Unidad Posgrado Facultad Ingeniería Agronómica

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    Efecto del tipo y forma de fertilización sobre la inducción de resistencia al ataque de Tetranychus urticae Koch en plantas de fresa
    (2023-06) Villacreses Pallo, Valeria Paola; Santana Mayorga, Rita Cumandá
    The two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch is included among the phytophagous mites most frequently found in most strawberry-producing areas worldwide and it is capable of damaging the crop. Due to the damage caused in this crop, the need to look for alternatives to reduce the use of chemical products is highlighted, among which the use of natural enemies in biological control programs and the use of the natural resistance of plants stand out. In this research, the effect of the type and form of fertilization on the induction of resistance to the attack of Tetranychus urticae Koch in Albion variety strawberry plants were evaluated. The effect of four types of fertilization was evaluated (F1: 100% inorganic NPK fertilization at the recommended dose applied on leaf; F2: 100% inorganic NPK fertilization at the recommended dose applied in soil; F3: 50% fertilization inorganic NPK + biofertilizer applied in soil and F4: 50% of inorganic NPK fertilization + biofertilizer applied on leaf) on oviposition, longevity and antixenosis in T. urticae in strawberry plants variety Albion. These parameters were compared with the content of total polyphenols and flavonoids. Oviposition was not affected by fertilization and varied from 5.3 eggs/female in plants that were treated with the F3 treatment to 6.4 eggs/female in plants treated with F4. On the contrary, the longevity of T. urticae females was influenced by fertilization, being significantly lower when the females were reared on leaves of plants that were treated with F3. Additionally, an effect of the type of fertilization and the sampling date was observed on the number of mites present in strawberry plants of Albion, observing that the lower preference shown by T. urticae was observed in plants treated with F3, in which found 0.67 mites/leaf, followed by plants fertilized with F1, where the number of mites was 1.18 individuals/leaf and in plants treated with F4 with 1.64 mites/leaf. Fertilization also affected the content of both phenols and total flavonoids. According to the results, the biofertilizer improved the absorption of nutrients, making them more efficient in activating the resistance mechanisms of the plant, for which it could be used to take advantage of the benefits not only in crop fertilization but also in its potential use for pest management of economic importance.
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    Efecto del uso de biofertilizantes sobre los parámetros productivos y rendimiento de col (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)
    (2023-06) Corrales Gutiérrez, Paul Andrés; Gutiérrez Albán, Alberto Cristóbal
    Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is one of the most important commercial vegetables worldwide; however, in many cases a decrease in productivity has been observed, together with an increase in production costs and dependence on external inputs, which consequently represents a deterioration in the quality of life of farmers and damage to the environment. In this sense, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the use of biofertilizers on the productive parameters and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). The effect of a commercial Azotobacter biofertilizer was evaluated, which was applied at the 25-day-old seedling level individually or combined with inorganic fertilizer (NPK) in presentations of 80-40-40 NPK kg.ha-1, 120-60- 60 NPK kg.ha-1 and 160-80-80 NPK kg.ha-1. A significant effect of the use of Azotobacter + F2-120-60-60 NPK kg.ha-1 on plant height was observed, which was evident from the evaluations at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting with means of 17.75; 32.30 and 52.68 cm, respectively. This treatment also showed the best results in diameter, pellet weight and yield, with 20.5 cm diameter pellets being obtained, with an average weight of 4.2 kg and an average yield of 116.8 t.ha1, while that with the rest of the treatments the yield varied from 66.9 to 77.5 t.ha-1, which represented a decrease of 42.9 and 33.7%. Based on the results, it was shown that the use of conventional inorganic fertilizers in combination with Azotobacter-based biofertilizers promotes the productive parameters of this crop, so it is concluded that this could be a viable option in the production of cabbage
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    Evaluación del comportamiento del cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) bajo diferentes niveles de nitrógeno en el cantón Colta, provincia de Chimborazo
    (2023-06) Cuvi Ramírez, Edisson Geovanny; López Villacís, Isabel Cristina
    Coriander is a crop of economic importance for its culinary and pharmaceutical uses; however, its productivity can be affected by both weather variations and deficiencies in fertilization plans. In the present investigation, the effect of the nitrogen fertilization dose on the yield and quality of the coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) crop was evaluated in Canton Colta, province of Chimborazo, using three sources of nitrogenous fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate and Ferthigue) were used at three doses levels (high, medium and low) on the parameters plant height, number of petioles, root length, fresh weight of the plant, time to harvest and yield in purple coriander plants. The experiment was conducted under a split plot design. As results, an interaction effect was found between the source and the dose of the fertilizer applied on the growth of coriander plant measured at 57, 70 and 90 days after sowing. In a similar way, an interaction effect between the source and fertilization dose on the fresh weight in coriander plants was detected, while only the individual effect of the fertilization source in root length and petiole number was observed. Finally, no effect of either the source or the dose was found on the number of plumules per plant or on the time to harvest. Based on the economic analysis, the highest cost-benefit ratio was achieved with urea and ammonium nitrate in the highest doses, however, given that the organic fertilizer also showed promising results, its inclusion is suggested in order to reduce the negative effect of inorganic fertilizers.
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    Efecto de la aplicación de dos fertilizantes edáficos y tres fertilizantes foliares sobre la producción y rentabilidad del cultivo de banano (Musa AAA.) en el cantón Baba
    (2023-06) Mendoza Campelo, Carlos Alberto; León Gordón, Olguer Alfredo
    Banana (Musa spp. AAA) cultivation is important in many countries, and its nutrition is essential for optimal production and profitability. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of different soil and foliar fertilizers on the production and profitability of banana cultivation in the Baba canton. Several variables were evaluated, such as the height of the plant, the diameter of the pseudostem, the number of leaves and the weight of the bunch. The results showed that the different fertilizers and bionutrients applied had a positive impact on the banana crop of cv 'Galil 12' Gran dwarf superior (Musa spp. AAA, Cavendish subgroup). In particular, the combination of Fertcampo+Pronter Plus and Fertcampo+Bionutriente increased bunch weight and the number of hands per bunch, while the combination of Fertcampo+Bionutriente, Multifert+Natura Energy and Fertcampo+Natura Energy increased rachis weight. In addition, the interaction between edaphic and foliar fertilizers significantly affected the bunch weight and the rachis weight of the 'Galil 12' Gran enano superior cultivar, which suggests the importance of adequate fertilization to achieve a better yield. All the treatments tested, including the commercial control of the company Inversiones Dalton Valarezo, were profitable because the benefitcost ratio was greater than unity. However, the highest level of profitability was achieved with the use of Multifert + Fronter Plus and Multifert + Natura Energy Plus. In conclusion, this study shows that the proper use of soil and foliar fertilizers can significantly improve the production and profitability of banana cultivation, which may have important implications for the banana industry and for the reduction of environmental problems
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    Análisis de extracto de savia para determinar el estado nutricional del cultivo de rosa
    (2023-02) Miranda Guevara, Carla Jasmin; Lindao Córdova, Víctor Alberto
    The present research work seeks to determine the nutritional levels of the rose bush by means of rapid measurement equipment in situ, in order to recommend and evaluate the efficiency of fertigation. For the measurements of the nutrient content in the sap, vegetative stems were used in the rice state, monitoring the collection temperature of the samples at 15 °C, 10 stems were cut for each repetition, defoliating and measuring 10 cm of the stem, they were crushed. the pieces of stems and the sap was extracted by means of a syringe, these samples were placed in the Horiba sensors for analysis. The nutrient solutions of the soil were extracted from the suction lysimeter or sucker, by means of an emptying of the sucker and they were placed in the horiba sensors for their respective analysis. It was found that the higher the temperature and radiation, the higher the absorption of the elements at the sap level, likewise, the lower these parameters are, the lower the absorption at the sap level. In the case of the sucker analysis, the higher the temperature, the nutrient content in the solution will be higher, because evapotranspiration allows a greater flow of masses and movement of the elements contained in the soil, otherwise it occurs when the temperature and radiation are less. Therefore, it is determined that the use of the Horiba meters allows a quick and efficient assessment of the absorption of nutrients in the cultivation of the rose.
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    Evaluación del efecto bioestimulante del ácido fúlvico en el comportamiento agronómico del racimo de tomate riñón (Solanum lycopersicum Mill), en invernadero
    (2023-02) Delgado Montesdeoca, Ernesto Efraín
    In Ecuador, the cultivation of kidney tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) is produced intensively, under greenhouse conditions and using high doses of fertilizers that exceed the nutritional needs required to obtain satisfactory productions, as a result, this excess has left consequences such as deterioration and desertification of the soil and in addition to affecting the economic aspect for which the trend of sustainable agriculture has been generated. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the "biostimulant effect of fulvic acid on the agronomic behavior of the kidney tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill)" under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design used was completely randomized blocks (DBCA), with four treatments T1 (absolute control), T2 (500 g/ha), T3 (1000 g/ha) and T4 (1500 g/ha) arranged in three repetitions; the variables of stem height and diameter at 45, 60 and 135 days, the number of fruits at 50, 65 and 80 days after transplanting, the size of the fruit, production and yield were also evaluated. The data collected during the development of the crop were statistically analyzed by the ANOVA test with a p < 0.05 on the established dates, the best results obtained in the variable height and stem diameter after transplanting at 135 days correspond to T4 (1500 g /ha of fulvic acids) with values of 170.8 cm and 1.38 cm respectively, but nevertheless there was T3 (1000 g/ha of fulvic acids) with 168.13 cm and 1.36 cm and also T2 (500 g/ha of fulvic acids) with values of 167.97 cm and 1.27 cm respectively, obtained favorable results in terms of the variables mentioned, with respect to the number of fruits after transplanting at 80 days, the best treatments were T4 with 21.13, T3 with 18.10, T2 with 14.90 and T1 with 13.17; As regards the fruit size variable, there was no significant difference and finally, in the economic analysis, the best Cost-Benefit ratio-1 corresponds to T4 with $1.89, that is, for each dollar invested, a profit of $0.89 US dollars is obtained, while that T3 presents a Benefit Cost-1 ratio of $1.65 whose profit is $0.65 cents for each dollar invested by the farmer, T2 presents a Benefit Cost-1 ratio of $1.42 whose profit is 0.42 cents for each dollar invested and T1 presents a Benefit-Cost-1 ratio of $0.96, that is, of the dollar invested, only $0.96 is recovered with a return of -4.02%. Descriptors: Fulvic acids. Humic acids, Biostimulant, complexing agent, chelating agent, staking, F1 hybrid varieties, Solanum lycopersicum Mill, pruning, draining, kidney tomato.
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    Eficiencia de la aplicación de aceite ozonificado en la nutrición del Delphinium sp. en la parroquia Montalvo
    (2022-11) Yánez Villacís, Juan José; Curay Quispe, Segundo Euclides
    In Ecuador the cultivation of Delphinium has gained in acceptance, as well as the use of ozonated oils to reduce damage caused by pests. Developing experiences that allow determining the effect of ozonized products on the health of Delphinium varieties could create new opportunities for organic management in the flower market with greater care for the health of producers and caring for the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate combinations of doses of Agrozoil and varieties of Delphinium spp. on the production index, physiological response and profitability in the Montalvo parish. To comply with the experimental stage, a randomized complete block design was used with the following specifications: 3 doses of ozonized oil combined with 5 varieties of Delphinium, 5 controls without Agrozoil and 3 repetitions for each treatment. The following variables were evaluated: harvest percentage, production index, time to harvest, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and inflorescence height, as well as a greater number of flowers. The fresh mass and the dry mass in the root, stem, leaves and flowers were also determined. According to the results obtained, the highest percentage of harvest and production index was reached when 7 ml.L-1 of Agrozoil was applied in the Guinevere and Blue bird varieties. In the Galahat variety, the time to harvest was reduced by 20 days when using 5 and 7 ml.L-1 of Agrozoil. When 7 ml.L-1 of Agrozoil was applied in Astolat and Summer skies, a greater height and diameter of the stem was reached. Combining 7 mL.L-1 of Agrozoil in Summer skies increased stem height, stem diameter, leaf area, and inflorescence height as well as a greater number of flowers. When applying 5 mL.L-1 and 7 mL.L-1 of Agrozoil in the Galahat variety as well as 7 mL.L-1 of Agrozoil in the Guinevere variety, a greater number of leaves per plant was reached. The greatest fresh mass of the root was observed in Astolat without Agrozoil, while when using 3 ml of Agrozoil this variety reached the greatest fresh mass of the stem. The combination of 7 ml of Agrozoil in the Astolat, Galahat and Guinevere varieties as well as in Guinevere without Agrozoil had greater fresh mass in the leaves. With 7 ml of Agrozoil in Blue bird, greater dry matter was obtained in the root, while the application of 7 ml of Agrozoil in Astolat increased the dry matter in the stem and in the leaves. Finally, the spraying of 7 ml of Agrozoil in the Astolat and Blue bird varieties achieved a greater dry mass of the flowers. In accordance with the stated results, it was found that the Agrozoil product in some Delphinium varieties and with some doses of Agrozoil had a positive effect on the growth, development and reproductive phase, which lays the foundations for introducing Agrozoil within integrated management strategies in this flower crop.
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    Influencia del Metalosato de calcio sobre las características agronómicas y el rendimiento del brócoli (Brassica oleracea L.) Var. Avenger
    (2022-10) Muñoz Pazos, José Luis; Pérez Salinas, Marco Oswaldo
    Broccoli cultivation is produced under intensive management systems in Ecuador and has been one of the agricultural products dedicated to export for about 30 years. The objective of this work was to determine the influence of calcium metalosate on the agronomic characteristics and the commercial yield of broccoli in the Poaló, canton Latacunga, province of Cotopaxi. The research was carried out in the open field with a quantitative approach of the experimental type. A randomized complete block design with a 3 x 3 + 1 factorial arrangement with 3 replications was used. Three doses of metalosate and three frequencies of application were analyzed. The following variables were evaluated: weight of the pellet, equatorial diameter of the pellet, calcium content (%), index of compaction of the pellet, diameter of the stem, formation of the dome, days to harvest, dry matter content of the leaves and calcium content in the leaves. According to the results obtained, there were no statistically significant differences on the weight of the pellet, the equatorial diameter of the pella of B. oleracea Var. Avenger (40 days after transplant). When calcium metalosate was used at 0.5 cc/L every 10 days, the greatest hardness or compaction of the pellet was achieved. With the exception of the doses of 0.5 cc/L every 10 and every 30 days, as well as the control, the rest of the treatment used increased the stem diameter values. Treatments T1, T3, T4, T6, T7, T8 and T9 had a better formation of the dome of B. oleracea Var. avenger. In the plants that were not applied calcium metalosate, the formation of the dome was compromised. In treatments T1, T2, T4, T5 and T9, the days to harvest were significantly reduced. At 79 days after transplantation, the highest dry matter content of the leaves was observed in the plants that did not receive calcium metalosate applications. However, the highest calcium content in the leaves was obtained when 1 ml.L-1 of calcium metallosate was applied every 15 days. With the foliar application of calcium metalosates, it was possible to improve the agronomic quality of broccoli, which is an aspect of great importance to reduce deformities, lack of weight and improve the compaction of B. oleracea Var. Avenger.
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    Evaluación de giberelina y citoquinina en la inducción floral y rendimiento del cultivo de fresa (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) Variedad Albión
    (2022-08) Valle Naranjo, Gustavo Daniel; León Gordón, Olguer Alfredo
    The present work was done at Cevallos Canton, Tungurahua province and the aim was to determine the effect of gibberellin (AG3) and Cytokinin (Kinetin) on flower induction and yield of Fragaria ananassa Duch. cultivar “Albión” because not any studies have been executed in this scenario. During the experimental development in trial for the first flowering cycle the following variables were evaluated; days to flowering and number of flower per plant at the first producing cycle (3 months), also number of fruits per plant, fresh weight of fruits, equadorial and polar diameter, Total Solid Solubles (TSS), dry matter, yield per hectare and Benefic. Cost rate were. When we applied 5.0 mg.L-1 AG3 + 25 mg.L-1 kinetin, the days to flowering were reduced in 12.5%, 13.8% of fresh weight increased respect to control without hormones. When 15 mg.L-1 AG3 + 0.375 mg.L-1 Kinetin were applied flower numbers increased in 20% and number of fruits in 17,4%. The spray of 10 mg.L-1 AG3 + 0.250 mg.L-1 Kinetin increased equadorial diameter in 1.3% and the polar diameter in 2.0 %. After application of 5.0 mg.L-1 AG3 + 0.375 mg.L1 Kinetin dry matter was higher in 1.16 % respect to control. Combined mixtures of 5.0 mg.L-1 AG3 + 0.125 mg.L-1 Kinetin, 10 mg.L-1 AG3 + 0.375 mg.L-1 Kinetin and 15,0 mg.L-1 AG3 + 0.250 mg.L-1 Kinetin, reduced acidity in 0.48% in comparison with the control. For Total Solids Soluble no effect was observed after AG3 and Kinetin in any combination. The most profitable treatment was the application of 5.0 mg.L-1 AG3 + 0.250 mg.L-1 Kinetin, which reach $ 0.37 per invested dollar. The mixture of AG3 and Kinetin using different doses and combinations in F. ananassa, variety Albión, let us an efficient managements of flower induction, increased yield for selecting the best combination of plant hormones to reach higher profitability, aspect of great concern to farmers of strawberry at Cevallos Canton from Tungurahua province. Keywords: GA3, Albión, biostimulant, phytohormone, phytoregulator, bloom, Fragaria, strawberry, gibberellin, kinetin.
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    Respuesta del maíz blanco harinoso tipo chazo a las condiciones agroclimáticas de Cevallos, Tungurahua, Ecuador
    (2021-07) Grefa Yumbo, Mireya Elvia; Dobronski Arcos, Jorge Enrique
    Corn (Zea mays L.) presents problems of low productivity due to biotic, abiotic and agronomic management factors, as well as the lack of training for corn producers in the correct management of storage systems in the field (bag silos, field silos, and cells) and the lack of research on the adaptation of native varieties. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect on yield of fertilization and planting distance of Chazo-type white floury corn, determining the best fertilization plan. The study was carried out between August and March in Cevallos canton, Tungurahua province, Ecuador, using a split plot experimental design with three replications. Planting was done manually and harvesting was done in dry grain. The qualitative characteristics evaluated were at the cob and grain level, determining that 100% of the evaluated cobs showed excellent coverage, that is, the tip of the cob was very tight; 44% of the harvested cobs were conical in shape and the arrangement of the rows of grain was irregular with 43%. Finally, with regard to the surface of the grain, it was observed that 55% was round. For the quantitative descriptors analyzed: plant height (cm), number of leaves, height of ear insertion, leaf length and leaf width, once the analysis of variance was performed, no statistical differences were detected for the sources of variation fertilization, planting distances, as well as for the interaction of the two factors under study. In the analysis of variance for the variable ear weight, significant differences were identified only for the source of variation fertilization, where 100% fertilization (135 kg N, 30 kg P, 100 kg K, 18 kg Ca, 18 kg Mg, 24 kg S) was superior to the rest of the treatments. The analysis of variance for the yield variable determined that there were no statistical differences for planting distances and the interaction between factors; however, significant differences were identified for 100% fertilization. In the analysis of variance where no statistical differences were found, it can be affirmed that this is possibly due to the genetic characteristics of the native variety of Chazo corn, showing homogeneity in the material. It is recommended to carry out yield evaluations in other altitudinal zones of the Tungurahua province with the material resulting from this research, since this material showed good adaptability to soil and climatic conditions.