Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología

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    Contraste topográfico superficial y espectrofotométrico de las escamas de los peces Dormitator latifrons, Pagrus pagrus y Selene peruviana, presentes en Ecuador
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) López Naveda, Jennifer Estefania; Casado Rojo, Santiago
    Studying fish scales’ attributes permits a better understanding of the biology and ecology of some aquatic species, and a potential development of new biotechnological applications and biomimetic materials. This work focuses on the characterization of fish scales from Dormitator latifrons, Pagrus pagrus, and Selene peruviana species in Ecuador. The main objective of this study is to contrast the morphology and spectrophotometry of the mentioned fish scales to their surface nanoscopic topography. Methodology involved optimization and preparation of fish scales for morphological and nanoscopic analysis, using atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV/Vis and infrared spectrophotometry, and optical microscopy. Among the most relevant results, significant differences were found in the topography and spectrophotometric properties of scales among the three species, suggesting specific ecological and functional adaptations. Detailed AFM analysis revealed significant nanoscale variations, especially in P. pagrus, showing rougher scales, perhaps to improve its hydrodynamics during swimming. Spectrophotometry revealed specific adaptations in opacity and luminosity of the scales, indicating different adaptative evolution strategies of D. latifrons, P. pagrus, and S. peruviana species, depending on their respective habitats. In conclusion, this information could inspire future studies for biomaterials and biotechnological applications. The interdisciplinary approach and advanced techniques used in this research enhance our understanding of the functional properties of fish scales.
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    Caracterización de la nanoestructura superficial, la absorción espectrofotométrica y las propiedades elásticas macroscópicas de películas compuestas de almidón de maíz (Zea mays L.) y colágeno
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Caluña Panimboza, Erika Estefania; Casado Rojo, Santiago
    In view of the growing global concern about plastic pollution, the United Nations seeks to significantly reduce waste generation by 2030 by promoting the production of bioplastics as a highly viable solution. The objective of this research was to characterize the surface nanostructure and physicochemical properties of films composed of corn starch (Zea mays L.) and collagen. For this purpose, films composed of corn starch and collagen were prepared at different concentrations. The addition of 1 percent (mass over volume) collagen to films composed of 5 percent starch and 1 percent glycerol significantly improved the mechanical and optical properties. ATR-FTIR tests revealed good molecular integration, and UV Visible spectrophotometry indicated a decrease in opacity in films with higher collagen content. Optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images demonstrated a dense, structured and homogeneous fibrous network in the collagen-containing films. Moisture and solubility analysis showed an increase at higher collagen concentrations, due to its hygroscopic nature. Elastic properties indicated that the formulation with 1 percent collagen offered the best balance between tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EB) and elastic modulus (EM). The improvement in mechanical properties, coupled with nanoscopic characterization, offers an in-depth understanding of how components and structure affect material performance, opening new possibilities for designing bioplastics with specific properties
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    Caracterización nanoscópica superficial y fisicoquímica de películas de almidón extraído de zanahoria blanca (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), con arcillas de caolín y bentonita como aditivos
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Andachi Haro, Andrea Monserrath; Casado Rojo, Santiago
    On a global scale, millions of tons of plastic are produced, mostly for single-use purposes with limited recyclability. Almost all raw materials used in plastic manufacturing come from petroleum-derived resources. Tons of these residues end up deposited in lakes, rivers, and seas, breaking down into microplastics and nanoplastics present in the environment. This pollution directly impacts all forms of life. Therefore, replacing synthetic polymers with starch-based bioplastic films represents a beneficial alternative. This research study focuses on the analysis of the surface nanoscopic structure and physicochemical characterization of starch films derived from white carrot (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), with additives of bentonite and kaolin. These clay additives induce changes in the films' properties at both microscopic and physicochemical levels. To effectively apply these composite films, understanding their properties is essential, and many influencing factors can be explained by phenomena observed at the nanoscopic level. Characterization revealed significant differences between the two types of additives, contrasting their physicochemical properties such as moisture content, total soluble matter, mechanical properties, opacity, and visual and color appearance. This comparison was based on analyses supplemented with topography images obtained through tapping mode atomic force microscopy. Results indicate that films with bentonite exhibit irregular topography, whereas those with kaolin show a more homogeneous structure.
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    Caracterización nanoscópica superficial y fisicoquímica de películas basadas en almidón de diferentes variedades de Ullucus Tuberosus utilizando sorbitol y glicerol
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Acosta Camino, José Javier; Casado Rojo, Santiago
    This work was aimed at the creation of biomaterials. From the bioplastics generated based on meloco starch, it was determined that the more percentage of plasticizer, the lower the rigidity and resistance of the material, but the higher flexibility and deformation at maximum stress. Regarding the interaction with water, the biofilms with higher plasticizer concentration showed higher permeability. Concerning the solubility and moisture content tests, the values were dependent on the percentage of plasticizer, revealing lower values when using sorbitol as plasticizer. Optical tests found that, as the plasticizer concentration increased, the opacity values increased. Regarding the images obtained using the atomic force microscope, the topography showed differences in the films’ corrugation at different plasticizer concentrations, as well as contrasts at the amplitude and phase measurements. Those films with sorbitol and without plasticizer showed a more homogeneous structure, progressively increasing the appearance of oval morphologies as the amount of plasticizer is increased. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR-FTIR) revealed slightly different spectra, depending on the type of plasticizer and variety of melloco in the generated films. All this characterization was carried out whit the aim of exploring its possible use as an alternative to conventional plastics.
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    Caracterización nanoscópica superficial de películas de almidón extraídas de variedades de Solanum tuberosum
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Ilvis Pilla, Pablo Dario; Casado Rojo, Santiago
    The starch films obtained from potatoes are biodegradable materials that are considered an alternative to petroleum-based disposable containers and are more environmentally friendly than the latter. Ecuador, placed in the Andean region, is a significant potato producer, making it an ideal location for starch extraction from different potato varieties. To obtain starch films with functional characteristics, it is convenient to understand the properties of these biomaterials, which can be determined at a macroscopic level; however, a nanoscopic characterization of the surface of these films also allows obtaining details of the potential causes of these properties. In this study, the surface of starch films extracted from various potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties were examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to compare the results obtained from macroscopic tests with those derived from nanoscopic characterization. For macroscopic characterization, tensile tests, Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and UV per Vis spectrophotometry were conducted. The nanoscopic characterization revealed nanoscale differences between the analyzed films, providing a potential explanation for the observed macroscopic properties, such as mechanical characterization, IR absorption, and opacity. Thus, films with regular row topographies were associated with higher tensile strength and a higher modulus of elasticity.
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    Caracterización nanoscópica superficial de películas de almidón extraído de tubérculos andinos
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) De La Vega Camalle, Jhomara Mercedes; Casado Rojo, Santiago
    Biopolymers are an alternative to synthetic polymers. In particular, starch-based films have a huge research potentiality: they are non-toxic, easily degradable, use green chemistry, and can be obtained from many different natural sources. In order to use them for practical applications it’s important to understand the ultimate causes of their useful macroscopic properties, and they may be found at the nanoscopic scale. Here we present analysis performed by atomic force microscopy, characterizing the nanoscopic topographic surfaces of samples extracted from the Andean tubers melloco (Ullucus tuberosus), mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum), oca (Oxalis tuberosa) and potato (Solanum tuberosum). Measurements revealed significant differences among the films extracted from these tubers. These results were contrasted to macroscopic measurements such as moisture content, total soluble matter, elastic properties, opacity and IR absorption spectra. Phase contrast segregation and topography AFM tapping images permitted the correlation. Hence, we could relate those samples with granular and phase segregations at the nanoscale to the less elastic forces and water affinity.
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    Caracterización nanoscópica de la estructura superficial del insecto amazónico Rhynchophorus palmarum
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-03) Pico Freire, Cynthia Lizbeth; Casado Rojo, Santiago
    The elasto-mechanical properties and characterization of insect nanostructures through the application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) are of great importance to understand their macroscopic properties. In the present research study, the nanoscopic and microscopic surface topography of the abdominal folds of chontacuro was explored, where structural differences at the micro- and nanoscale were discovered. The surface topography presented a tubular structure, with changing length, depth and protruding shape at different regions, which allows analysis comparisons of its roughness. The roughness parameters considered for the analysis were: mean Surface roughness (Sq), arithmetic mean roughness (Sa), kurtosis (Sku) and asymmetry (Ssk). For instance, the following mean Sq values were obtained at two different regions: 0.78 micrometers and 0.80 micrometers. The presence of surface roughness in the abdominal folds could increase the lateral adherence between the worm body and the surface, which would enhance mobility. The kurtosis and asymmetry parameters showed the shape presented by the topographic image, displaying a uniform surface. The asymmetry exhibited positive and negative results, indicating the presence of height values considerably below and above average.