Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología
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Item Evaluación de las temperaturas de secado por aspersión para la producción de clara de huevo de codorniz (Coturnix coturnix) en polvo(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2024-08) Solís Solís, Katherine Andrea; Guanoquiza Rivera, Manuel IsraelCurrently, powdered foods have gained popularity and increased consumption in the market. The food industry develops these products with the aim of increasing their shelf life and offering nutritious options, since they significantly retain their properties. This type of product does not cause major changes in its sensory properties and prevents the proliferation of microorganisms over a certain period of time. Before the process, the egg white was pasteurized at a temperature of 70 degrees Celsius for 3 minutes and the total solids content was calculated. In the drying process, the egg white was subjected to three inlet and outlet temperature treatments, where the percentage of product yield was determined. Once the powder samples were obtained, the protein content was analyzed using the Dumas method and the results were subjected to a DCA statistical test to determine the best treatment. In addition, the physicochemical characteristics were evaluated and the microbiological analysis of the best treatment was carried out to estimate the useful life time. The results showed that there are significant differences between the treatments, a Tukey test was used and the best treatment in protein terms was determined. The protein percentage for the best treatment was 93.237. The physicochemical characteristics and microbiological analysis of the best treatment comply with the NTE INEN 1973 Standard. Finally, the estimated useful life of the product was 52 days based on the behavior of the molds.Item Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria de carotenoides microencapsulados a partir de los residuos de la naranjilla (Solanum quitoense)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Sailema Criollo, Anthony Erick; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoThe percentage of food waste has due to the fact that companies do not correctly use the entire product. Consequently, research has been carried out in order to take advantage of these waste, highlighting naranjilla for its high nutritional content, particularly carotenoids, a bioactive compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties capable of preventing various diseases. In the present study, carotenoid extraction was performed out at different plant material/solvent ratios and extraction times. A statistical analysis was then applied to optimize the two factors, obtaining a concentration of 2,287 mg per liter. Next, it was microencapsulated with a polymeric combination of gum arabic and maltodextrin. Subsequently, the microencapsulation efficiency was evaluated qualitatively by FT-IR and quantitatively with 91,74 percent efficiency. The antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method, achieving an inhibition percentage of 63,00 and 49,52 for the extract and the microencapsulate, respectively. Finally, the anti-inflammatory capacity was evaluated with an inhibition percentage of 56,42 for the extract and 41,42 in the microencapsulated. The results obtained indicate that the higher the concentration of carotenoids in the sample, the better results will be achieved. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to take advantage of the residues of naranjilla with a high content of carotenoids with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can be used in new products of industrial interest.Item Elaboración de gomitas enriquecidas con polifenoles microencapsulados extraídos de Rubus ellipticus Sm.(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2024-08) Pabón Guamán, Alex David; Vargas López, José HomeroThe lack of access to functional foods and the constant consumption of low-nutritious foods have increased the prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), affecting young and middle-aged people. The use of wild species with a high content of active components could mitigate these diseases. Rubus ellipticus Sm. is one of these species with great nutritional potential that is not being exploited. This research aims to evaluate the extract of Rubus ellipticus Sm., its microencapsulation through spray drying and its implementation in gummies. The fruits collected in the province of Imbabura were analyzed to determine their physicochemical properties. Extraction of the active compound was performed with ethanol followed by microencapsulation. The polyphenols present in the sample were evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and Infrared Spectroscopy, and the antioxidant capacity was eliminated with the in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The extract was microencapsulated with maltodextrin in a 20:80 ratio, showing an efficiency of 85.76 percent, obtaining 124.754 mg EAG and 372.01 µmol Trolox per 100g, with 64.64 percent inhibition of the DPPH radical. . In the gummies, the antioxidant activity had a minor decline while maintaining the percentage of inhibition of the DPPH radical, and its sensory analysis showed high acceptability despite the detection of changes in the formulation. These results indicate that Rubus ellipticus fruits have great potential as a source of antioxidants, suggesting their implementation as an alternative to enrich products in the food industry.Item Evaluación de la capacidad antioxidante de los polifenoles microencapsulados procedentes de la cáscara del taxo (Passiflora tarminiana)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Lema Ochog, Mónica Alexandra; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoTaxo peel is a by-product from the drying and peeling activities of the fruit processing industries. These residues, when not properly treated, end up in landfills generating environmental pollution problems that are hazardous to health, completely avoiding their polyphenolic content. Therefore, the extraction of these bioactive compounds is of interest for future applications in the food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical industry. For the extraction of polyphenols, two factors were studied, the time of 30, 60 and 90 minutes and the concentration of the solvent (EtOH) of 25, 50 and 75 percent, being 66,37 minutes with an amount of solvent at 58,99 percent the optimum conditions to maximize the polyphenolic content, with which, a total of 130,69 milligrams of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry base was obtained. Subsequently, for the microencapsulation technique by spray drying, an inlet and outlet temperature of 150 and 90 degrees Celsius was used, respectively, with maltodextrin as the encapsulating agent, reflecting an efficiency of 83,50 percent. Finally, antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH test, with an inhibition percentage of 80,04 for the concentrated extract and 20,10 for the microencapsulated one. It is concluded that the microencapsulation technique keeps the bioactive compounds stable and helps to release them in a controlled manner. The result is useful in the formulation of nutraceutical products important for health and disease prevention.Item Evaluación de la capacidad antagónica de Bacillus subtilis AC01 microencapsulado frente a Cladosporium fulvum CC-FCAGP-Cf-Epi10 y Botrytis cinerea CC-FCAGP-Bc-MG001 hongos fitopatógenos del tomate riñón (Solanum lycopersicum)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Caiza Coque, Alex Jhoel; De la Torre Olvera, Helena MaritzaKidney tomato is a vegetable of great nutritional and commercial value in Ecuador, but its cultivation is affected by phytopathogenic fungi such as B. cinerea and C. fulvum, which cause diseases, reducing the production and quality of the product, negatively affecting the economy of farmers. One way of control is the application of synthetic chemicals, raising costs and environmental pollution. For this, the use of biocontrol microorganisms emerges as an ecological and sustainable alternative. In this study, viable cells of B. subtilis AC01 were cultured and microencapsulated by spray drying, using maltodextrin and gum arabic as encapsulating agents, obtaining an efficiency of 82.5 percent and 90.53 percent. The Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique confirmed the correct packaging of the cells. Through in vitro tests, a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 10 mg per mL and a Minimum Fungicide Concentration (MFC) of 50 mg per mL were determined for the fungus C. fulvum CC-FCAGP-Cf-Epi10. These results show that microencapsulated B. subtilis AC01 can significantly reduce the incidence of diseases, offering effective biological control. In conclusion, microencapsulated B. subtilis AC01 has great potential as a sustainable alternative for the control of phytopathogens in kidney tomato crops, allowing to reduce the dependence on synthetic chemicals, decreasing production costs and the environmental impact in Ecuador.Item Estudio de secado por aspersión para la obtención de pulpa de manzana (Malus domestica (suckow) borkh) en polvo(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2024-02) Veloz Pérez, Carlos Arturo; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoIn this study, we sought to transform the raw material through a thorough analysis of the spray drying process to obtain apple (Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh) pulp in powder form. The objective of this study was to explore and thoroughly understand the spray drying process applied to the production of apple pulp powder to prolong its shelf life and prevent rapid deterioration, especially in terms of browning. For this purpose, the appropriate concentration of maltodextrin as a coadjuvant was determined through the determination of total solids and carbohydrates. In addition, the inlet and outlet temperatures were determined using DSC equipment. The product obtained was characterized by sensory, proximal and microbiological analysis. All analyses were performed in triplicate. Microbiological tests were carried out in accordance with current regulations. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests were performed with the support of Statgraphics software. The best ratio was 1:4, achieving a yield of 62.50 plus minus 0.79 percent in the laboratory and 92.5 plus minus 0.79 percent at the industrial level. In addition, the organoleptic and physicochemical properties of the apple pulp powder were evaluated, finding that it complies with Ecuadorian Technical Standard NTE INEN 247 in terms of pH, moisture and microbial count. Sensory tests indicated high acceptance of the pulp in both its liquid and powder forms.Item Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de polifenoles microencapsulados obtenidos a partir de la cáscara de plátano (Musa paradisiaca)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Montoya López, Camila Victoria; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoPolyphenolic compounds contain a high antioxidant capacity, which has made them substances of great interest. In Ecuador, there is a large agricultural production of plantain (Musa paradisiaca), but its peels are not used and are only discarded. In this study, we sought to make the most of the plantain peels, determined the best extraction conditions and microencapsulated the polyphenols to analyze their antioxidant activity. With the best ethanol concentration of 30 percent, the influence of the plant material: solvent volume ratio was studied, using ratios of 1:20 and 1:25 and extraction times of 30 and 60 minutes, with the result that the best conditions were 1:25 at a time of 30 minutes. The microencapsulation process was carried out by spray drying at an inlet temperature of 150 degrees Celsius and outlet at 90 degrees Celsius. Maltodextrin was used as polymeric matrix and the microencapsulation efficiency was evaluated by FT-IR spectroscopy. To evaluate the antioxidant capacity, the DPPH method was used, where an inhibition percentage of 82.28 percent was obtained for the extract and 28.50 percent for the microencapsulation.Item Microencapsulación de una solución de vitamina D3 comercial mediante secado por aspersión(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Vásconez Quintana, Juan Andrés; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoVitamin D deficiency has become a global public health problem due to the various diseases it can lead to. As a solution to this problem, the pharmaceutical industries have sought to develop formulations using vitamin D3, as this is the most active form of vitamin D. However, this vitamin presents several degradative factors that alter its stability, so new methodologies have been investigated to ensure its durability, the most notable being microencapsulation. Vitamin D3 microencapsulates were obtained by using a mixture of maltodextrin and gum arabic as encapsulating agents, as well as varying the inlet temperature (150 and 170 degrees Celsius) and the vitamin loading in the microparticles (20 and 30 percent). With the evaluation of the different treatments, it was determined that the optimum temperature and load were 150 and 30 respectively, obtaining a maximum yield of 66.07 percent. On the other hand, the efficiency of microencapsulation was analysed by infrared spectroscopy, determining that the (2:1) polymeric ratio of maltodextrin and gum arabic improved the efficiency of microencapsulation. Finally, scanning electron microscopy identified that the microparticles obtained were microcapsules due to their surface structure. In this research project, it was possible to microencapsulate commercial vitamin D3 by spray drying, obtaining a dry powder in which the efficiency of microencapsulation was demonstrated by FT-IR and its subsequent characterization by SEM.Item Evaluación de la capacidad antagónica de Trichoderma harzianum microencapsulada frente a Botrytis cinerea(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Guevara Freire, Jennifer Michelle; Pérez Salinas, Ruth NarcisaThe blackberry crop has a high economic importance due to its medicinal and agroindustrial properties, its production faces problems caused by phytopathogens that cause significant economic losses, among which Botrytis cinerea stands out as the cause of gray rot disease. The control of this fungus has been demonstrated by organisms such as Trichoderma harzianum, however, the elaboration of products based on this biocontroller is unstable or inefficient, being microencapsulation an excellent alternative. For research purposes, conidia of T. harzianum were obtained by solid fermentation and these were microencapsulated by spray drying technique from maltodextrin and gum arabic, ionic gelation was performed by using sodium alginate. Two types of microencapsulation were used, as well as three incubation times, obtaining as a result that the ionic gelation treatment at three days of incubation was the best with a percentage of radial growth inhibition of 97.087 percent followed by ionic gelation at 2 days with a percentage of 94.174 percent, while the spray-drying treatment at 3 days was 85.435 percent. In the present research project, microencapsulation of T. harzianum conidia was carried out, evaluating its influence on the radial growth percentage of B. cinerea.Item Microencapsulación de Pamoato de Pirantel de tipo comercial con polímeros Eudragit® como precursor de una nueva presentación de un fármaco antihelmíntico(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Moreno Pacheco, Claudio Alejandro; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoMicroencapsulation by spray drying allows the production of amorphous solid dispersions that increase the solubility and stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in comparison with its crystalline form, considering that in the pharmaceutical industry about one third of compounds in early development are very poorly soluble in water. The objective of this project was the use of Eudragit enteric-coated polymers to produce microspheres of the broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug Pyrantel Pamoate, at different drug-polymer ratios, evaluated by different methods. The highest yield for microencapsulation was obtained with Eudragit S-100 (25:75) of 57.08 percent, followed by polymers L-100 (25:75) of 56.01 percent and L-100-55 (25:75) of 30.94 percent. In infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) the infrared spectra of the microencapsulated drug prevail in similarity with the infrared spectra of the polymer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows the disappearance of the melting peak of the pure drug in the thermograms of the microencapsulated drug and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows remarkably spherical and uniform microparticles. The results support the use of spray drying for the microencapsulation of Pyrantel Pamoate with Eudragit enteric-coated polymers to produce exposed microspheres stable against the low solubility of the drug in its crystalline form. In addition, this work serves as a precedent for the development of an oral presentation of the drug with greater efficacy, palatability, solubility, and physical stability.