Tesis Agronomía
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Item Determinación de los requerimientos hídricos del cultivo de brócoli (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Avenger) bajo condiciones edafoclimáticas del cantón Cevallos, Provincia de Tungurahua(2025-02) Lopez Moya Jennifer Estefania; Peña Murillo Robinson FabricioBroccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) Var. Avenger is a vegetable of great importance in Ecuador, specifically in the provinces of Cotopaxi and Tungurahua. This research had as its central axis the determination of the crop's water requirement; soil water parameters; biometric parameters of the plant and its cultivation coefficient (Kc). The research was carried out at the Querochaca Experimental Farm, Technical University of Ambato; located in the canton of Cevallos, Province of Tungurahua. An area of 389 m2 was selected which was delimited for two treatments, each treatment had 3 experimental plots of 60 m2 with 10 sample plants. The results obtained were as follows: water requirement during the entire crop was 218 mm for Treatment 1 and 252.5 mm for Treatment 2. The soil water parameters yielded a field capacity (CC) of 15.1%, permanent wilt point (PMP) of 7.28% and bulk density (DA) of 1.55 g cm-3. The biometric parameters in Treatment 1 (Penman-Monteith method) obtained an average final height of 55.96 cm, with an average of 13 leaves, a yield of 11.48 t ha-1, a root volume of 58.66 cm3; for Treatment 2 (evaporimeter tank method) the final average height of 68 cm, with an average of 15 leaves, a yield of 24.75 t ha-1 and a root volume of 82 cm3. The culture coefficient (Kc) for Treatment 1 was 0.73 in the initial stage, 1.02 in the development stage, 0.43 in the intermediate stage and 0.11 in the final stage; for Treatment 2 it was 0.58 in the initial stage, 1.06 in the development stage, 0.56 in the intermediate stage and 0.32 in the final stage. Keywords: broccoli Var. Avenger, water requirement, biometric parameters, culture coefficient, evaporimeter tank, Penman-MonteithItem Evaluación de productos a base de silicio en el comportamiento agronómico del cultivo de brócoli (Brassica oleracea Var. Avenger)(2025-02) Atencio Orbe Estuardo Efrain; Pérez Salinas Marco OswaldoThis research was carried out at the María Victoria agricultural farm, in the province of Cotopaxi, in the Héroes del Cenepa sector. The impact of two silicon-based products on the agronomic performance of broccoli (Brassica oleracea Var. Avenger) was evaluated. The products used were (Produsil Gold with a concentration of 73.69%) and (Silikon with a concentration of 36%), applied by different methods (drench, foliar and drench + foliar) at a concentration of 2 g/L and 2 ml/L respectively. The main objective of the study was to determine the most suitable product and application method to improve crop quality and yield, especially in terms of compaction and weight of the pellets. The variables of height and chlorophyll content were evaluated every 30 days, while the variables of weight, grain uniformity, and calcium and silicon accumulation in the leaves were evaluated at the end of the crop cycle. The results showed that the application of silicon, particularly with the Silikon product via drench + foliar, significantly increased the height of the plants with an average height of 64.27 cm; it also increased the weight of the pellets, obtaining an average weight of 556.89 g. In addition, greater compaction of the pellets was observed in most of the results, which reduces post-harvest losses. Laboratory analyses confirmed a synergy between silicon and calcium, suggesting a positive effect on plant physiology. In conclusion, the results obtained support the hypothesis that silicon, applied appropriately, can significantly improve the quality and yield of broccoli crops, making it a promising tool to optimize production and reduce post-harvest losses.Item Evaluación de fórmulas de sustratos alternativos en la germinación de semillas de brócoli (Brassica oleracea var.italica)(2024-08) Altamirano Núñez, Christian Rodrigo; Guerrero Cando, David AníbalSeed health is a vital factor for successful agricultural production to prevent the spread of different pathogens. Likewise, soil suppression is very important to help seed germination, and it is necessary to have a large number of beneficial microorganisms. Therefore, the use of a good substrate is one of the key points to ensure healthy and vigorous seedlings. In this sense, in the present research, different substrate formulas for broccoli seed germination were evaluated, where different percentages of Azolla enriched with zeolite and humic acids were evaluated on plant height, germination percentage, leaves per plant, root volume and percentage of useful plants. The following proportions were used: S1 (Azolla 70% + zeolite 30%), S2 (Azolla 69.5% + zeolite 29.5 % + humic acids 1.0%), S3 (Azolla 69% + zeolite 29 % + humic acids 2%), S4 (Azolla 68.5% + zeolite 28.5 % + humic acids 3.0%) and it was compared with a commercial substrate, S5 based on Sphagnum peat. The effect of the different substrates was observed where significant differences were observed between them. The greatest plant height was obtained with the substrate composed of 68.5% Azolla, 28.5% zeolite and 3.0% humic acids, with which the plants reached 2.52 cm and 3.2 cm at 15 and 30 days, respectively. Likewise, the number of leaves per plant (3.13 leaves), root volume (0.45 ml), germination percentage (95.70%) and useful plants (92.67%) were observed with the same substrate, whose values were significantly equal to those obtained with the commercial substrate. Although the costs for obtaining the different substrates did not show significant differences, the use of substrates based on Azolla enriched with zeolite and humic acids is suggested, since these are products that are easily available in the area.Item Evaluación de microorganismos para el control de hernia de las crucíferas (Plasmodiophora brassicae) en el cultivo de brócoli (Brassica olerácea Var. Avenger).(2024-02) Lascano Zabala, Yesenia Nicole; Curay Quispe, Segundo EuclidesIn this study, the effectiveness of the application of microorganisms was evaluated using the Sauber product for the control of cruciferous hernia in broccoli cultivation (Brassica oleracea Var. Avenger), the study factors were dose and frequency of application. The experimental design used was the completely randomized block design (DBCA), with three treatments for three repetitions plus a control. The variables evaluated were plant height, seed weight, root volume, yield, and incidence. Analysis of variance (ADEVA) and Tukey's significance test at 5% were performed for each variable. The treatments were DI1F1, DI1F2, D1F3, D2F1, D2F2, D2F3, D3F1, D3F2, D3F3 and Control, D1, D2 and D3, doses of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 cc respectively and F1, F2 and F3, frequencies of eight, fifteen, and thirty days respectively. At the end of the analysis, 1t was determined that the best dose and frequency of application is the D3F] treatment, in which the dose of 7.5 cc/L was applied in drench with a frequency of every eight days, 1t 1s the best treatment due to Because in all the variables evaluated 1t presented better results compared to the other treatments in the study, this 1s because the greater the amount of microorganism, the better the control and having a good amount of organic matter in the soil helps the action of these microorganism 1s effective. Keywords: Broccoli, drench, Plasmodiophora brassicae, Sauber, microorganisms, applicationsItem Evaluación de productos para el manejo de Alternaria spp. en el cultivo de brócoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)(2024-02) Moreta Manobanda, Luis Miguel; Valle Velastegui, Edgar LucianoIn this study, products were evaluated for the management of (Alternaria spp.) in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). For this purpose, the effect of two doses of Ozbrand (2 and 4 cm3/l), an ozonated oil with fungicidal properties, was tested and compared with a chemical fungicide (Acord at doses of 0.5 and 1 cm3/l). The variables evaluated were percentage of incidence and severity of the disease, weight and diameter of the head, and crop yield. The incidence in plants treated with ozonated oil (Ozbrand) varied between 23.4 and 26.0%, which meant a reduction of 36.3 and 42.6%, compared to the control treatment, while, in severity, when it was used at the highest dose (4 cm3/l), this product showed results comparable to those obtained with the use of the chemical fungicide. Furthermore, it was observed that the use of Ozbrand at the highest dose (4 cm3/l) allowed obtaining the maximum value of pellet diameter, with values of 20.5 cm, followed by the same product applied at the lowest dose (2 cm3/l), which produced similar results to when the chemical fungicide (Acord) was used at the highest dose (1.0 cm3/l), with which 18.8 and 17.8 cm were obtained, respectively. A similar trend was observed in relation to pellet weight, which was evidenced in the highest yield in plants treated with Ozbrand at a dose of 4 cm3/l (5.3 tn/ha), followed by plants treated with the same product at the lowest dose (4.3 tn/ha). Based on the results, the use of ozonated oil is recommended to control Alternaria leaf spot. Keywords: ozonated oil, broccoli, leaf spot, sustainable managementItem Evaluación de sustratos y ácido salicílico en la producción de plántulas de brócoli (Brassica oleracea Var. Itálica)(2023-03) Gutiérrez Tasinchana, Jenny Paulina; Zurita Vásquez, José HernánThe cultivation of broccoli in the last decades has had a growth in both the national and international market, so it is important to have seedlings that meet good adaptability for transplanting, growth and development to supply the supply and quality of the market. The objective of this research is to evaluate various substrates together with different concentrations of salicylic acid for the production of broccoli (Brassica oleracea Var. Italica) seedlings. The present trial was carried out in the parish of Belisario Quevedo, in the canton of Latacunga, Cotopaxi province. An experimental design was carried out using completely randomized blocks (DBCA) with a factorial arrangement of 3*3+1 with three replications (nine treatments and a control). The substrates used were S1(Floragard), S2(Klasmann TS1, S3(BM2) and the dosage of salicylic acid was D1(1cc/L), D2(2cc/L) and D3(3cc/L), while T(control) consisted of humus and without AS applications. The data were analyzed using the Tukey test at 5% with a comparison of means between treatments. The application was made at 7 and 14 days after sowing, while data were collected 30 days after sowing. Germination percentage, root volume and length, number of leaves, stem diameter and total chlorophyll were evaluated. Based on the statistical analysis, it was determined that in four variables the S1D1 treatment (floragard substrate and salicylic acid at a dose of 1cc/L) predominated, where root volume obtained an average of 1.64cc, root length 8.73 cm, stem diameter 1.49 cm and total chlorophyll 4.62 μg/g. While in the variable number of leaves the treatment that stood out was S1D2 (floragard substrate and salicylic acid at a dose of 2cc/L) which had more leaf area compared to the other treatments with an average of 2.53 leaves. On the other hand, the S2D2 treatment (klasmann TS1 substrate and a salicylic acid dose of 2cc/L) obtained a high germination percentage with a mean of 98.54%.Item Determinación de la producción en diferentes densidades de plantación de brócoli (Brassica oleracea var. Avenger) con aplicación de riego por goteo(2023-03) Villacis Yacelga, Kevin Geovanny; Gutiérrez Albán, Alberto CristóbalThe present study on the production of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Avenger) based on different planting densities through the application of drip irrigation, was carried out in the Izamba canton belonging to the province of Tungurahua, with the purpose of determining the best production yield of the densities used, which were 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50 m between plant and row. An experimental design with completely randomized blocks with three treatments and their corresponding three replications was used. The data obtained were analyzed using Tukey's test at 5%, where the following results were obtained for the following variables: plant height, diameter of the boll (30, 60 days and harvest), weight of the boll and yield. The data of the variables recorded were the fundamental key to perform a statistical analysis, where it was possible to conclude that the treatment that resulted with a considerable height during the harvest process is A2 with a mean of 35.03 cm, it is worth mentioning that the diameter of the pellet was not formed at 30 days so, at 60 days and in the harvest process the best was A3 with means of 2.89 and 22.76 cm respectively. However, in the weight of the pellet, the A3 treatment has a mean of 1399 g and the A2 with 4058.83g. Finally, regarding the production yield the best treatment was A2 with 4058.83 g/m2, where the water consumption per square meter was 169.38 L/m2, while the 169.38 L/m2, while the A3 treatment had a production of 3469.53 g/m2 and a water consumption 107.6 L/m2.