Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Evaluación de la eficacia del método de diagnóstico California Mastitis Test (CMT) para la detección temprana y el monitoreo de la mastitis bovina en el centro de acopio de leche en la Comunidad Tahualag.(2024-11) Quinzo Padilla Hirma Janneth; Núñez Torres Oscar PatricioMastitis is a complex disease, the product of several factors associated with both the interaction of the host with the environment and with the pathogenic bacteria present in the environment where dairy cows develop, negatively impacting the health of the animal with the consequent decrease in the production. To detect this disease, the California Mastitis Test (CMT) is applied, which is a sensitive and easy-to-handle test that is applied to each breast quarter. However, it can give false positives, so the interpretation of results could vary, for such reasons. reasons In the present study, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the CMT diagnostic test for the early detection and monitoring of bovine mastitis was carried out in the milk collection center in the Tahualag community. To develop this research, we had a population of 70 crossbred Holstein cows. When the prevalence of mastitis was calculated, it was established that only 18.6% of the females were positive, the predominance of which occurred in the left posterior quarter (CPI) with 31%, followed by 23% belonging to the CAI (left anterior quarter), the CAD (right anterior quarter) and the CDP (right posterior quarter). The calculation of the prevalence of mastitis according to age showed that there is greater influence in females 6 years of age (38.5%) and with less influence ages 7 and 8 years (7.7%). Among the biological agents causing mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus was identified in the highest percentage (38.5%), followed by 23.1% belonging to both Staphylococcus spp and Staphylococcus coagulase, and finally both Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis, each with the 7.7%.Item Determinación de la prevalencia y perfil de resistencia antibiótica de Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo (SCN) en muestras de leche(2024-08) Salazar Ávila, Sylvia Karina; Villavicencio Villavicencio, Blanca JeanethThe growing importance of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus as an opportunistic agent in intramammary infections in dairy cows is addressed. Traditionally considered less pathogenic than other bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus has shown a significant impact on reducing milk production and damaging mammary tissues. The objective is to determine the frequency of isolation of SCN (coagulase-negative Staphylococcus) species from cows with subclinical mastitis in herds located in the Tungurahua province, Pucarumí, using biochemical tests. The study focuses on the prevalence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in milk samples and its resistance profile to various antibiotics, which is crucial for the management and treatment of subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. Through biochemical tests, antibiograms, and species identification using the presence of Novobiocin, the study analyzes recommended management practices and the need for effective control strategies to prevent and treat subclinical mastitis. The research reveals that coagulase-negative Staphylococci exhibit a high resistance capacity to the selected antibiotics, which were Tetracycline (46%), Oxacillin (66%), and Penicillin (73%), complicating their treatment. Through the Novobiocin test, it was determined which strains prevail in the isolates based on their sensitivity or resistance (S 93%; R 7%). Additionally, the risk factors associated with coagulasenegative Staphylococcus infections and the importance of hygiene during milking and cattle management to minimize the prevalence of these infections are discussed.Item Identificación fenotípica de Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente mediante cultivo microbiológico a partir de muestras de leche de vacas con mastitis subclínica y muestras de secreciones orofaríngeas del personal encargado del ordeño(2024-02) Lozada Escobar, Kevin Marcelo; Vela Chiriboga, Andrea CarolinaThe general objective of this research is to identify phenotypically methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by means of microbiological culture from milk samples of cows with subclinical mastitis and samples of oropharyngeal secretions from milking personnel. The location of the dairy herds where the samples were taken was in the village of 12 de octubre, Yanayacu parish, Quero-Tungurahua canton. To determine the positive cases of mastitis, the CMT test was performed and reported a prevalence of 35%, that is, 28 positive cases of subclinical mastitis out of 80 cows sampled. The biochemical tests used to identify S. aureus were: blood agar, mannitol salt agar, gram stain, catalase and coagulase test. A prevalence of S. aureus of 42% was identified in milk samples from subclinical mastitis positive cows. The antibiotic sensitivity tests of the S. aureus positive milk samples showed a 100% resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, therefore they are considered methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Microbiological cultures and biochemical tests with nasal swabs from the milkers identified a 100% prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus. Similarly, a 100% prevalence of MRSA strains was identified through phenotypic processes. Key words; Prevalence, Subclinical mastitis, MRSA, Resistance, betalains.Item Detección de la presencia de adulterantes fisicoquímicos que afectan la calidad de la leche cruda entregada al Centro de Acopio LÁCPI(2023-09) Sánchez Paredes, Jennifer Michelle; Rosero Peñaherrera, Marcos AntonioThe objective of this research was to evaluate the adulteration of raw cow's milk from 60 livestock producers who deliver their product to the LÁCPI collection center. A milk sample was collected to determine the physicochemical parameters: temperature, fat, protein, total solids and non-fat solids, as well as the presence of adulterants: starch and sucrose, and the organoleptic characteristics: color, odor and appearance. Descriptive statistics using Microsoft Excel 2016 were used for the analysis of results. The records of the average temperature of the milk showed a mean of 5.25°C. Fat was evaluated in percentage, with an average of 4.63%, average protein with 3.27%, total solids with 13.16% and non-fat solids with a record of 8.53%. The values and percentages recorded for the aforementioned variables are within the parameters established by NTE INEN 9: 2012 (Annex 7). The descriptive analysis of the adulterants starch and sucrose showed a percentage of 100% negative. The statistics of the organoleptic characteristics of raw milk show no significant differences (p>0.05). It is concluded that there is no presence of adulterants, ensuring that the raw cow's milk received at the LÁCPI collection center complies with the established food safety standards according to the Ecuadorian technical standard INEN 9:2012.Item Efecto del atrapador de micotoxinas (Ultrabond) sobre la salud de la glándula mamaria y producción de leche en vacas criollas(2023-03) Luje Almachi, Carmen Mireya; Guerrero López, Jorge RicardoThis research was carried out on the ''Charito'' farm, located in the San Manuel neighborhood (El Chaupi), in the Mejía canton, Pichincha province. In order to evaluate the use of the mycotoxin trap (Ultrabond), in the diet of Creole cows, where it was found that the mycotoxin trap helps increase milk production and decrease somatic cells and CFU (Colony Forming Unit). For the present study, 16 Creole cows were selected; which had an adequate forage and balanced diet; in each treatment T0 (0g/cow/day), T1 (10g/cow/day) was used; T2 (20g/cow/day) and T3 (30g/cow/day) of Ultrabond; in each one of them 4 cows were used, in a period of 60 days. The "Ultrabond" was supplied during the morning milking, the daily milk production (lt/day) was recorded and later the analysis for the somatic cell count and (UFC) was performed. Subsequently, after seeing this process carried out for two months of research, it was verified that there is an increase in milk production with T2 (20g/cow/day) and T3 (30g/cow/day), the decrease in cells was also verified. somatic and UFC using treatment 2 (20g/cow/day), emphasizing that with T3 there was a decrease in relation to T2. The research was profitable because the cost and benefit of milk production increases and the cost of the raw material for the research resulted in a recovery of 0.41 cents for each dollar of treatment investment. Therefore, based on the results obtained, it is profitable to use the mycotoxin trap (Ultrabond).Item Determinación de la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica de la leche cruda entregada al Centro de Acopio de la Asociación ASOPROPEM, parroquia Sucre, cantón Patate(2022-09) Paredes Ojeda, Evelyn Jacqueline; Aragadvay Yungán, GonzaloThe present investigation was carried out in the Sucre parish, Patate canton of the province of Tungurahua, whose purpose was to determine the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the raw milk delivered to the ASOPROPEM collection center by the small producers of the Poatug hamlet, these parameters they were evaluated with the Ecuadorian technical regulations INEN 9:2012. 34 producers who deliver milk were analyzed with a collection of 68 samples in the first and second stages, obtaining a total of 136 samples. A sample was obtained from the tanks received by each producer to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics such as temperature, fat, protein, acidity and pH, while for the microbiological analysis the count of mesophilic aerobics was evaluated, obtaining a single total sample for each producer. To study the parameters, a descriptive analysis was applied with the Infostat program, giving as results in the physicochemical parameters that the raw milk received did not have an ideal temperature of 4°C - 8°C, while the fat, protein, pH and acidity comply with the provisions of the INEN 9:2012 standard. In the case of the microbiological analysis, an average of 239 926,47 CFU/cm3 of mesophilic aerobes was found, being within the permitted range, since the maximum established is 1,5 x106 CFU/cm3 . In addition, the data was subjected to a correlation analysis and significance (p˂0.05) was observed between fat and protein content. In the case of the surveys and check lists that were based on the documentation of AGROCALIDAD, it was evidenced with the results of these that there is compliance with good milking practices. According to the parameters framed by the Ecuadorian technical regulations, the results reported in the present investigation comply with the established ranges, except for the temperature of the raw material that is not cooled until reception at the plant, however there is a timely implementation of good milking practices carried out by small producers and the parameters studied are in accordance with the current INEN standard, indicating that raw milk has quality and is suitable for consumption by the population.Item Evaluación del índice de producción lechera en vacas mediante dos sistemas de pastoreo con/sin suplementación de diatomeas(2022-09) López López, Erick Napoleón; Guerrero López, Jorge RicardoIn this research work, the index of milk production in cows was evaluated through the application of two grazing systems (traditional rope grazing and Voisin rational grazing) with and without diatom supplementation. 24 cows were used, which were grouped into two blocks, block I (12 medium producing cows) and block II (12 low producing cows) which, 6 animals from block I and 6 animals from block II received daily supplementation of diatom and the remaining 12 cows were not administered the diatom. Each day, 6 medium-producing cows and 6 low-producing cows were subjected to traditional rope grazing and the other 12 cows were fed on the pastures belonging to traditional Voisin grazing, with an investigation carried out in 73 days. The results showed that there were significant differences in the amount of production, in block I, with an average of 8.60 liters of milk per day and in block II, with an average of 4.04 liters of milk per day, on the other hand. daily diatom supplementation did not influence the increase in milk production. In Voisin rational grazing, the animals consumed dry matter an average of 77.69 kg DM/day/treatment, compared to the consumption of dry matter in traditional grazing with rope, which was 39.95 kg DM/day/treatment. The heights of the pastures before grazing, reflected that there was no difference, but the height of the residues of the pastures after grazing if there were changes, because the residual height of the pastures in traditional grazing with rope was 15.35 cm and Voisin rational grazing was 13.22 cm, with greater residual waste and over-trampling of pastures. Regarding the production costs per liter of milk, they showed that there was variation, because when traditional grazing was applied to the rope, the cost per liter of milk production was $0.37 cents, contrary to the Voisin rational grazing that it had a cost of $0.32 cents per liter of milk, already showing economic profitability for the SILLAGUAN farm. Finally, it is concluded that diatom supplementation did not cause changes in the amount of milk production, but the application of Voisin rational grazing provided advantages in dry matter intake, less forage waste and reduced production costs per liter of milk. milk.Item Evaluación del encalostrado en un programa de levante de terneras Holstein en la hacienda Alli Llacta ubicada en el cantón Mejía de la provincia de Pichincha(2022-03) Masson Bedón, María Guadalupe; Aragadvay Yungán, GonzaloThe objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the colostrum managment in a program for raising Holstein calves through qualitative tests in both colostrum and blood serum, and also to carry out a follow-up to monitor the post-calostrated response of the calves in the first two months of life, respecting the lifting program already established in the farm. The methodology consisted in determine the quality of freshly milked colostrum and the supplied to the calves by using the colostrometer and estimate the amount of immunoglobulins present in the blood serum of the calves by using the glutaraldehyde test. Twenty calves and the colostrum from their respective dams were sampled, for which their were divided in two groups, primiparous (considering first and second calving cows) and multiparous (cows of ≥3 calving). The immunoglobulin concentration in milked colostrum from primiparous cows had a mean of 66.66 mg / ml, whereas the multiparous cows was 90 mg / ml, being statistically different (p = 0.04), wiyh respect to the colostrum that was supplied to the calves, no statistical significance was reported (p = 0.62). About the results blood serum time gelation, in both groups it produced in the range of 3 to 15 minutes, qualifying it as excellent, with a serum immunoglobulin concentration of> 12 mg / ml. A low negative Pearson correlation with no significance was obtained between the variables colostrum quality and gelation time. Regarding the post-calostrated evaluation, with respect to the initial weight if there was a significant difference between the means 32.54 Kg and 36.25 Kg for calves born from primiparous and multiparous cows respectively, while in the final weight (56 days) there was no significant difference with values of 56.81 Kg (primiparous) and 59.00 Kg (multiparous), the same behavior occurred with height; however, no value was found within the referential for that age, in addition, the calves showed a mean of physiological parameters within the normal ranges, and also, they presented diarrhea in 68.42% of the calves, which it could possibly be attributed to the management that is carried out on the farm in terms of dairy feeding and the method they use to supply the milk.Item Evaluación de la temperatura ambiental sobre la calidad y producción de leche en vacas en el páramo andino(2020-10) Moya Rodríguez, Christian Iván; Kelly, GerardoThe objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental temperature on the quality and production of milk in cows in the Andean paramo in the San Andrés parish in the province of Chimborazo. 10 Creole Holstein cows in production were used, which were divided into 2 groups in a pasture rotation system, staying the nights outdoors (G1) and under shed (G2). Climatic factors were recorded by placing sensors (Kestrel) located 2 meters from the ground in different areas (paddocks and shed). The daily milk production obtained in the milkings (morning and afternoon) was recorded; Milk analysis was carried out every 15 days, 3 consecutive days using the Lactoscan equipment, where 15 cc samples were used. The mean values obtained for mean temperature were 12.42 ° C for G1 and 14.19 ° C for G2; the cold stress index was calculated using the WCI (wind chill) obtaining the following values 4.4 and 17.26 with an average milk production of 11.16 and 12.30 liters for the G1 and G2 respectively, showing a significant difference (P = 0.000006). In the analysis of milk, it showed significant differences (P <0.05) between treatments for the variables fat (P = 0.027) and conductivity (P = 0.016). The correlation coefficient was significant (P <0.05) between milk production with climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, WCI) and highly significant (P <0.01) between WCI and the percentage of fat. It was concluded that the group that stayed the nights under the shed increased their milk production and obtained a higher percentage of fat compared to those that remained outdoors.Item Evaluación de la composición de la leche de cabra (Capra aegagrus hircus) alimentada con dietas a base de forrajes arbóreos(2020-03-19) Castro Vargas, Pamela Lissette; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos AThe aim of the present research was to determine the voluntary intake, physicochemical composition and milk production of goats fed with diets based on tree forages such as Acacia black (Acacia melanoxylon) and Retama (Senna multiglandulosa). 4 goats were used during pregnancy (2 primiparous and 2 multiparous). The work was carried out in the Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias - UTA. The voluntary intake was carried out by the direct method (feed offered - feed rejected in 24 hours) every 15 days 3 consecutive days. Milk yield was evaluated every 15 days for 3 consecutive days in milking in the morning and in the afternoon. The analysis of the physicochemical composition of the milk obtained was performed using an automatic milk analyzer: LACTOSCAN, where samples of 0.5 kg per treatment were used. The digestibility of the diets was performed in vitro. Voluntary intake of DM and digestible DM no showed differences between treatments (P> 0.05). The digestibility of DM was higher (P = 0.0003) in the treatment including broom (S.multiglandulosa) (T3; 74.2%). Regarding milk yield, it was higher (P = 0.0012) in the treatment including Acacia (T2) with a production of 1.5 L/animal/day. The chemical composition of milk in analytes such as fat, non-fat solids, protein, minerals, lactose, density was not reflected significant differences (P> 0.05) between the evaluated treatments. It was concluded that by including A.melanoxylon in the diet of dairy goats it increases milk production.