Tesis Ingeniería Agronómica

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Adaptabilidad de nueve cultivares de coliflor (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis L.) En el cantón Pujilí, provincia de Cotopaxi
(2022-11) Nachimba Sánchez, Verónica Michelle; Veloz Naranjo, Walter Oswaldo
Cauliflower is a crop that has acquired great economic importance at a national and international level due to the demand it has obtained in the market as it is considered an essential food for consumers who choose to consume foods that improve the health of the consumer, it has a large amount of nutrients such as vitamins A, K, B, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus. In the present study, the adaptability of 9 cauliflower cultivars was evaluated in the Molino Pata neighborhood, Pujilí canton, Cotopaxi province, this area is located at 3.077 meters above sea level, with sandy loam soil and a dry temperate climate optimal for growing vegetables. The catch percentage was established where the Skywalker cultivar obtained a high catch range while the Denova cultivar obtained a low catch range, the height of the plant was measured at 30 days where the Skywalker cultivar obtained a high range in terms of height with a mean of 20.33 cm, while the Bodilis cultivar obtained a high rank in terms of height at harvest with a mean of 62.33 cm. For the equatorial diameter, the EMCF 933 cultivar obtained a high rank with an average of 19.67 compared to the other cultivars, for the pellet weight variable, the Skywalker cultivar obtained a high rank with an average of 1582.33 grams. It was possible to define that the cultivar with the best response to the variables to be cultivated in the area was the Skywalker cultivar with a yield of 45.20 Tn/ha, being suitable for commercialization and greater profitability for farmers, while the Summer White cultivar It would be a good marketing option for the international market due to its weight and because it is an early crop.
Adaptabilidad de tres híbridos de sandía (Citrullus lanatus) en el cantón Patate
(2020-10) Carrillo Jara, Francisco Sebastián; Curay Quispe, Segundo
This research project was carried out to evaluate the adaptability of three watermelon hybrids (Citrullus lanatus). This project was conducted in the canton Patate, province of Tungurahua, located in the Quinlata sector, with an altitude of 2200 meters whose geographical coordinates are: latitude 1-30'57'' S and longitude 78-49'99'' O. For this evaluation a random experiment design was performed (DCA) with 6 repetitions. The variance analysis (ADEVA) was performed with Tukey significance tests at 5% where the following results were established: for the variable germination percentage the averages were for Royalthon 99.3%, followed by Emerald 97.33% and Royal Charleston 95.67%. The variable length of the plant was taken every 15 days. The flowering began obtaining results of 195.0 cm for Esmeralda, Royalthon 185.6 cm and Royal Charleston 157.6 cm after 60 days of the transplantation. Through the flowering days Royal Charleston turned out to be precocious with an average rate of 72.33 days, Royalthon 68.50 days and Esmeralda with an average of 67.17 days proving to be less precocious. In the variable number of flowers, both male and female flowers were counted every 7 days with an average of 5,583 for Esmeralda, 4,250 for Royalthon and 3,583 Royal Charleston which came out to be the lowest in the female flowers. The male flowers are older because they follow a much more complex pattern, Esmeralda with an average of 9,833, followed by Royal Charleston with 9.00 and Royalthon with 8,917. The average number of guides were 3,200 in Esmeralda, 3,067 in Royalthon and 3,033 with the Royal Royal Charleston. As for the fruit variables, the number of fully developed fruits had an average of 2,750 for Royal Charleston, 2,417 for Esmeralda and 2.33 for Royalthon. The fruit weight variable average for each treatment for Royal Charleston weight was 7,817kg, while Esmeralda and Royalthon`s weight was 6,983 kg for both treatments. The polar and equatorial variable diameter of the Royal Charleston was larger with 26.93 cm and 25.50 cm. The Royalthon was smaller with 25.60 cm (ø polar) and Esmeralda at 24.40 cm (ø ecuatorial). The Brix Royal Charleston variable grades reached 12.05 degrees Brix, followed by Esmeraldas 11.95 degrees Brix and 11.87 degrees Brix for Royalthon. Finally, the results obtained places Royalthon with the best results, which were 13960 kg/ha, followed by Royal Charleston with 13750 kg/ha and Esmeralda with 13120 kg/ha. Finally, after performing this research project it narrowed down that the three hybrids managed to adapt to the place where the crop was planted. The Royal Charleston hybrid seed being the earliest to flower in terms of results, the highest is the Royalthon seed, although it does not reach the national average of watermelon production.
Adaptabilidad de tres variedades del cultivo de maca (Lepidium meyeni) en la zona de Tabacundo
(2022-03) Moncayo Robinson, Washington Emilio; Curay Quispe, Segundo Euclides
Maca is a crop that is of great importance in nutrition and medicine due to its high content of minerals and vitamins. There is very little information about this crop, which is why many farmers have left this crop aside due to the inexperience they havewhen managing the crop. The present work is carried out in order to let them know ifthis crop can be adapted in other places that are not the high Andean parts. The sectorwhere the trial was located was in the parish of Tabacundo, which is at a height of 2,688 meters above sea level. The ecotypes that were used were the black maca, the white maca and the purple maca, which were adapted in different ways to the climaticand edaphic factors of the sector. Planting was done in beds 60 cm wide and 10 m longwith 50 cm paths, the planting distance used was 10 cm between plants and 10 cm between rows. The yields obtained in each ecotype were values close to those found during the research process and thus it is possible to determine if there was a stable adaptability of maca; however, each maca had its yield and the one with the highest yield was the black maca, which implies that it was the one that most adapted to changesin climate, high and low temperatures, heavy rains and frosts. In the same waywas the maca in which there were no pests or diseases. Ecuador, due to its geographicallocation, has a high probability that maca will be adapted, the provinces of Cañar, Azuay and Loja have begun planting this crop with more than 80 hectares, but the industrialization of this product has been carried out without machinery because the crops are from small farmers who work with their families with this superfood.
Adaptación de dos variedades de arándano (Vaccinium corymbosum), Biloxi y Emerald, bajo cubierta y semicubierta en el Centro de Investigación e Innovacción Tecnológica Agropecuaria Tungurahua - Pillaro (CIITAT).
(2022-03) Paredes Caiza, Diana Maribel; Dobronski Arcos, Jorge Enrique
This research project was developed at the Center for Agricultural Technological Research and Innovation Tungurahua - Píllaro (CIITAT) in order to determine the adaptation of two varieties of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), Biloxi and Emerald, when exposed to different climatic conditions. , the treatments with which we worked were T1 under plastic cover, T2 semi-covered, plastic and saran and T3 control in the open field, the study factors that were analyzed were plant height, number of shoots, number of flowers per cluster and number of fruits per bunch. It is worth mentioning that for all the treatments the substrate used was the same, as well as the fertilization, pH correction and irrigation. The data was taken monthly after the transplant until 6 months later. An experimental randomized block design with a 22+ 2 factorial arrangements with three replications was used. For the sources that were significant, the 5% Tukey test was used for the comparison of means. The results indicate that the Biloxi variety, when protected under cover, forming a controlled microclimate, presented better adaptability, fertilization and, consequently, a higher production level. In conclusion, the Biloxi and Emerald varieties show greater adaptation capacity in the T1 under cover. The investment for a blueberry crop under cover is high, but the life cycle of the blueberry allows us to recover it in the short term.
Aislamiento de bacterias asociadas con la rizosfera de Solanum tuberosum L. var. Superchola en dos localidades de la provincia de Tungurahua
(2023-03) Altamirano Mayorga, Christian Alejandro; Leiva Mora, Michel
The purpose of this research was to isolate and characterize the cultivable bacteria present in the roots (rhizobacteria) of the potato of the Superchola variety in two locations in the province of Tungurahua. In the first phase, the examination of soils where potatoes are grown was carried out, to later place them in plastic bottles with a capacity of 6000 ml; where the tubers of the Superchola variety were planted. In this way, 50 days elapsed, root samples were taken at each of the depths (8, 16 and 24 cm) to carry out the isolation by 3 methods (Inclusion of 10 mm long root fragments, Washing planting and by root dissemination, and Maceration of root fragments in NaCl saline buffer and dissemination), for which the nutrient agar culture medium was obtained. It was possible to obtain the number of 82 isolated bacteria obtained in their predominant cultural characterization in 84% with a circular shape, 85% with an entire border, 93% colonies with shine, 67% with a flat elevation and 88% with a smooth texture. In relation to its morphological characterization, Gram (+) bacteria predominated in 58%, bacilli 97%. To determine the amount of CFU/g of root, serial solutions of each location and depth were made, leaving them to incubate for 48 hours at 28°C and thus proceed to count. In order to measure the diversity of cultivable bacteria in the soil, 250 g of the sample from each location were taken, which were sent to the IDgen laboratory, where the metagenomic analysis was carried out, in which the report mentions the prevalence of 7856 cultivable bacteria in the soil. the town of Santa Rita in the canton of Píllaro and 1307 in the town of Llangahua in the canton of Ambato. Based on the results obtained, it could be said that in the Santa Rita locality of the Píllaro canton there is a greater bacterial biodiversity. It would be very interesting if each of the isolates obtained is used for research that seeks the creation of bio-inputs for this type of staple crop in the diet of the population.
Aislamiento de bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno y bioestimuladoras del crecimiento vegetal con potencial en la producción de biofertilizantes
(2018) Pilatuña Quishpe, María Fernanda; González Parra, Marilú
The isolation and identification of nitrogen fixing microorganisms with potential for the development of biofertilizers or substances that stimulate plant growth is a vital component for agricultural production, since conventional agriculture has been based on the excessive use of inorganic fertilizers. Therefore, an alternative to these problems is the use of biological methods, among them the selection of bacterial strains with these characteristics. The present research work was carried out with the objective of obtaining nitrofijadoras bacterial strains and stimulators of plant growth to contribute with the establishment of the germplasm bank with potential in the production of biofertilizers. The sampling was carried out in areas of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Technical University of Ambato in the amaranth, blackberry, carrot and mashua cultivation of the root and rhizospheric soil, where 26 isolates were obtained in a selective medium Ashby mannitol, for the identification, morphological, physiological and biochemical tests were performed, in which the strains AUTA AR2, AUTA AS5, MUTA AR4, MUTA AR5, MUTA AS6, SHUTA AR2, SHUTA AS3 and SHUTA AS4 resemble the genus Azotobacter. According to the capacity to produce ammonium, in the amaranth culture the strains with greater capacity were AUTA AR6, AUTA AR3, AUTA AS1, AUTA AS4 and AUTA AS6, in arrears MUTA AR4, MUTA AR5, MUTA AR1, MUTA AR2 AND MUTA AR3, carrot ZUTA AS1.1, ZUTA AS3, ZUTA AS1 and ZUTA AS2 and in mashua SHUTA AS1, SHUTA AS3, SHUTA AS4, SHUTA AS5 and SHUTA AR2. According to the nitro fijadora capacity and the tests carried out, 15 bacterial strains were selected to test the efficiency in the nursery. It was obtained as results that the strains AUTA AR6 and MUTA AR4 were the best in height of stem and number of leaves in comparison to the control treatment. Based on the results, these two treatments could be used for the preparation of biopreparations, however it is necessary to carry out more studies such as molecular biology for its identification.
Aislamiento y caracterización de Trichoderma spp. asociada con el cultivo de cebolla en suelos de la provincia Tungurahua
(2021-09) Veliz Pérez, Ángel Ricardo; Leiva Mora, Michel
With the method of inclusion of roots and bait with coconut fragments, Trichoderma could not be isolated. Through the use of containers with rice substrate, molasses and fish meal, an isolate of Trichoderma (P10M2) was obtained, while direct isolation from serial dilutions of soil samples three isolates of Trichoderma (P4M2, P5M1 and P6M3) were obtained. Young colonies of Trichoderma were white and light green colors at anverse of the colonies and the presence of yellow pigmentation in the P5M1 isolate were observed. Colonies were circular, some with concentric rings and irregular edges. Predominant texture of the colonies was cottony. Morphologically the isolates were similar with respect to the diameter of the hyphae, the diameter of the conidia and the length of the phyalides. Branched conidiophores with the main branches producing lateral branches. No strain was able to show significant antagonistic capacity in the dual culture test since none was able to grow on the colony of the phytopathogenic agent or sporulate on it. None of the four Trichoderma isolates were able to inhibit the mycelial growth of S. cepivora as they were not producers of volatile antifungal compounds. The main hyphal interactions observed in dual microcultures were: hyphal coiling, hyphal adhesion and hyphal lysis. The isolation and characterization of native strains of Trichoderma spp. associated with onion cultivation as a starting point to develop future biological control measures for onion white rot.
Aislamiento y caracterización del agente causal del manchado de la hoja y necrosis del fruto de Capsicum annuum L. en cinco localidades de la Provincia de Tungurahua y una localidad de la provincia de Chimborazo
(2023-03) López Villacis, María Liliana; Santana Mayorga, Rita Cumandá
Leaf spotting and fruit necrosis caused by C. fulvum causes chlorotic spots on the upper side of the leaves that turn yellowish as the pathogen progresses and dark spots on the underside that turn olive green, causing partial or total loss of leaves and exposing the fruit to direct sunburn. The fruit shows tan to black lesions that, as the pathogen progresses, form a kind of olive-green velvety mass, causing great economic problems for growers. The objective of this research is to obtain monosporic isolates of the causal agent of leaf spot and fruit necrosis, the characterization of the colonies, the description of morphological characteristics, the inoculation of healthy leaves and fruits, where 106 solutions were made and finally the reisolation from inoculated leaves and fruits. Six monosporic isolates obtained from leaves and six monosporic isolates obtained from fruits were obtained from five localities in the province of Tungurahua (Ambato, Baños, Patate, Pelileo and Mocha) and one locality in the province of Chimborazo (Riobamba), each isolate presenting different characteristics in both leaf and fruit. The morphological characteristics of isolates of C. fulvum showed an average hyphal size of 93.67 µm in isolates obtained from leaves and an average of 99.18 µm in isolates obtained from fruits. The conidiophores with average length of 27.82 µm in isolates from leaves and average of 25.82 µm in isolates from fruits. In conidiophores with average length of 5.11 µm and average width of 3.67 µm in leaf isolates and average length of 5.8 µm and average width of 4.03 µm in fruit isolates. In the inoculation of healthy leaves and fruits, the infection rate was determined in (%) as the first symptoms appear and as the days go by, the leaves and fruits become more contaminated and obtain a higher infection percentage. In the re-isolation, the same colonies of C. fulvum were obtained in leaves and fruits that were harvested at the beginning of the research.
Aislamiento, caracterización cultural y morfológica de aislados monospóricos del agente causal del moho gris de la hoja de Solanum lycopersicum L. en la provincia de Tungurahua.
(2022-03) Jácome Pilco, Dayana Estefanía; Leiva Mora, Michel
The gray mold of the tomato leaf discovered in England in 1883 is characterized by producing yellow areas on the leaves, observing an olive green color on the underside, which affects the agricultural yield and the quality of the fruits. The objective of this work was to obtain monosporic isolates from tomato leaves with signs of gray mold in order to characterize them culturally and morphologically. For the monosporic isolation, the leaf printing method was obtained and later a modification of the Valmas method was obtained. For the cultural characterization of the colonies of the isolates, the following characteristics were evaluated: color of the front and back of the colonies, elevation, texture, edges, pigmentation and presence or absence of perspiration liquid. For the morphological characterization, the microculture method and observation under the microscope of the diameter of the hyphae, the length of the conidiophores and the length and width of the conidia were obtained. For the first time for Ecuador, 80 isolated monospores will be acquired from 8 cantons of the Tungurahua province (Tisaleo, Baños, Patate, Ambato, Cevallos, Píllaro, Mocha and Pelileo) all presenting olive green colors on the obverse of the colony, while in the reverse was black, in addition a superficial elevation, plush texture and irregular shape appeared. Isolates 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 had lobed borders in their colonies, while 5 showed regular borders. no pigment isolated from the culture medium (PDA), nor was there evidence of transpiration liquid in its colonies. The mycelial growth at 7 days was in a range between 0.50 mm.day -1 to 1.29 mm.day -1 , with the average speed being 0.93 mm.day-1 and at 14 days it reached values which were in the range between 0.95mm.day-1 to 1.46mm.day-1 , with the average velocity being 1.23mm.day-1 .The average diameter of the hyphae of the isolates obtained from C. fulvum showed a lower value of 2 µm, a higher value of 11 µm and an average value of 5.41 µm. In the conidiophores, the smallest size was 9 µm while the largest was 116 µm with an average value of 33.01 µm. The conidia regarding the length had a minimum value of 3 µm and the largest value of 13 µm with an average value of 6 µm, while the width of the conidia showed a minimum value of 1.5 µm and the maximum was 5 µm for an average value of 5 µm.
Análisis de costos de producción en tres variedades del cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) En la asociación Agropapa de la provincia de Tungurahua
(2023-09) Lagua Chimborazo, María Fernanda; Guerrero Cando, David Aníbal
In this research, the elements that make up the costs in the production of potato crop in three varieties: superchola, fripapa and unique, in the Association of Agricultural Producers of the potato crop CONPAPA Tungurahua "AGROPAPA" were analyzed. To estimate the production costs per hectare of crop and per sack of potato, a field investigation was carried out through the collection of direct information by means of interviews with the producers of the association and bibliographic research was used to establish the cost structure. The results obtained from the interviews were analyzed and interpreted, and finally the production costs were constructed for the different stages of potato cultivation. The results show that the Fripapa variety obtained an average production cost of $ 2470.29 per hectare and the cost per bag $ 12.25; in the Única variety $ 2327.9 per hectare and the cost per bag $ 11.92. For the Superchola variety, the cost of production per hectare is $ 2703.6 and the cost per sack is $ 14.16. The results obtained vary because each potato producer has different means of production, applies different production technology and is located in different ecological zones. The cost-benefit ratio (CBR) for the Fripapa variety is 1.18, 1.26 for the Única variety and 1.58 for the Superchola variety. The CBR depends on the market reference price, since this is not fixed but depends on the behavior of the markets based on supply and demand.
Análisis de la seguridad alimentaria en la comunidad La Esperanza del cantón Ambato
(2018) Palacios Chambo, Alcibar Ivan; Cruz Tobar, Eduardo
The present investigative work, ended by describing the current state of food security considering; Availability, Physical and economic access, Consumption, Biological use of food in the La Esperanza community of the Ambato canton. For this purpose, the survey technique was applied to a sample of 63 families living in this community, using as a tool a questionnaire of closed questions, with the exception of some items that gave the opening to record information about; distribution of income, foods of greater consumption and more common diseases, which helped in the processing and interpretation of the information collected using the statistical programs SPSS and Excel. The results obtained through the survey demonstrated a limited availability of productive resources, as well as a low socioeconomic level, which reflect a way of life that is not very suitable for the population, especially in terms of monotonous food and nutrition, Regarding the biological use of food, deficiencies in environmental sanitation were observed, these conditions affect family development. In this way and based on the data recorded, an educational strategy was designed based on the four aspects analyzed, specifying the action plan to develop each element.
Análisis de las potencialidades en cuanto a oferta y demanda de la producción agroecológica en el cantón Ambato en caso de la PACAT
(2014-01-27) Guerrero Lliguin, Galo Iván; Velástegui, Giovanny
El presente trabajo tuvo como propósito analizar las potencialidades productivas que los socios de la PACAT (Unión de Productores Agroecológicos y de Comercialización Asociativa de Tungurahua) poseen en sus fincas, por otro lado fue identificar mediante un sondeo rápido de mercado las preferencias de consumo en cuanto a productos agrícolas por parte de familias consumidoras en la ciudad de Ambato y finalmente elaborar una propuesta con el fin de crear un centro de acopio que permita reunir toda la producción orgánica de la organización y posteriormente realizar procesos de poscosecha y distribuir los productos en combos o canastas en la ciudad de Ambato, de acuerdo a las necesidades y preferencia de consumo identificadas de antemano en el sondeo rápido de mercado. PACAT aglutina a 34 organizaciones de base, que representan a 500 agricultores agroecológicos ubicados en nueve cantones de la provincia de Tungurahua. De las 34 organizaciones de base se trabajo con 32 de ellas por ser las que más participación tienen con la PACAT, que están ubicadas en siete cantones de la provincia de Tungurahua, estos son: Ambato, Pelileo, Pillaro, Tisaleo, Quero, Baños y Patate. La información recolectada permite establecer un total de 242,73 ha destinadas a la producción agroecológica de las cuales 206,39 ha son superficie propia; 13,48 ha son propiedades arrendadas; 5,92 ha son cultivos al partir; y 16,95 ha tienen la condición de cedida, es decir que cultivan en terrenos en donde no pagan ningún valor de arriendo por esas tierras. Podemos deducir que existe una buena producción de diversos cultivos y especies animales, los mismos que son comercializados en la plaza Pachano, pero no en su totalidad, algunos socios manifiestan que uno de los mayores problemas existentes en la feria Pachano es que no pueden vender todo su producto por lo que tienen que vender a intermediarios en ferias y mercados convencionales. En relación a las preferencias de los consumidores al momento de adquirir productos agrícolas mediante un sondeo rápido de mercado, se comprobó que las preferencias de consumo están de acuerdo al ingreso económico y al número de integrantes de la familia, de estos factores depende que realicen las compras de productos para el hogar ya sea en la plaza, supermercado o tiendas. Los productos de mayor consumo o demanda son: la lechuga, acelga y col en hortalizas de hoja; en hortalizas de flor es el brócoli y la coliflor; en hortalizas de raíz son la zanahoria amarilla, la remolacha y el rábano; en granos y legumbres son la arveja, frejol y haba; en tubérculos la papa y melloco; en frutas las mas apetecidas son el tomate de árbol, la fresa, mandarina, mora, babaco, limón, aguacate, y guayaba; en frutas hortaliza predilectamente consumen el tomate riñón, el pimiento y el zambo en pequeñas cantidades; y en lo referente a lácteos preferentemente consumen la leche y el queso. Acerca de de proponer la implementación de un centro de acopio con la producción agroecológica de las fincas de la PACAT con un sistema de comercialización directa, se puede manifestar que al implementarse, los agricultores de la PACAT venderían su producto a mejor precio y tendrían altos ingresos familiares y podrían continuar con la ardua tarea de producción orgánica, sería un incentivo muy favorable para que los socios continúen con sus actividades agropecuarias, la organización conjuntamente con apoyo de ONGs y OG cubrirá los gastos que conlleve la realización del proyecto propuesto, con el fin de alcanzar las metas trazadas en beneficio de la organización, directivos, socios productores y clientes.
Análisis del extracto de nogal por cg-em (método cromatográfico) y su potencial uso en el control de la brotación de tubérculos de papa variedad yema de huevo (Solanum tuberosum l. var.phureja).
(2017) Tapia Landeta, Diana Carolina; Yánez, Wilfrido
The research was carried out in the Chemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, which is located in the Cevallos Canton province of Tungurahua, the geographical coordinates are: latitude 1ᵒ 22'20''S longitude 78ᵒ36'22'' , At an altitude of 2850msnm. The treatments were four, a completely randomized block design was used, variance analyzes and Tukey significance tests were performed for treatments that were statistically significant. By the Chromatographic analysis of the walnut extract (Juglans nigra), the presence of Juglona, which was obtained from the chloroform extract of the species, could be determined by observing at 4 minutes the peak corresponding to the Juglona mass (174.15 g / Mol), which showed the presence of this secondary metabolite in the prepared extract The applied treatments were four at a concentration of 40%, 60%, 80% and the control. The preformulation was elaborated in several concentrations, and the highest efficacy percentage was obtained with the preformulation at 40%, where the best result was obtained when the lowest percentage of sprouting was detected at 5 days (3.34%) and at 10 Days (4.47%) and at 15 days (4.88%). This treatment also recorded a shorter length of outbreak throughout the duration of the trial.
Análisis morfométrico de cultivares de zanahoria blanca (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) de la provincia de Tungurahua
(2016) Quilapanta Criollo, Edgar Rodrigo; Dávila Ponce, Martha
This research "Morphometric analysis of white carrot cultivars (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) in the province of Tungurahua", was held at the Experimental Farm Querochaca of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, located at the geographic coordinates 01°22'02" South and 78°36'20 "West, with altitude 2865 m, located in the University district Tambo Region Cevallos, Tungurahua province. Three cultivars of A. xanthorrhiza were collected from Quinchicoto – Tisaleo; Quillan –Píllaro, and El Triunfo – Baños province of Tungurahua, Ecuador, the results were evaluated of the most important morphological parts of the species: storage roots, roots, aerial parts of the stems and leaves. The characters of the aerial parts were recorded before flowering. (240 days), while the underground parts were taken immediately after harvest. To evaluate the variances between locations for quantitative descriptors it was used analysis of variance (ANOVA, Analysis of variance) with the program INFOSTAT (2015). For the multivariate analysis of each descriptor, Principal component analysis was performed (CP), determining the Eigen values using the NTSYS 2.1 program. The results indicate that quantitative characters that discrimination had better be able to differentiate the three locations were: Plant height, petiole length, petiole width and diameter central core. By studying qualitative characteristics it was determined that the first component of the analysis of CP (C1), It was decisive in separating cultivars from Quillan – Pillaro and El triunfo – Baños. This component brings together qualitative characters such as: predominant color of foliage, predominant color on the lower side, predominant color of the beam edge of the leaflets, predominant color of the leaflets, predominant color pulp suckers, predominant color surface storage root, secondary color root surface reserving, distribution secondary color Storage root surface predominant color and pulp storage root. The second major component (C2) is of greater value to separate plants cultivar Quinchicoto – Tisaleo where the secondary color of the leaflets and its distribution were the main characters. KEYWORDS: Morphometric analysis, Cultivation, Descriptors, Eigenvalue
Antibiosis y antixenosis en dos cultivares de fresa (Fragaria x ananassa) variedades festival y san andreas al ataque de (Tetranychus urticae Koch)
(2018) Lema Chicaiza, Ana Gabriela; Vásquez Freytez, Carlos
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is considered to be the main pest to strawberry crops worldwide. Studies on life history parameters of phytophagous species are useful tools for evaluating resistance or susceptibility of host plants to pests, including different cultivars of the same variety. Developmental time and reproductive parameters of T. urticae were evaluated on two strawberry cultivars (‘Festival’ and ‘San Andreas’) under experimental conditions (18.0 ± 1.0 ºC, 55.0 ± 10 % RH and 12:12 photoperiod). Total developmental time (adult-egg) showed to be shorter when mite was reared on strawberry leaf disks from cultivar ‘Festival’; being 16.3% faster than in ‘San Andreas’, although higher sex ratio was observed on the latter. Similarly, longevity, oviposition and post-oviposition periods in T. urticae females were significantly higher on ‘San Andreas’, being 22.14, 18.2 and 14.8% higher as compared to ‘Festival’. Conversely, no cultivar effect on daily oviposition rate or total number of eggs/female was detected. Based on the biological parameters of T. urticae on strawberry cultivars used in Ecuador, the cultivar San Andreas seems to show greater susceptibility to feeding damages inflicted by this species of mite, however, these results should be validated with field studies to determine the impact of feeding on the productivity of this strawberry variety. In the San Andreas variety, it was observed that the number of mites was higher in all strata of the plant compared to 'Festival'. Additionally, in leaves of the middle and upper strata the number of mites was similar, ranging from 0.2 to 3.6 mites / leaf and 0.6 to 3.0 mites / leaf in the upper and middle strata of plants located at 23 cm, while in plants with greater distance (33 cm) populations varied from 0.4 to 2.4 and 0.2 and 1.8 mites / leaf in the upper and middle strata.
Aplicación de abonos orgánicos líquidos tipo Biol al cultivo de mora (Rubus glaucus Benth)
(2014-02-05) Toalombo Yumbopatin, Martha Cristina; Zurita, Hernán
El trabajo de investigación titulado “Aplicación de abonos orgánicos líquidos tipo biol”, se llevó a cabo en la propiedad dela Sra. Cristina Yumbopatin, ubicado en la comunidad Apatug Arriba San Pablo, perteneciente a la parroquia Santa Rosa, cantón Ambato, provincia Tungurahua. Sus coordenadas geográficas son de Latitud -1.31335 y de Longitud este -78.68627, a la altitud de 3205 msnm, con el propósito de: determinar el tipo de biol (B1con estiércol de bovino, B2 con estiércol de cuy, B3 con estiércol de cerdo) y la frecuencia adecuada de aplicación (A1, cada 7 días, A2, cada 14 días y A3, cada 21 días) , que permita incrementar la producción y productividad en el cultivo de mora de castilla (Rubus glaucus Benth), a más de efectuar el análisis económico de los tratamientos. El tipo de biol B2 ( biol con estiércol de cuy) y la frecuencia de aplicación de cada 14 días (A2),produjeron los mejores resultados en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas, por lo que se incrementó la producción del cultivo, al obtenerse plantas con mayor número de brotes por plantas (6.1brotes), con mejor número de inflorescencias (11.5 inflorescencias), mayor número de frutos por corimbo (14.6 frutos), por lo que el rendimiento en peso de la fruta mejoro significativamente (45.9 Kg); siendo desde el punto de vista agronómico, el tipo de biol y la frecuencia apropiada para la aplicación de este abono liquido orgánico, contribuyendo al desarrollo de la agricultura orgánica, esto disminuye considerablemente la dependencia que tienen los agricultores de los productos químicos; al ser preparado en forma artesanal el fertilizante orgánico se aprovecha los recursos existentes en el medio. Del análisis económico se concluye que el tratamiento B2A3 (aplicación de biol con estiércol de cuy cada 21 días), registró la mayor tasa marginal de retorno del 1100%, por lo que se justifica desde el punto de vista económico la utilización de este tratamiento.
Aplicación de aceite vegetal en el control de los gusanos de la mazorca en cultivo de maíz (Zea mays)
(2023-03) Sánchez Guasti, Juan Carlos; Valle Velástegui, Edgar Luciano
Corn (Zea mays) is a crop of fundamental importance in the country for the feeding of its population thanks to its high content of nutritional properties and its great adaptability to the different regions of Ecuador, so in order to maintain its productivity, several researches must be carried out to discover new strategies that allow us to improve its quality and yield. In the last 20 years this crop has maintained its production. However, at present the corn crop has been greatly affected by earworms Helicoverpa zea and Euxesta eluta on a large scale, causing significant production and economic losses to farmers. Therefore, in the present research, a natural method of application with vegetable oil will be used to control these worms. For this purpose, two forms of application were used, one with a dropper and the other using cotton swabs. Three times of application of vegetable oil were also used, at the beginning, 8 and 16 days after female flowering, and in the control, chemical control was carried out using an insecticide (Bacan), different variables were analyzed (total number of ears, total weight of ears, number of healthy ears, weight of healthy ears, number of damaged ears, weight of damaged ears, percentage of ear damage and yield). No significant differences between treatments were observed in the number and total weight of ears. Regarding the number of healthy ears, a significant effect was observed in the sources of variation treatments, times and the interaction forms*times, giving better results with treatment F1A3 (application of vegetable oil with a dropper at the beginning, 8 and 16 days after female flowering). For the weight of healthy ears, there were significant differences in the application times, with the application at the beginning, 8 and 16 days after female flowering (A3) being the most appropriate. Significant differences in the number of damaged ears were observed with treatment F1A3. As for the weight of damaged ears, there were significant differences in the application times (A3). In the percentage of ear damage, 15% damage was observed with treatment F1A3, which reported the lowest percentage of damage of all treatments, including the control. In terms of yield, there were no significant differences between treatments, but there were numerical differences, resulting in 5433 kg/ha with treatment F1A3.
Aplicación de bacilux para el control de mildiu velloso (bremia lactucae) en el cultivo de lechuga (lactuca sativa) variedades winterhaven y great lakes en el cantón Ambato
(2014-11-14) Tigmasa Paredes, Lilian Estefania; Gutiérrez, Alberto
La presente investigación fue realizada en el barrio San Juan, parroquia Izamba, del cantón Ambato, provincia de Tungurahua. En el terreno que se ubica a una altitud de 2 569 msnm, sus coordenadas geográficas son: 1° 13´ latitud Sur y 78° 35´ longitud Oeste; con el propósito de: evaluar el combate biológico del mildiu velloso (Bremia lactucae) en el cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa) variedades Winterhaven y Great Lakes y realizar el análisis económico de los tratamientos aplicados. Los tratamientos que recibieron la aplicación de Bacilux fueron seis, más dos testigos en los que se aplicó la tecnología actual del agricultor (control químico) y dos testigos que no recibieron ningún tipo de aplicación o control. Se utilizó el diseño experimental de Bloques Completos al Azar (BCA) en arreglo factorial de 2 x 3 + 4, con cuatro repeticiones. Se efectuó las pruebas de significación de Tukey al 5% para el análisis de variancia. El análisis económico se realizó aplicando el método de Relación Beneficio Costo (RBC). La información obtenida en la investigación dio como resultado que la dosis de 2 ml/l de Bacilux fraccionada en dos aplicaciones a los 21 y 42 días después de la plantación es la mejor alternativa para el cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa) variedad Winterhaven siendo ésta la más resistente al ataque de mildiu velloso (Bremia lactucae). Además se determinó también que la variedad Winterhaven es la más resistente al ataque de mildiu velloso (Bremia lactucae), reportando una media de 36,92% de incidencia a los 36 días después de la plantación, posteriormente la incidencia a los 48 días después de la plantación reporta una media de 38,11%, seguida de una incidencia a los 72 días después de la plantación con una media de 39,55% y finalmente reportándose una media de 50,70% de severidad a los 72 días después de la plantación. Al evaluar la eficiencia económica de los tratamientos mediante la relación Beneficio / Costo, se determinó que la mayor utilidad económica con una rentabilidad equivalente a 7 431,00 USD/ha, lo alcanzó el tratamiento V1D3 (variedad Winterhaven con dosis 4 ml / l), mientras que el menor beneficio económico en la producción fue registrado en el testigo T4 (variedad Great Lakes, sin ninguna aplicación), con un valor de 338,00 USD / ha.
Aplicación de Biol en el cultivo establecido de Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
(2012) Guanopatín Chicaiza, Mélida Rebeca; Beltrán, Octavio
El presente trabajo de investigación “APLICACIÓN DE BIOL EN EL CULTIVO ESTABLECIDO DE ALFALFA” (Medicago sativa), se llevó a efecto en la propiedad del señor Jorge Guanopatín que está ubicada en el barrio San Pedro cantón Salcedo, provincia de Cotopaxi. Se encuentra a una altitud de 2628m.s.n.m. al norte del cantón Salcedo, cuyas coordenadas geográficas son 01º 00 25” latitud Sur y 78º34 39” de longitud Oeste, con el objeto de determinar la dosis de los bioles de bovino y gallinaza; D1= 5cc , D2= 10cc y época de aplicación E1= 10 días E2= 15 días, adecuados y su efecto en el rendimiento en el cultivo de alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Se contó con un testigo que me permitió confrontar con los tratamientos que se evaluaron a partir de productos dosis y épocas de aplicación. Se utilizó el diseño de bloques completamente al azar DBCA, con arreglo factorial 2*2*2 + 1, con 3 repeticiones y 9 tratamientos. Los resultados obtenidos durante todo el proceso de la investigación, se lo analizó mediante el análisis de varianza (ADEVA), de acuerdo al diseño experimental planteado, además de pruebas de significación de Tukey al 5% para diferenciar entre tratamientos e interacciones. Los análisis estadísticos registraron como el mejor tratamiento dispuesto a la interacción P1D1E2 (biol de bovino – 5cc/l – 15 días después del corte), reportó excelentes resultados, ya que se obtuvo una gran altura de planta de 96,32cm, en todas las parcelas que se aplicó este tratamiento, un número de brotes con un promedio de 18,53 y mayor número de hojas por rama y un incremento en el rendimiento, en el cultivo de alfalfa (Medicago sativa), y lo mas importante para el agricultor es que es de fácil preparación y permite aprovechar el estiércol de los animales ya que los bioles son una alternativa de fertilización foliar.
Aplicación de cuatro paquetes tecnológicos para la producción de lechuga crespa de hoja (Lactuca sativa L.)
(2017) Jiménez Sánchez, Gladys Alexandra; Dobronski, Jorge