Tesis Agronomía

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Evaluación de sustratos con la adición de ácidos húmicos para la producción de plántulas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) var. pietro
(2022-09) Yucailla Masabanda, Luis Alberto; Guerrero Cando, David Aníbal
With the continuous use of commonly used substrates, the low germination rate of seeds and low-quality seedlings has become present, therefore, these seedlings will not be available for sale, affecting the producers of this sector. In this experiment, six treatments and two controls were evaluated, the treatments consisted of organic substrates (peat and coconut fiber) plus the incorporation of humic acid in three different doses (2%, 4% and 6%), proportions that adjust to 100% of the total volume of the substrate, the two controls were composed entirely of peat and coconut fiber, respectively. An experimental design of completely randomized blocks (DBCA) was used, with 6 treatments and 4 replicates plus 2 controls. An analysis of variance (ANAVAR) and Tukey's significance test at 5% were applied for the comparison between treatments, and comparison between peat substrate and coconut fiber substrate. The treatment prepared with 98% peat + 2% humic acid showed the best results in the variables analyzed. For plant height at 35 days reached 7.57 cm, the stem diameter was greater among all treatments, as in the one reported at 35 days (2.13 mm). Likewise, the root volume of the seedlings of this treatment obtained a more significant result (2.24 cc), also standing out in the development of leaf area (12.21 cm2). Similarly, the cost of production per treatment and per seedling was 0.12 US cents, a value shared by all treatments. This cost was directly influenced by the number of seedlings obtained, which in turn is related to the germination percentage of each treatment.
Evaluación del prendimiento de dos variedades de ucurbitáceas en tres portainjertos para producir plantas de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.).
(2022-09) Benítez Solís, Elizabeth Del Rocío; Curay Quispe, Segundo Euclides
Vegetables are of great economic interest due to their high production and market demand; such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) has therefore generated an excessive use of agrochemicals that enhance production and reduce pathogens, however, these alternatives drastically affect the environment and human health; Thus, grafting in vegetables is a clean alternative to integrate into production systems. The following research aimed to evaluate three types of rootstock Sambo (Cucurbita ficifolia), Zapallo Castellano (Cucurbita maxima), Commercial pattern (Kickoff) in two varieties cucumber (Cusumis sativus var. Mydas) and (Cusumis sativus var. Lisboa). The experiment was carried out with a 3x2 factorial arrangement within a completely randomized design and three replications for each treatment. Variables such as graft diameter, graft length, number of leaves per graft, percentage of grafting were evaluated, the data were subjected to an analysis of variance and were examined using Tukey's significance tests at 1% using the Infostat statistical program. Regarding the variable of taking of the grafts, there were no statistical differences, all the treatments were higher than 95%, the rootstocks P1 (Sambo) and P2 (Zapallo Castellano) were the ones with the highest number of leaves per graft with means of 2.61 and 2.33 leaves per graft, in terms of graft diameter, the treatment that was superior is T2 (P1V2) describes the Sambo pattern factors with Lisbon stem with an average of 0.29 cm and for the graft length variable the P1 pattern (Sambo ) and P3 (Kickoff) were grouped in range A, being the longest with 4.19 and 3.94 cm, respectively
Evaluación de fungicidas para el control de oidio (Oidium sp.) en mora (Rubus glaucus Benth) utilizando el método de termonebulización en Pelileo
(2022-09) Ati Tamayo, Juan David; Zurita Vásquez, José Hernán
The blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth) are currently being affected by a very harmful fungus, known as cenicille, oidio, or powdery mildew (Oidium sp). This fungus, has caused great losses to farmers, especially in the flower production, and therefor in the number of fruits, and the reduction in the photosinthetic area. Whose symptoms are reflected in growth retardation, yellowing plants with coiled shoots, especially in young leaves, in addition to dammage its quality due to a deficiency in fruit setting and filling. This research is based on the control of this pathogen with two fungicides el Topas (Penconazole 25%EC) and Novak (Metil tiofanato 50%SC) with doses of 0,5 y 1 cc/ l, using the thermo-fogging method on the control of Oidium sp. in blackberry (R. glaucus Benth) crops. Operates on a randomized complete block split plot design with a 22 + 1 factorial arrangement with three replications, adding a total of 15 experimental units. The variables evaluated are: incidence and severity of oidium sp on the leaves of production branches. Statistically, it is determined that the product with the best control is Topas (Penconazole 25% EC) at dose of 1cc/l, in this research they present lower values in incidence and severity. The thermal fogging application method is highly effective for the control of Oidium sp, it increase considerably the effectiveness and efficiency the active ingredient of the fungicide, by evenly spreading the product in micro drops that achieve greater coverage
Evaluación del efecto estimulante del aceite ozonificado (AGROZOIL), en el cultivo de girasol (Helianthus annuus), híbrido sunbright en la parroquia Juan Montalvo
(2022-09) Guevara Izurieta, Bryan Alexander; León Gordón, Olguer Alfredo
The use of ozonized oil has now become an ecological biostimulant medium that contributes to morphological growth, control of pests, diseases, inactivation of viruses, bacteria and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, when applied to any type of crop. The present research project was developed in the Juan Montalvo parish, belonging to the Ambato canton, with the purpose of evaluating the morphophysiological effects presented by the cultivation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Sunbright hybrid, with the application of four doses of ozonated oil ( Agrozoil) at 3, 5, 7, 10 cc/l, as a foliar applied biostimulant, the study factors that were evaluated were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, inflorescence diameter, number of petals, crop cycle, leaf area and dry mass. A completely randomized block design with five treatments and four repetitions was drawn, the application of the product was carried out every 15 days, making four applications. Obtaining as a result that the dose (D4) at 10 cc/l of ozonized oil, influenced the morphological growth of stem diameter with an average greater than 1.46 cm, number of leaves with an average of 13 and 14 leaves, mass dry root with a fresh weight of 29.2 g, stem with a weight of 223.8 g, and inflorescence reaching a weight of 30.58 g, compared to the other doses evaluated, on the other hand the dose (D3 ) at 7 cc/l of ozonated oil, influenced the variables plant height with a stem length of 115.45 cm, diameter of the inflorescence 13.6 cm, leaf area with an average greater than 84.18 cm2 and cycle of the culture reaching a cut-off point at 61 days compared to the other doses.
Evaluación del yodo y ácido salicilico en la biofortificación en plantulas de pimiento (Capsicum annuum var. coach).
(2022-09) Rosales Duran, Jhonny Sthiv; Zurita Vásquez, José Hernán
The biofortification carried out on bell pepper plants in full development caused a series of positive factors in growth and metabolism. The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of using iodine and salicylic acid by drench irrigation and to generate a biofortifying effect on the development of bell pepper (Capsicum annum var. coach) seedlings. The hypothesis was that at least one of the treatments of agricultural iodine and salicylic acid will have a biofortifying effect on bell pepper seedlings. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a 3x2+1 factorial arrangement with three replicates of ten plants per treatment (six treatments and one control). The dosages were D1 (0.5 cm3/L), D2 (1 cm3/L), D3 (1.5 cm3/L) and the products were P1 (agricultural iodine) and P2 (salicylic acid). Data were analyzed by Tukey test (p≤0.05) for comparison of averages. The applications made of both products were five, once every eight days for forty days. In the last sampling, five plants per treatment were collected and measurements of root volume, root length, plant height, number of leaves and stem thickness were taken. The data collected were entered into the Excel program and the means per variable were extracted. The results obtained showed significant and non-significant differences in each variable studied. Root volume did not show a statistical difference, but the P2D2 treatment (salicylic acid + 1 cm3/L) showed a greater acceptance by the seedlings, and also showed numerical differences compared to the rest of the treatments. In the variables stem length, number of leaves, plant height and stem thickness, the P2D3 treatment (salicylic acid + 1.5 cm3/L) predominated over the rest of the nutrition methods as the best dosage for biofortification in bell pepper seedlings, showing greater qualities in the plant morphology of the plants
Evaluación de una especie de fitoseido (Acari: phytoseiidae) para el control de Tetranychus urticae (Acari: tetranychidae) en rosa spp
(2022-09) Pico Martínez, Christian Alexander; Santana Mayorga, Rita Cumandá
The two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is one of the most important phytophagous mites in agriculture due it is able to feed on a large number of plant species, its wide geographical distribution and the number of cases of resistance to different acaricidal products. In view of its importance, numerous studies have been carried out to evaluate alternative methods of control, such as biological control. In this research, the effect of the prey density (Tetranychus urticae) on the consumption and reproduction rates of Typhlodromalus sp. was evaluated in laboratory conditions. Regarding the predation rate, an increase in consumption was observed as the prey density increased, reaching a maximum of 11.2 eggs and 5.2 individuals/predator, respectively. Similarly, a positive effect of increasing prey density on the reproductive rate Typhlodromus sp. female, measured as the number of eggs laid per female per day, was observed. According to the results, it is possible to conclude that Typhlodromus sp. shows biological attributes that would allow it to increase its population levels accordingly increases in the pest population, which is a desirable characteristic of natural enemies to be included in integrated pest management programs.
Determinación del tiempo de duración de las fases fenológicas del cultivo de col (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. blanca)
(2022-09) Carrillo López, Madeleine Beatríz; Gutiérrez Albán, Alberto Cristóbal
The present research work was carried out with the purpose of determining the crop cycle of cabbage (Brassica oleraceae) var. white, the research was conducted at Granja Experimental Docente Querochaca owned by the Technical University of Ambato, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, located in the canton of Cevallos, province of Tungurahua. Its geographical coordinates are 01° 22'00" South and 78° 35' 00" West, with an altitude of 2 865 metres above sea level. The research is of an experimental, bibliographic and descriptive nature and therefore does not contain a hypothesis or treatments. The data were taken quantitatively and qualitatively, counting the days of duration of each phenological stage according to the parameters established in appendices by the FAO. This study provides information that helps to optimise the technical management of the cabbage crop, providing information on the duration of each phenological stage, crop coefficient and root depth in order to establish the crop's evapotranspiration, irrigation sheets, frequency and irrigation calendar. As a result, it was obtained that the cabbage cycle is 126 days, concluding that the duration of the first stage or initial stage was (30 days), the second stage or commercial maturity stage (96 days), at which time the crop is harvested. The crop coefficient (Kc) was obtained from the different phenological stages of the crop: Kc of the initial stage 0.70, Kc, of the commercial maturity stage between 0.70 and 1.05. As for the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) of cabbage, taking into account the meteorological characteristics of the Granja Experimental Docente Querochaca, a total of 230.06 mm/cycle was obtained
Evaluación de la aplicación de extracto de algas marinas (Ascophyllum nodosum) y ácidos húmicos en el cultivo de brócoli (Brassica oleracea Var. Italica)
(2022-09) Toapanta Chicaiza, Jhony Fernando; Valle Velastegui, Edgar Luciano
The present research work was carried out on the property of Mrs. Gloria Chicaiza, located in the Quinta Niña María neighbourhood, belonging to the parish of La Matriz in the canton of Píllaro, province of Tungurahua. The objective of the research was to determine the type of organic fertilizer and the appropriate dose that would increase broccoli crop yields. The study factors used were: seaweed extract (F1) and humic acids (F2) at a concentration of D1 (1 g/L), D2 (1.5 g/L) and D3 (2 g/L), with a frequency of application of 15 and 30 days after transplanting for each treatment. The experimental design used was a split plot design, with the main plot being the organic fertilizers and the subplots the doses structured in randomized blocks with a total of 6 treatments with 3 replications. In addition, an analysis of variance (ADEVA) was used to determine differences between treatments, Tukey's test and the Kruskal Wallis test at 5% with which the means of the treatments were compared. Based on the statistical analyses carried out, it was determined that the treatment with the best results was the organic fertilizer based on humic acids F2 at a concentration of D3 of 2 g/L, which registered average values of 4.64 cm in stem diameter, 12.58 cm in the diameter of the pellet, 0.36 kg in the weight of the pellet and 13342, 66 Kg/ha of crop yield, however in the plant height variable there are no significant differences, so the highest results are shared by the F1D3 treatment (seaweed extract with a dose of 2 g/L) with an average of 82.79 cm and the F2D3 treatment (humic acids with a dose of 2 g/L) with an average value of 82.10 cm.
Evaluación de yodo agrícola como biofortificante en el cultivo de mora (Rubus glaucus Benth)
(2022-09) Garcés Montero, Carmen Marisol; Zurita Vásquez, José Hernán
Crop biofortification is an alternative to improve production and the food chain for humans because food is ingested and mineralized elements come from fruits, vegetables, as well as products from animals. In this way, by increasing the mineral value of iodine from a conventional crop, it is a significant option to solve the deficient intake of iodine that causes disorders such as TDI and thyroid disorders. The blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth) is a fruit consumed nationally and produced in the Sierra region, which is why in this investigation the application of 0.5 L in drench and foliar approximately with three different doses of agricultural iodine was evaluated. Three applications were made with intervals of 14 days and the results were obtained after 51 days. The average value of 4,372 inflorescences per plant was significant when applying a dose of 2 cm³/L of agricultural iodine in drench, likewise, in foliar application and drench with the same dose, the continuous weight increase of the fruits with values of 1199 and 1095 g respectively. The postharvest of the fruits was evaluated in days, the drench treatments at doses of 2 and 3 cm³/L obtained superior results with an average of 3.33 days. The Brix index was evaluated, but the results showed that agricultural iodine does not produce a change. On the other hand, the content of chlorophyll in the blackberry leaves was significantly positive with a difference of 1,676 µg/g when applying 2 cm³/L of agricultural iodine in drench between the treatment and the control. And finally, diseases such as Botrytis and Oidio sp. They commonly affect this crop by reducing its production. When applying agricultural iodine, the lowest percentage of infection was in Botrytis
Evaluación de sustratos orgánicos para la producción de plántulas de brócoli (Brassica oleracea Var. Itálica)
(2022-09) Guangatal Tipanguano, Cesar Elias; Pallo Paredes, Edwin Leonardo
The research work was carried out under conditions of plastic cover, the purpose was to evaluate the effect of the litter substrate or soil of leaves with the mixtures of organic matter from different sources (humus and compost) for the growth of broccoli seedlings (Brassica oleracea italic variety). The methodology used was four treatments (peat, litter substrate, mixtures with humus and compost) in a complete random design (DCA), the variables evaluated were: percentage of germination, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves , length and root volume, costs per treatment, in the results obtained it was considered that: peat (commercial substrate) is inferior to the rest of the substrates used in the trial because it presents low results in plant height with 11.07 cm, length and volume radicular, number of leaves and stem diameter with 2.18 mm at 30 days after planting, except for germination, which presented an optimal germination of 99.38%; meanwhile, the organic substrates such as the litter substrate and its mixtures with humus and compost appeared the best results with 99.40% in germination, 11.60 cm in plant height, stem diameter with 3.26 mm . Taking into account the performance of the plants in the different agronomic variables evaluated and the financial analysis carried out, the substrates T1, T2 and T3 offer the best results for the production of broccoli seedlings at the greenhouse level. In the case of cost of production per seedling in the treatments there is an acceptable margin of profitability, especially in litter substrates with the addition of organic supplements, because they generate $1.64 while peat presents $1.59 considering that the broccoli seedling production activity it is economically viable
Respuesta funcional de una especie de fitoseido (Acari: phytoseiidae) sobre diferentes densidades de Tetranychus urticae (Acari: tetranychidae) como base para un programa de control biológico
(2022-09) Machado Freire, Ericka Belén; Santana Mayorga, Rita Cumandá
Tetranychus urticae Koch is considered one of the most widely distributed phytophagous mites worldwide and is also the most polyphagous species of Tetranychidae, with the largest number of cases of resistance to a wide number of pesticide molecules have been recorded. Given its importance, several studies have been carried out to evaluate the efficiency of more environmentally friendly control methods, such as biological control. In the present study, the functional response of a phytoseiid species on different densities of Tetranychus urticae was evaluated as a basis for a biological control program. The functional response of Typhlodromalus sp. on different T. urticae egg densities (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 eggs/predator female) and mobile phases, larvae and nymphs (2, 4, 8 and 16 mobile phases/predator female) was studied in separate bioassays under laboratory conditions. The consumption rate of eggs and mobile phases followed a functional response of quadratic type, which was evidenced by a regression coefficient of 97.27% for eggs and 98.8% for mobile phases. Consumption rate ranged from 2.8 eggs/female at the density of 5 eggs offered and increased to 11.2 eggs/female at the highest density of eggs offered (40 eggs/arena). Likewise, the consumption rate of mobile phases increased from 1.6 to 5.2 individuals/female of the predator. Finally, values of Th= 0.0492 h and a= 1.7064 h-1 were obtained for the eggs and Th= 0.2125 h and a= 0.8262 h-1 for the mobile phases (larvae and protonymphs). Based on the results, the predator, Typhlodromalus sp. showed a high consumption capacity with low handling times and high attack rates, which suggests that this species could be included in integrated management programs, which include biological control of T. urticae in rose plantations.
Adaptación de diez genotipos de zanahoria (Daucus carota) para zonas de altura en Quero - Tungurahua
(2022-09) Pallo Martínez, Klever Daniel; Guerrero Cando, David Aníbal
The importance of carrot cultivation (Daucus carota) at the national level is part of the food group with the most benefits for human beings, it is consumed directly or made into drinks, the value of this root lies in its nutritional importance; the adaptability of more carrot genotypes emerges as an alternative for use, new market options, increasing income levels for the producer. The objective of this work was to evaluate the adaptability of ten carrot genotypes (Daucus carota) together with two controls, for high altitude areas in Quero-Tungurahua, estimating their adaptation and agronomic behavior, as well as determining the yield per treatment studied. The trial was carried out in the Jaloa El Rosario community of the Quero canton, province of Tungurahua. According to the Global Positioning System (GPS) it is located at an altitude of 3,320 meters above sea level with its geographic coordinates of 1°25'41" South latitude and 78°34'44" West latitude. A DBCA randomized block design was used, with ten treatments, two controls and three replications. The data obtained from the trial were analyzed using the Infostat statistical package, applying an ADEVA, a 5% Tukey test was used for significant values, the results obtained show that T4 (Chantenay EMC559), presented the best characteristics, agronomic and of yield, being an alternative for the locality, the opposite happened with the T10 that was not adapted to the conditions of the study locality, concluding that the Genotype T4 (Chantenay EMC559) is an alternative for the small and large producers of the highlands.of Quero.
Efecto del uso de un coadyuvante en la efectividad del extracto etanólico de ajo para el control de oligonychus yothersi (Mcgregor) (Acari: tetranychidae)
(2022-09) Tiana Erazo, Álvaro Mauricio; Santana Mayorga, Rita Cumandá
Tetranychidae includes pest species that can inflict economic damage to crops of economic importance worldwide, so they often require control measures. Given its importance, several studies have been carried out to evaluate the efficiency of more environmentally friendly control methods, such as the use of biopesticide products. In the present study, the effect of the use of an adjuvant on the effectiveness of the ethanolic extract of garlic for the control of Oligonychus yothersi was evaluated. The acaricidal activity of the garlic extract was evaluated by the residual contact technique using leaf disks immersed in each of the extract concentrations for 20 s. The use of adjuvant caused a higher mortality rate at 24 h after application, reaching 37.5%, while in the treatments where no adjuvant was used, it reached 30.0%. At 48 hours after application, the mortality rates during these periods were 23.33 and 25.42% with and without adjuvant, respectively, and at 72 hours, rates of 16.67 and 12.92%, respectively, were reached. However, when analyzing the effect on cumulative mortality after 72 h of application, what was observed at 24 h was verified, where the cumulative rate reached 77.50 in the extract with adjuvant and 68.33% when the extract was used. only. Additionally, the garlic extract with adjuvant caused the greatest reduction in oviposition at the highest concentrations (8 and 16% of the extract) with a reduction of 70.80 and 7.03% compared to the control treatment. On the other hand, the observed reductions in oviposition when garlic extract was used alone were smaller, since, with the highest doses, the percentage reduction was 55.3 and 59.6%, respectively. Finally, the greatest reduction in longevity was observed with doses of 4 to 16% of the extract, regardless of whether it was applied with or without adjuvant. The intermediate doses (1 and 2%) were able to cause a reduction in longevity between 27.3 and 35% in relation to the control treatment. The garlic extract showed to have a positive effect in the control of O. yothersi, for which it could be included in pest management plans
Evaluación de extractos vegetales para el enraizamiento de Arrayán (Luma apiculata) y Álamo (Populus alba) mediante propagación por estacas
(2022-09) Tinta Quispilema, Karen Estefanía; Dobronski Arcos, Jorge Enrique
The research was carried out in Querochaca Experimental Farm, Agricultural sciences Faculty, Ambato Technical University, located in Cevallos canton, Tungurahua province, with the purpose: evaluate plant extracts for the rooting of myrtle (Luma apiculata) and poplar (Populus alba) in the propagation by cuttings because the vegetative propagation in species of native Myrtaceae and Salicaceae are scarce, mainly in the application of plant extracts of aloe, plantain, corn and lemon combined with coconut water as natural rooting under plastic cover. The treatments in the study were eight that resulted from thecombination of the factors under study, two species of cuttings and four plant extracts (aloe, plantain, corn and lemon combined with coconut water) plus a hormonal control for each species, where obtained that the rooting of cuttings in the myrtle species was 0%. A completely randomized block experimental design (DBCA) was used with a 2x4+2 factorial arrangement with three repetitions and Tukey's test was perform5%. Through the analysis of variance carried out in the poplar species, no statistically significant differences were recorded for the variables percentage of rooted cuttings, root length and height of the plant at 60 days, similar results were obtained for the variable number of shoots at 30, 45 and 60 days, that is, the evaluated plant extracts are statistically similar to the treatment where hormonagro was applied; on the other hand, the variables number of roots and root volume did show significant differences at 60 days, with the control poplar showing the highest average with 4.67 and 1.27 cm3, respectively. Similar results were obtained in the variable shoot length where three ranges of statistical differences were recorded, with the poplar control showing the longest shoot length with an average of 10.97 cm. The results indicate that the application of plant extracts as rooting agents is a natural alternative to the commercial hormone for propagation by cuttings in the poplar species.
El uso de abonos orgánicos liquidos tipo biol y su efecto sobre los parámetros productivos en el cultivo de frejol (Phaseolus vulgaris)
(2023-03) Escalante Andrade, Jeremy Samuel; Santana Mayorga, Rita Cumandá
The use of bioles in agriculture is a friendly alternative to the environment because it restores the nutrients lost to the soil and provides the necessary elements for the proper development of each phenological phase of the crop, since it does not have a single composition, it has many functions. such as nutrition, pest and disease control, among others. This research project was developed in the Unamuncho neighborhood San José parish, belonging to the Ambato canton, with the purpose of evaluating the effect of applying biol-type liquid organic fertilizers on the productive parameters of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), with the application of two bioles at frequencies of 7, 14 and 21 days, being applied by the drench method, the study factors that were evaluated were, the height of plants, days to flowering, inflorescence per plant, days to harvest, number of seeds per pod and performance (weight in grams). A split plot design was used where the main plot was represented by the bioles and the subplots by their frequency. Obtained as non-significant results, leaving only numerically different results, in the same way it can be indicated that the recommended frequencies for the application of biol can be done at 7 and 14 days, in the same way any of these biols can be used since thanks to its nutritional composition helps the plant to develop regardless of climatic adversities. The two bioles help to reactivate the plants after heavy hailstorms and frosts are effects that were observed in the development of the research, it is recommended to continue using the bioles in future research in climatic conditions, crops and a different area.
Evaluación de dosis y número de aplicaciones de Arisil en la producción del cultivo de fréjol (Phaseolus vulgaris)
(2023-03) Llerena Malusin, Jean Pierre; Zurita Vásquez, José Hernán
The research work was carried out with the objective of providing and generating data on the dose and number of adequate applications of ARISIL in the cultivation of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). The trial was carried out in the Pelileo canton in the García Moreno parish. The treatments consisted of the foliar application of commercial Salicylic Acid (ARISIL) with doses of 5gr/L, 7gr/L, 9gr/L, with applications at 45 and 60 days and an absolute control respectively. In this trial, the experimental design of randomized blocks was used in a 3x2+1 factorial arrangement with three repetitions. The variables evaluated were: number of inflorescences per plant, pods per plant, pod length, grains per pod and grain yield. No significant differences were found in the number of applications, while in the treatments there were significant differences, being the D2A1 dose (7 gr/L with one application) the one that obtained the best results in all the variables.
Evaluación de productos alternativos para el manejo de la viruela de la hoja (Pseudopeziza medicaginis) en el cultivo de alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
(2023-03) Palomo Chávez, Franklin Sebastián; Guerrero Cando, David Aníbal
The objective of this research was to evaluate alternative products for the management of leaf pox (Pseidopeziza medicaginis) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). This disease produces yellowing, accompanied by small chlorotic rings on the leaflet and defoliation of the plant. The products evaluated were: Oxhitane (P1) at doses of (2; 2,5; 3 g/L) and Algimar 6000 (seaweed extract) (P2) at doses of (2,5; 3,5; 4 g/L) with an application frequency of 20, 40 and 60 days after the beginning of the study in an established crop of 270 days of age. The experimental design used was in divided plots, with 2 products and 3 doses plus a control for each product. An analysis of variance (ADEVA) was carried out to determine the differences between treatments and the Tukey test at 5% was used to check the means of the treatments. Based on these analyses, it was determined that the treatment with the lowest incidence of P. medicaginis was P1D2 (Oxhitane, dose 2,5g/L) with a value of 15, 40%. In severity, the lowest value was for treatment P1D3 (Oxhitane, dose 3g/L) with an average of 6,91%. In stem height, weight and yield, there were no significant differences; in the percentage of dry matter, the best treatment was P1D2 with a value of 38,43%. In the variable quantity of chlorophyll the best treatment was P2D1 (Algimar 6000, dose 2,5g/L) with a value of 5,50 µg/g. In addition, in the analysis of treatment costs, the treatment with the highest investment was P2D3 (Algimar 6000, dose 4g/L) with a value of 0,45 USD and in benefit/cost the treatment with the highest value was the Control with 1,36 being the one with the highest benefit and the lowest cost. The treatment with the lowest benefit/cost was P1D1 (Oxhitane, dose 2 g/L)
Evaluación de fungicidas para el control del moho blanco (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) en el cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.)
(2023-03) Quispe Manobanda, Alexander Fabian; Pérez Salinas, Marco Oswaldo
One of the main problems faced by farmers are diseases caused by phytopathogens, currently the lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa L.) has been affected by a fungus called white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) that can cause losses of up to 50%, this fungus is characterized by lesions that cause wilting of the plant followed by its death. The research project was carried out on the property of Mrs. Patricia Guamán located in the Izamba Parish, Quillan Loma sector, Canton Ambato, Province of Tungurahua at an altitude of 2668 meters above sea level, and at an altitude of 1° 12'48" South and 78° 33'33" West longitude, with the objective of controlling white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotium L.) in the lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa L.) through the application of two alternative products under different doses. The experimental design used was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with group analysis, with three replicates. Kruskal Wallis and Tukey significance tests were performed at 5%, respectively. The variables evaluated were incidence, severity, days to harvest, weight, diameter and yield. The products evaluated were Regnum (P1) and TricoMic (P2), the treatment that showed less incidence was P2D2 (TricoMic dose 5cc/L) with an average of 1.67%, while the product that showed less severity was P1D3 (Regnum dose 1.5 cc/L) with an average of 16.67% severity. As for the economic analysis, it was observed that the treatment that showed the greatest net benefit was P2D2 (TricoMic 5cc/l) with a value of 5.41 USD, so that this product at this dose is the most economically profitable alternative for the farmer.
Evaluación de dosis de NPK-Ca en la producción de arveja (Pisum sativum var. Quantum)
(2023-03) Guerrero Guano, Orli Efrén; Zurita Vásquez, José Hernán
At present, the pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the favorite legumes to cultivate in the Andes of Ecuador due to its short cycle duration, it is also appreciated for its flavor and high nutritional value. Due to the increase in fertilizers, it is necessary to avoid unequivocal applications, for this reason, the purpose of the investigation was to determine the most appropriate levels and time of fertilization, so as to guarantee the best performance of the pea crop. This research work was carried out on open field land without irrigation in the El Placer farmhouse belonging to the Quero canton of the Tungurahua province. The study factors used for this research were: D1 (58-35-9- 9 Kg NPK-Ca ha-1 ), D2 (199-5-39-83 kg NPK-Ca ha-1 ) and D3 (128-20-24-45 Kg NPK-Ca ha-1 ), applied in a fertilization season at 20 and 45 days after sowing (E1), and at 20, 45 and 60 days after sowing (E2). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used, with a total of 7 treatments (3x2+1) with 3 repetitions, additionally, in the research work the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the differences between treatments and the Tukey test with a significance of 5% to compare the means of the treatments. According to the statistical analyzes carried out, it was possible to verify that the treatment with the most efficient results was the D3 dose (128-20-24-45 Kg NPK-Ca ha-1 ) in combination with the E1 fertilization season (at 20 and 45 days after sowing) where average values of 38.33 pods.plant-1 , 9.18 cm of pod length, 8.3 grains.pod-1 and 7301.59 Kg.ha-1 of crop yield, however, in the variables days to flowering and days to harvest there are no statistical differences. It is worth mentioning that only in the variable height of the plant, the treatment with the dose D2 (199-5-39-83 Kg NPK-Ca ha-1 ) together with the fertilization season E1 (at 20 and 45 days after the planting) took advantage achieving an average of 53.53 cm.
Evaluación de productos alternativos para control de mildiu velloso (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) en el cultivo de pepinillo (Cucumis sativus L.) bajo cubierta plástica
(2023-03) Moreta Chango, Luis Fernando; Valle Velastegui, Edgar Luciano
Currently, the gherkin crop (Cucumis sativus L.) has been affected by a harmful fungus known as downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), causing economic losses to growers, since it mainly affects the foliage of the plant, causing irregular yellow spots on the upper side of the leaf, while on the underside, the development of mycelium and sporangia can be observed. Over time, the spots become necrotic, causing the leaves to fall and die, seriously affecting quality and production. The present research was based on the control of this pathogen with the objective of controlling downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) in gherkin (Cucumis sativus L.) by applying two alternative products. A completely randomized block (DBCA) design was used, with 2 x 2 + 1 group factor analysis, with 3 replicates and Tukey's significance tests at 5% for comparison of averages were also performed. The variables evaluated were incidence percentage, severity percentage, weight, length, diameter and yield. The products used were Nimrod (P1) and Hidrozoil (P2). The product Hidrozoil at a dose of 4cc/l (D2), obtained the best results in terms of incidence and severity reduction, presenting incidence values of 26,67% and severity of 2,89%, due to the fact that Hidrozoil is composed of vegetable oils and ozone, generating at the same time an organic product, with good assimilation due to its great disinfectant antioxidant action against phytopathogenic fungi, achieving a reduction in incidence and severity. As for the control, it was visualized that there was an increase in the disease because it was not treated with any product. In terms of weight, length and diameter, there were no significant differences, and in yield, P2 (Hydrozoil) was the one that stood out in comparison to P1. In the economic analysis it was concluded that the treatment P2D1 (Hydrozoil at a dose of 2cc/l), presented the highest net benefit of $ 5,02 dollars, being the most profitable treatment from the economic point of view for the farmer.