to the matrix effect the addition of standard was used, where it was obtained that sorbic acid is present in the three drinks, but with a higher quantity in Monster since it has 46,778 mg-Kg, benzoic acid mostly in 220V 34,415 mg-kg compared to the other drinks, on the other hand, caffeine also It is part of the composition of the three samples, mostly in Monster with 274.276 mg-kg, followed by 220V with 251.017 mg-kg and finally Coca-Cola Light with 40.448 mg-kg. All concentrations are within the ranges established by the CODEX192 and NTE-INEN regulations, however, excessive consumption can cause health problems, therefore, it is recommended not to exceed the daily intake established based on your body weight.Item Determinación de edulcorantes por espectrofotometría visible en bebidas azucaradas consumidas en la provincia de Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-03) Salinas Lara, Anthony Daniel; Pérez Aldas, Lander VinicioAs sugar-sweetened beverages are considered a product of mass consumption, their components must be controlled, in this case synthetic sweeteners, which are food additives that must comply with regulations in their concentrations so that the food is not harmful to their consumers. The present investigation was oriented to determine the amount of synthetic sweeteners in the most consumed sugary drinks in the province of Tungurahua, such a selection took as a reference the research project called Tax Policy and the consumption of sugary drinks in Ecuador that was executed in the FCAUD In addition, a bibliographic comparison was made with the chromatographic technique to guarantee the reliability of the results obtained. The determination of the concentration of sweeteners in sugary drinks was carried out by means of spectrophotometry, supported by the research project of Castillo (2022), the results were 112.03 mg per liter for aspartame, 59.71 mg per liter for acesulfame and 85.83 mg per liter for sucralose. The experimental values did not present as much discrepancy with the chromatographic bibliographic values. Compliance with the CODEX STAN 192-1995 standard was verified since the concentrations of synthetic sweeteners in sugar-sweetened beverages presented values lower than those established as the maximum dose, which ensures that these beverages are effective and safe for human consumption.Item Validación del método de cuantificación simultánea de conservantes y cafeína presentes en bebidas azucaradas por espectroscopía ultravioleta en la provincia de Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-03) Ojeda Armijos, Segundo Javier; Pérez Aldas, Lander VinicioSorbic acid and benzoic acid are used as preservatives, in order to avoid the presence of microorganisms in sugary drinks. Instead, caffeine acts on the nervous system, which is why it is used as a stimulant. However, the excessive use of preservatives and caffeine in sugary drinks can cause health problems in consumers, so it is important to know the concentrations present in the samples of Coca Cola Light, 220V and Monster, which must be within the values established by the NTE INEN-CODEX 192, INEN 1101 and INEN 2411 standards. The validation of the spectrophotometric method was carried out in the LACONAL laboratory, using the 60S EVOLUTION equipment, implementing the standard addition method, preparation of calibration curves and application of analytical parameters such as precision, repeatability, reproducibility, accuracy, linear range, working range and sensitivity detailed in the Eurachem guide. The analytical parameters had the acceptance criteria, through the application of the Fisher and t-Student test, the percentage Absolute Error, the Relative Error and the Horwitz CV. Finally, the uncertainty of: repeatability and reproducibility, the verification of the spectrophotometric equipment, these uncertainty values allow the combined uncertainty calculation, which is used to obtain the expanded uncertainty where the maximum value was more less 2, 49 mg for ml. A maximum value of the percentage of expanded uncertainty of 5.77, was obtained, which is less than the established 30 percent.Item Validación del método analítico por espectrofotometría uv-vis para la determinación de edulcorantes en bebidas azucaradas consumidos en la provincia de Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-03) Castillo Mayorga, Alison Abigail; Pérez Aldas, Lander VinicioThe present research focuses on the validation of the calibration curves of the UV Vis spectrophotometry analysis method for the detection of synthetic sweeteners of sucralose, aspartame and acesulfame K, the study is aimed at possible applications in sugary drinks. For the analysis, standard solutions were prepared with buffer and chromophore solutions in known concentrations. The study was carried out in a UV Vis Thermo Scientific Evolution 60S series spectrophotometer. The calibration curves were made with the proposed concentrations for each standard solution with which the value of R squared was determined, in all cases it was greater than 99 percent, in turn, the equations of calibration for each solution. A statistically significant linearity was determined for the process and a sensitivity of 0.0252; 0.0018 and 0.2332 for sucralose, aspartame and acesulfame K. The detection limit calculated for each standard solution corresponds to 0.0547, 0.0249 microgram per milliliter and 0.0459 milligram per milliliter for sucralose, aspartame, and acesulfame K, respectively; the calculated expanded uncertainty was between 7.44, 19.08 and 21.5 percent for sucralose, aspartame and acesulfame K, respectively. In turn, through a bibliographic review, it was possible to determine that HPLC chromatography is a method for detecting high precision synthetic sweeteners with very sensitive detection limits, however, spectrophotometry is also a good option for this type of analysis that presents a great sensitivity.Item Validación del método para determinación de detergentes en muestras de agua por espectrofotometría UV-Vis en el laboratorio AqLab de la ciudad del Coca(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-03) Aguirre Tubón, Ana Belén; Pérez Aldas, Lander VinicioThe validation of the method for determination of surfactants in water samples by UV-vis spectrophotometry was carried out in the environmental analysis and evaluation laboratory Aqlab in the city of Coca. Its validation was carried out taking into account the analytical need of the laboratory, validation parameters of the INEN ISO IEC 17025 standard and SAE regulations, environmental regulations described in the TULSMA, in its Environmental Quality and Effluent Discharge Standard: Water Resource and the Municipal Ordinances of the Orellana Canton. The method 5540 C corresponding to the determination of anionic surfactants as MBAS described in the Standard Methods was used for the matrices of water for human consumption, natural water and waste water. The validation objectives were established and the corresponding experimental design was proposed under conditions of repeatability and reproducibility. The following parameters were analyzed: Response Function, Limit of detection, Limit of quantification, Precision (repeatability and reproducibility), Veracity, Uncertainty and Working Interval of the method. Through the statistical analysis of data, it was demonstrated that the method is suitable for the intended application, by meeting the validation objectives set for a CVr and CVR less than 30 percent for accuracy, a recovery percentage of 80 to 120 percent for veracity, an uncertainty U less than 30 percent with a 95 percent confidence interval (k is 2) and a method working range comprising concentration levels 0,10 to 8,85 ppm MBAS.Item Validación del método para la determinación de material particulado PM-10 y PM-2,5 en aire ambiente(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-01) Tituaña Quillupangui, Carlos Andrés; Pérez Aldas, Lánder VinicioAt present, particulate matter (PM) air pollution is caused by industrial processes; as well as, by the excessive increase of the automotive park, which increased the problem in the health of the people and the quality of the ambient air. Studies have found that the particulate material with the highest index of influence in health conditions are PM-2.5 and PM-10. For the application of measurement methodology is guaranteed by the application of reference methods internationally validated by recognized institutions such as the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States and verified by accredited laboratories according to standards such as 17025. The validation criteria determined values uncertainty required for verification obtaining values for PM-2.5 of 17.01 percent and PM-10 8.55 percent, these being acceptable ranges proposed for the validation of the method, similarly determining the quality air on the campus of the Technical University of Ambato for PM-2.5 was 16.78 ug for each cubic meter and for PM-10 was 63.35 ug for each cubic meter, these being accepted as the guidelines established in the Text results Unified Environmental Legislation, Annex 4 of Book VI, Official Register No. 387 of 2015. The results establish that, at the Technical University of Ambato, its air quality is Good quality and the concentrations of these parameters do not affect the health of people due to the incidence of particulate matter in air.Item Validación del método para la determinación de vitamina C (ácido ascórbico) en alimentos por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Eficacia (HPLC)en el laboratorio ECUACHEMLAB Cía. Ltda.(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-09) Aguirre Arias, Sofía Lizeth; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderValidation of a method is an important requirement to ensure reliable and reproducible results from test laboratories. Validation was performed using the methodology described by AOAC 967.21, supplemented with the methodology (Ledezma - Gairaud, 2004), under ISO / IEC 17025. The developed method produces a linear response with a correlation coefficient r = 0.999 for each curve Calibration, LD equal to 0.0002 mg / ml and LC equal to 0.007 mg / ml. The working range comprises values from 0.007 mg / ml to 0.1448 mg / ml for the concentration of ascorbic acid ranging from 7.25 mg to 142.73 mg of vitamin C per 100 g of sample. The coefficient of variation was less than 2 percent for repeatability and reproducibility. The percentage recoverability was found in the range established for HPLC with a value equal to 99.32 percent. The limits of repeatability and reproducibility with values of 2.16 mg / 100 g and 2.61 mg / 100 g of ascorbic acid, respectively. The combined uncertainty of the method for all concentration levels employed with a value equal to +/- 0.95 and the expanded uncertainty with a value equal to +/- 1.91 expressed in units of mg of vitamin C per 100 g shows; It was used as an acceptance criterion that the value of the uncertainty is less than 30 percent of the low range resulting in the uncertainty found 26.31 percent, thus fulfilling the objective of validation.Item Implementación del Método Kjeldahl para la determinación de proteína para diferentes matrices en el Laboratorio ECUACHEMLAB Cía. Ltda.(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2016-08) Salazar Moya, Andrea Margarita; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoThe validation of analytical methods is a very important task for the laboratories of analysis. Are performed with the aim of generating reliable results, based on documented evidence to support their veracity. Particularly, for the determination of nitrogen and protein in food, the Kjeldahl method is set, which one is currently used as official method by several national and international agencies. In the development of this work, the AOAC Official Method 2001.11 was used, which describes the procedure by Kjeldahl distillation for the measurement of crude protein. With the collection and processing of the data, working ranges were establishedwhich varied from 9 to 23%, 7 to 34% and 0.3 to 24% for matrices of meat, cereals, milk and its derivatives, respectively. The accuracy of the method was assessed by the value of the coefficient of variation (CVr) lower than 5%, which criterion was fulfilled at all points of each matrix. Additionally, the limits of repeatability and reproducibility were calculated, allowing to evaluate the absolute difference between duplicates in subsequent analysis, the appropriate values in repeatable conditions must be lower than or equal to 0.39 for Meat, 0.28 for cereals, and 0.24 for dairy products, 0.43 for meat, 0.32 for cereals and 0.22 for dairy products in reproducible conditions. On the other hand, the accuracy was verified by the statistic Z score for matrices of meat and cereals, analyzing certified reference materials (NIST) and intercomparisons requested to LGC. For the matrix of dairy products, it was found the recoverability of certified reference materials as well as that of the primary standard ammonium sulphate. Finally, the factors of uncertainty for meat, cereals and dairy products were established as 0.030, 0.021 and 0.014, respectively.Item Validación del Método Gravimétrico para la determinación de grasa en el Laboratorio ECUACHEMLAB Cía. Ltda.(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2016-04) Jácome Mena, Jackeline Aracely; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderTo validate the method for obtaining crude fat from food samples (cereals, dairy and meat) the AOAC Official Method 2003.06 was used and showed variations in repeatability and reproducibility. The critical value of repeatability (Lr) and reproducibility (LR) were performed for both analysts of study and its results were for cereals and their derivatives Lr=0,18; 0,31 LR=0,22; dairy and their derivatives Lr= 0,18; 0,82 LR= 0,68; meat and their derivatives Lr= 0,35; 0,54 LR= 0,38. These values show a high fidelity of the values of the analysis method. The accuracy values of the three matrices used (cereals, dairy, meat with their derivatives) were within the range of standard deviation of the sample reference previously validated. Uncertainty values for the products analyzed were for cereals and their derivatives: ±0.16g/100g; dairy and their derivatives: ±0.50 g/100g; meat and their derivatives: ±0.274g/100g.Item Implementación del Parámetro de Dióxido de azufre (SO2) bajo el Método US. EPA.: Parte 60; Apéndice A - Método 6C, en el Sistema de Calidad del Laboratorio AMBI FOR HEALTH SERVICES CÍA. LTDA.(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2016-03) Acosta Villacís, Álvaro Gabriel; Valencia Silva, Alex FabiánValidation is the process established to obtain and documented evidence demonstrating a method of analysis, enough to generate reliable and reproducible results expected within defined ranges work well; It provides a high degree of confidence and assurance of the analytical method and is performed compulsorily when developing a new procedure, ensuring that the proposed method meets the desired results. It should be noted that the methods described in standards or official texts are considered validated, although they refer only to general methods. To perform the validation of the method for determining SO2, the methodology described in US.EPA applied. 6C method, supplemented by an instrumental analyzer which employs detection principle Pulsed Fluorescence method and reliability was checked by evaluation of parameters such as; precision, accuracy, linearity and specificity. Also included, the determination of measurement uncertainty and the working range for this method. The results of the working ranges were: low range (LR); working limits from 1 ppm to 150 ppm of SO2, with 6.27% uncertainty, coefficients repeatability CVr = 0.68 and reproducibility CVR = 2.59 less than 5%. The medium range (MR) with limits from 150 ppm to 300 ppm of SO2 with uncertainty of 2.90% and coefficients of variation for repeatability CVr = 0.34 and reproducibility CVR= 0.56 less than 1%. While senior (HR) whose job level is from 304.6 ppm to 1029 ppm of SO2 introduced an uncertainty of 2.59% and coefficients of variation for repeatability and lower reproducibility 1% respectively, CVr = 0.075% and CVR = 0.37% .