Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología

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    Caracterización nanoscópica superficial y fisicoquímica de películas de almidón extraído de zanahoria blanca (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), con arcillas de caolín y bentonita como aditivos
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Andachi Haro, Andrea Monserrath; Casado Rojo, Santiago
    On a global scale, millions of tons of plastic are produced, mostly for single-use purposes with limited recyclability. Almost all raw materials used in plastic manufacturing come from petroleum-derived resources. Tons of these residues end up deposited in lakes, rivers, and seas, breaking down into microplastics and nanoplastics present in the environment. This pollution directly impacts all forms of life. Therefore, replacing synthetic polymers with starch-based bioplastic films represents a beneficial alternative. This research study focuses on the analysis of the surface nanoscopic structure and physicochemical characterization of starch films derived from white carrot (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), with additives of bentonite and kaolin. These clay additives induce changes in the films' properties at both microscopic and physicochemical levels. To effectively apply these composite films, understanding their properties is essential, and many influencing factors can be explained by phenomena observed at the nanoscopic level. Characterization revealed significant differences between the two types of additives, contrasting their physicochemical properties such as moisture content, total soluble matter, mechanical properties, opacity, and visual and color appearance. This comparison was based on analyses supplemented with topography images obtained through tapping mode atomic force microscopy. Results indicate that films with bentonite exhibit irregular topography, whereas those with kaolin show a more homogeneous structure.
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    Caracterización nanoscópica superficial y fisicoquímica de películas basadas en almidón de diferentes variedades de Ullucus Tuberosus utilizando sorbitol y glicerol
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Acosta Camino, José Javier; Casado Rojo, Santiago
    This work was aimed at the creation of biomaterials. From the bioplastics generated based on meloco starch, it was determined that the more percentage of plasticizer, the lower the rigidity and resistance of the material, but the higher flexibility and deformation at maximum stress. Regarding the interaction with water, the biofilms with higher plasticizer concentration showed higher permeability. Concerning the solubility and moisture content tests, the values were dependent on the percentage of plasticizer, revealing lower values when using sorbitol as plasticizer. Optical tests found that, as the plasticizer concentration increased, the opacity values increased. Regarding the images obtained using the atomic force microscope, the topography showed differences in the films’ corrugation at different plasticizer concentrations, as well as contrasts at the amplitude and phase measurements. Those films with sorbitol and without plasticizer showed a more homogeneous structure, progressively increasing the appearance of oval morphologies as the amount of plasticizer is increased. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR-FTIR) revealed slightly different spectra, depending on the type of plasticizer and variety of melloco in the generated films. All this characterization was carried out whit the aim of exploring its possible use as an alternative to conventional plastics.
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    Caracterización nanoscópica superficial de películas de almidón extraídas de variedades de Solanum tuberosum
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Ilvis Pilla, Pablo Dario; Casado Rojo, Santiago
    The starch films obtained from potatoes are biodegradable materials that are considered an alternative to petroleum-based disposable containers and are more environmentally friendly than the latter. Ecuador, placed in the Andean region, is a significant potato producer, making it an ideal location for starch extraction from different potato varieties. To obtain starch films with functional characteristics, it is convenient to understand the properties of these biomaterials, which can be determined at a macroscopic level; however, a nanoscopic characterization of the surface of these films also allows obtaining details of the potential causes of these properties. In this study, the surface of starch films extracted from various potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties were examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to compare the results obtained from macroscopic tests with those derived from nanoscopic characterization. For macroscopic characterization, tensile tests, Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and UV per Vis spectrophotometry were conducted. The nanoscopic characterization revealed nanoscale differences between the analyzed films, providing a potential explanation for the observed macroscopic properties, such as mechanical characterization, IR absorption, and opacity. Thus, films with regular row topographies were associated with higher tensile strength and a higher modulus of elasticity.
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    Caracterización nanoscópica superficial de películas de almidón extraído de tubérculos andinos
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) De La Vega Camalle, Jhomara Mercedes; Casado Rojo, Santiago
    Biopolymers are an alternative to synthetic polymers. In particular, starch-based films have a huge research potentiality: they are non-toxic, easily degradable, use green chemistry, and can be obtained from many different natural sources. In order to use them for practical applications it’s important to understand the ultimate causes of their useful macroscopic properties, and they may be found at the nanoscopic scale. Here we present analysis performed by atomic force microscopy, characterizing the nanoscopic topographic surfaces of samples extracted from the Andean tubers melloco (Ullucus tuberosus), mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum), oca (Oxalis tuberosa) and potato (Solanum tuberosum). Measurements revealed significant differences among the films extracted from these tubers. These results were contrasted to macroscopic measurements such as moisture content, total soluble matter, elastic properties, opacity and IR absorption spectra. Phase contrast segregation and topography AFM tapping images permitted the correlation. Hence, we could relate those samples with granular and phase segregations at the nanoscale to the less elastic forces and water affinity.
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    Producción de biofilms a partir de diferentes matrices biodegradables y evaluación de su actividad antibacteriana
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería en Alimentos, 2019-12) Guaypatín Sánchez, Edisson Fabricio; Cerda Mejía, Liliana Alexandra
    Biodegradable polymers have few viscoelastic, rupture, barrier and antibacterial properties affecting their use in industry. The objective of this research is to produce films with different biodegradable matrices, to improve their properties and evaluate their antibacterial effect by impregnating metal nanoparticles. It was determined that films produced by Komagataeibacter xylinus with a volume of culture medium of 50 ml produced thick films, as in films obtained from filmogenic mixtures with the increase to 20 ml of the final mixture. Stress tests such as axial force and tension related to the strength of materials were performed when axial force is applied in opposite directions; obtaining 21-24 N of axial force and 1.9-3.8 por ciento of tension for the commercial grade glucose per carrageenan mixture being the most representative test. The antibacterial evaluation showed that only films impregnated with silver have an antibacterial effect against E. coli and S.aureus; giving inhibition halos of 1.2 - 1.4 cm in diameter for CB films and 1.3 - 2.5 cm in diameter for films of filmogenic solutions evaluated in E.coli. On the other hand, values between 1.33 - 2.01 cm in diameter were obtained for CB films and 1.09 - 1.29 cm in diameter for films of filmogenic solutions evaluated in S. aureus.
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    Producción de biofilm a partir de Komagataeibacter xylinus, utilizando diferentes residuos agroindustriales
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería en Alimentos, 2019-06) Palacios Duchicela, Ronald Hendry; Terán Mera, David Andrés
    Bacterial biofilms are being an important field of study, due to their wide use in different fields. However, due to its high production costs, its use is limited. For this reason, this work aimed to obtain biofilms using different agroindustrial wastes (sugarcane bagasse, rice bran and cocoa husk), using an H-S medium and minimum medium in static and agitated culture. Demonstrating that agroindustrial wastes contributes to the medium the necessary carbon and nitrogen source, so that the bacterium Komagataeibacter xylinus can develop and generate the biofilms. The biofilms obtained from the cocoa husk showed the best yield in the H-S medium with 17,8338 and 22,8312 percent for the static and agitation culture respectively, while in the minimum medium a yield of 23,3169 and 16,1095 percent was obtained for the static and agitation culture correspondingly; it even showed that there is no statistically significant difference with the standard (glucose). Also, an impregnation with silver and zinc particles was made to the biofilms produced from the cocoa husk. Furthermore, by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), it was possible to determine that the biofilms obtained corresponded to Cellulose I, cellulose Iα being present in a higher proportion. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) helped to observe the structure of the biofilms and by means of a Mapping the presence of the Ag and Zn nanoparticles impregnated in the structure of the biofilm was verified.
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    Estudio de las propiedades fisicoquímicas y funcionales de la harina de banano (Musa acuminata AAA) de rechazo en el desarrollo de películas biodegradables.
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería en Alimentos., 2016-04) Ortega Alvardo, Johana Elizabeth; Echeverría, Ignacio
    This work is about physicochemical and functional characterization of flour of banana (Musa acuminata AAA) for rejection and Cavendish cultivate, it made with banana from two provinces (Los Rios & El Oro) the highest producers of Ecuador. On this study was evaluated the effect of production zone, husk incorporation and use of sodium metabisulfite, getting 8 treatments with a yield between 21.16 por ciento and 29.85 por ciento.Inside the physicochemical properties of banana flour evaluated, the whiteness index was influenced by the use of metabisulfite, obtaining values between 56.91 to 76.49; the highest values were the flour with metabisulfite. Also was evaluated total content of starch, amylose and crude fiber in flours, resulting ranges from 67.48 to 78.21 por ciento, 12.82 to 17.98 por ciento and 1.15 to 3.50 por ciento respectively. These contents influenced mainly in the functional properties of banana flour at 80 Celsius degree. The optical properties of the biodegradable films show variation in parameters such as the whiteness index (57.05 to 77.72), yellowness index (11.66 to 81.06) and color difference (9.75 to 49.17); obtaining films with a higher whiteness index in treatments using sodium metabisulfite and a differential color and yellowness index highest for treatments without metabisulfite due to enzymatic browning. The mechanical properties, such as puncture force and puncture distance of biodegradable films showed a range of values between 15.32 to 25.97 N and 10.42 to 13.60 mm respectively, greater resistance was observed in treatments with high fiber. Samples with higher puncture distance were those that had a low fiber content and high starch content. As puncture force, barrier properties as permeability to water vapor (3,16 x10-10 – 6,89 x10-10 g•m-1•s-1•Pa-1) and solubility (50.53 to 60.02 percent).