Maestría en Agronomía Mención Cambio Climático
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Item Influencia de la cobertura vegetal y relieve sobre el almacenamiento de carbono en el suelo del ecosistema páramo(2020-10) Reinoso Torres, Daniel Patricio; Pomboza Tamaquiza, Pedro PabloThe investigation was carried out in the paramo of the community of Tamboloma belonging to the parish of Pilahuín in the canton of Ambato, the primary information was collected through a personal interview with the president of the community of Tamboloma, Mr. Humberto Matiag. Also, 48 soil samples were analyzed to determine the amount of soil organic carbon (COS) based on the study factors: relief, vegetation cover, depth and the variables evaluated were: COS, apparent density, pH, electrical conductivity. The main objective of the research was to determine the accumulation of carbon in natural and intervened páramo ecosystems and the relationship with climatic factors. Soil carbon content using the modified method of Walkey and Black (1947). The mean SOC content in the páramo ecosystem within a natural or grassland area was 147.05 t/ha and for a human intervention or grassland area it was 162.49 t/ha, where the soil order of páramo for the province of Tungurahua corresponds to the Andosols. The mean pH value of the soil was 5.64, the apparent density was 0.81 g/cm3 and with an average electrical conductivity of 629.79 uS/cm. In addition, the apparent density variable (R2 = 0.4093) was the only variable that presented a positive response with the amount of COS in the correlation analysis, while the pH and EC variables showed an R2 value of 0.0015 and 0.0056 respectivelyItem Modelo predictivo del impacto del cambio climático sobre la distribución y abundancia de una especie de noctuidae asociada con el cultivo de maiz (Zea mays)(2020-10) Telenchana Paucar, Norma Yolanda; Vásquez Freytez, Carlos LuisIn Ecuador, the maize yield has shown a trend to decrease due to the effect of the misuse of seeds and the attack of pest insects, such as the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), stem borer (Dialraca spp.) And the false meter (Mocis latipes); but there are also other potential secondary pests such as the earworm or earworm (Heliothis spp.), cutworms (Agrotis spp.). In the present study, an attempt to establish e relationship between the climatic parameters with the phenology of Agrotis sp. as well as its abundance and incidence in corn plantations. The biology of Agrotis sp. in maize leaves was studied under laboratory conditions. On the other hand, data about pest’s incidence and severity of damage, as well as the historical data from 2017 to 2019 on temperature, relative humidity and precipitation were subjected to a Principal Component Analysis. For this purpose, for each year, a matrix was constructed with the data of each of the variables temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, altitude, percentage of incidence and severity for each of the samplings carried out in each canton (201 in the 2017, 218 in 2018 and 263 in 2019). The results showed that the total development time (egg-adult) of Agrotis sp. reared on maize leaves took an average of 87.3 days, under temperatures that ranged from 18.5 °C during the egg stage and then it increased to 22.7 °C at the end of the development cycle (pupal phase). According to the Principal Component Analysis, the variability of the climatic data was explained by up to 76.81, 75.77 and 79.20% through the first three components from the data of 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. In the years 2018 and 2019, the first axis had a greater significance also for the variables precipitation and relative humidity, while the second axis was mainly explained by percentage of incidence and percentage of severity, indicating that the ordering of the given sampling points on the second axis, it was quite related to the incidence percentage and the severity percentage. Finally, rain, relative humidity and temperature showed a second-degree polynomial relationship with the severity and incidence of Agrotis sp. in corn plantations planted in the Sierra region during the years 2017-2019. This study constitutes a first approach to the study of the relationships between the climatic parameters and the populations of Agrotis sp. in corn. More extensive studies are required in other regions of Ecuador in order to achieve a better understanding of the climate-plant-pest dynamics.Item Impacto ambiental de la inclusión de saponinas en dietas fibrosas sobre la función ruminal y mitigación de emisiones de dióxido de carbono y metano entérico en bovinos(2020-10) Veloz Vargas, César Xavier; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos AntonioThe objective of the present investigation was to evaluate in vitro the effect of the inclusion of saponins and GISAG in fibrous diets on ruminal function, mitigation of GHG emissions, as well as ammoniacal nitrogen production; 6 bulls with ruminal cannulas were used, fed with a base diet of 50% maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum purpureum) plus 50% corn bale (Zea mays), the treatments were: T control only base diet, T2 base diet plus 3 % of saponins, T3 base diet of 3% GISAG (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and T4 base diet plus 3% saponins and 3% GISAG, a completely randomized design of 4 treatments and 6 repetitions was handled, the variables were analyzed through an analysis of variance in the SAS PROC GLM program and for the comparison of means, the 5% Tukey test was performed, the animals were housed in individual pens and water at will, with respect to the variable in vitro digestibility of MS showed no differences between treatments (P = 0.7684) while the population of protozoa in the rumen evaluated at different hours of fermentation, showed no differences (P> 0.05), except for Entodiniomorphic protozoa at hour 24 (P = 0.0001), the decrease in vitro of this population of protozoa observed at 24 hours in T2, with respect to gas production, was less (P = 0.0111) in the T2 treatment with 37.2 mL of gas / 0.5g DM fermentable, the methane production did not show differences between the evaluated treatments (P = 0.3592), however, the CO2 production was lower (P = 0.0196 ) in T2, the volatile fatty acids did not observe differences between the treatments; however, in ammoniacal nitrogen it was higher (P> 0.05) in treatments T2, T3 and T4, with T2 being the one with the best behavior in GHG mitigation and nitrogen utilization for the productive benefit of the animal.Item Producción de biogás utilizando biomasa residual pecuaria con fibra vegetal y enriquecida con lactosuero, como alternativa para mitigar los gases de efecto invernadero(2020-10) Moreno Castillo, Walter Eduardo; Muñoz Espinoza, Manolo SebastiánThe objective of this research was to produce biogas using residual livestock biomass with vegetable fiber and enriched with whey. Where it was evaluated: the effect of the combination of solid material in percentage value of 75% and 25%, while liquid at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% concentration on the production of biogas as well as methane in vitro and the contents of volatile fatty acids were determined. The results accumulated at 312 hours reported indicate that T4 (167.83 ml) presents the highest obtaining of biogas in vitro, showing differences (P <0.05) between the evaluated treatments. Regarding the methane produced, T1 produced (1.78 ml) registering (P <0.05) significant differences between treatments, considering in its mixture 100% water, without any addition of serum, while T4, which involved 25% of milk serum in its composition, reported the highest release of methane with a volume of (1.32 ml), stabilizing the production after 192 hours between the treatments that contained serum in its formulation. The most volatile fatty acids detected (P = 0.0001) were acetic acid 69.96 mmol / mol in T4, propionic acid 25.05 mmol / mol, present in T1 (14.95 mmol / mol), T2 (14.28 mmol / mol), T3 (14.33 mmol / mol) and T5 (15.01 mmol / mol) of butyric acid. It can be concluded that the use of bovine excreta with vegetable fiber, enriched with whey at a reduced concentration of 25% of (T4), produces biogas and methane, which constitutes an energy alternative and allows reducing greenhouse gasesItem Producción de metano a partir de biomasa residual pecuaria enriquecida con desecho de cultivo de fresa (Fragaria ananassa) en la Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias(2020-10) Miranda Quitiaquez, Silvia Ximena; Muñoz Espinoza, Manolo SebastiánThe objective of the research is to determine the production in vitro of biogas, methane and AGVs by adding strawberry residues in pig and sheep manure at different concentrations, the experiment was carried out in the Ruminology laboratories of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Technical University of Ambato, a completely randomized block design was applied, and the Tukey comparison test at 5% through the statistical system Infostat version 2019; the studied treatments were made with a standard raw material of pig herd manure , in combination with different proportions of fresh macerated strawberry and sheep flock manure as follows: T1 60% + 40% strawberry macerated; T2 Cerdaza 60% + 30% macerated strawberry + 10% sheep flock manure; T3 Cerdaza 60% + 20% macerated strawberry + 20% sheep flock manure; T4 Cerdaza 60% + 10% macerated strawberry + 30% sheep flock manure and T5 Cerdaza 60% + 40% sheep flock manure . The results observed in relation to the biogas production was higher (P = 0.0001) in the treatment T4 (201.2 mL / kg) and T5 (193.56 mL / kg), as well as the methane production was higher (P = 0.0001) in T4 (6.8 mL / kg) and T5 (7.0 mL / kg), referring about volatile fatty acids, a higher (P = 0.0001) production of acetic acid was observed in treatment T1 in relation to the other treatments. While for propionic acid the highest (P = 0.0001) production was observed in T3 and in butyric acid there weren't observed differences (P = 0.9807) between the evaluated treatments. Concluding that the strawberries was not decisive to increase the formation of biogas such as methane, however it was at the time of the formation of volatile fatty acids, which is verified as the best treatment T1 with the highest percentage of strawberry added to pig manure.Item Evaluación del efecto del cambio climático y la perdida de agrobiodiversidad en la comunidad de Santa Lucia, parroquia Antonio José Holguín, cantón Salcedo(2020-10) Romero González, Irma Gabriela; Valle Velastegui, Edgar LucianoThe influence of agricultural activity, like all anthropic activities, is very great within the environmental impact, mainly speaking of the loss of agrobiodiversity and climate change. By using more sustainable production methods, the effects of agriculture on the environment can be mitigated. There is no doubt that, in some cases, agriculture can play an important role in reversing these effects, for example by storing carbon in soils, improving water filtration, and conserving rural landscapes and biodiversity. The general objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of climate change and the loss of agrobiodiversity in the community of Santa Lucía, Antonio José Holguín parish, Salcedo canton. The basic modality used in this research is bibliographic and documented, within a quantitative approach with observation and information gathering through interviews and surveys. The level of the investigation is explanatory or causal. A survey was applied to a population of 208 farmers. Based on the results obtained and the analysis carried out, it can be concluded that climate change does affect agrobiodiversity in the Antonio José Holguín parish in the Salcedo canton, Cotopaxi province, complying with H1. To conclude, it is important to state that a lot of work must be done in the socialization of national and sectional laws, regulations, norms and policies regarding the management of natural resources and how to combat climate change since 80% of the respondents do not know this information. In short and as a summary, many things must be done in favor of agrobiodiversity, the fight against climate change and sovereignty and security within the Antonio José Holguín parish, and that this be a benchmark for other parishes in the management of this matter.Item Evaluación del efecto del cambio climático como amenaza para el sector agrícola de la parroquia Izamba, cantón Ambato(2020-10) Tigmasa Paredes, Lilian Estefanía; Dobronski Arcos, JorgeClimate change is a fact that has been evident around the world, altering the temperature and precipitation, causing changes in environmental conditions, which has affected different sectors, one of the main ones being the agricultural sector, especially in third world countries. Consequently, different studies have been carried out in different countries to collect information about the perceptions of the causes and effects that climate change has caused in the agricultural sector, and although in most of them anthropogenic activity has been considered the main reason, a large percentage do not agree to change their lifestyle to change this situation. Ecuador is a developing country where the technology used to carry out agricultural activities is not viable to face the adverse effects of climate change. The Izamba parish belonging to the Tungurahua province is no exception, the farmers of the place affected small and medium-scale cultivation areas, which is why it has been important to carry out an evaluation of the effects that climate change has had on the sector, as well as the knowledge that farmers have about this event, in addition to the transition process they have undergone in terms of field laboratories between past years and todayItem Predicción de la incidencia del cambio climático sobre el daño potencial de Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) en el cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum) en Tungurahua(2020-09) Corrales Gutiérrez, Paúl Andrés; Vásquez Freytez, Carlos LuisThe potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gellechidae) is considered a key pest in potato crops due to damage caused by larvae by drilling tunnels in tubers and leaf and stem mines. Currently this pest species is widely distributed in all the main potato growing areas worldwide due to the difficulty of establishing effective quarantine measures and, on the other hand, the effect of the change, which has caused the pest to occur in more than a hundred countries. In this study, an attempt was made to design a predictive model on theItem Bioecología de Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc.) en el cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) en las provincias de Tungurahua y Cotopaxi(2020-09) Manobanda Moreta, Alexandra Maribel; Vásquez Freytez, Carlos LuisThe potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is considered a pest in several solanaceous species, native to North America and currently it has become more relevant in recent years due to its capacity to invade in various geographical areas, its wide range of host plants and, mainly due to their ability to transmit pathogens to plants they feed on. Given that this species has been recently reported in the country, the present study evaluated the biology, geographic distribution and intra-plant distribution of B. cockerelli in potato crops in the provinces of Tungurahua and Cotopaxi. Biology was studied in potato leaves variety Super Chola under laboratory conditions (21.2 °C and 49.6% relative humidity). Additionally, samplings were carried out in 14 localities belonging to five cantons of the Tungurahua province (Ambato, Tisaleo, Mocha, Quero and Pelileo) and in five localities of the canton of Salcedo (Cotopaxi province). The life cycle of B. cockerelli showed an average total duration of 22.93 days with a mortality rate during the egg phase with 59.6%, while in the first and fourth nymphal instars only 4.25% of mortality was verified, respectively. Regarding geographical distribution, the plague was detected in cantons of Ambato and Píllaro (Tungurahua), in which the potato psyllid was found in 7 of 14 sampled localities, representing 50.0% of the areas considered in sampling. In canton of Salcedo (Cotopaxi), it was found in three of the five sampling locations, representing 60% of positive cases for the presence of the pest. This verified distribution in the sampled areas seems to be related to the height above sea level, since the species was not found in those locations with heights close to 3,000 meters above sea level. Regarding the intra-plant distribution, wide variability was observed in the spatial distribution in the different plant strata (upper, middle and lower), which suggests that the pest shows no preference to select the substrate for oviposition and feeding. The results obtained in the present investigation lay the foundations for thexv bioecological studies of B. cockerelli in the region, however, it is suggested that similar studies be carried out to evaluate other bioecological aspects of the pest.Item Presencia de enterobacterias portadoras de genes de resistencia a antibióticos emergentes procedentes de aguas de riego y superficiales del Ecuador, año 2019.(2020-09) Mendoza León, David Israel; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoIn order to assess the degree of biological pollution of water in the country, the aim of this researching was the identification of bacteria resistant to emerging antibiotics from surface waters of 5 provinces of Ecuador. The sampling points for the analysis were determined based on a space-temporal study, based on historical data by the National Institute for Public Health Research (INSPI) based on to the presence of population, hospitals, crops, animal production and industries. The collection of samples was carried out from rivers, irrigation canals, collection points. About 71 samples were taken at strategic points based on US EPA-600 / 4- 79-0120 "Methods for the Collection and Analysis of Water and Waste", of which 40 (24 from the river and 16 from the irrigation canal ) corresponded to water and 31 samples (16 from the river and 15 from the irrigation canal) corresponded to sediments. Seeds were performed on Chromocult® and MacConkey agar enriched with 2 µg of Ceftriaxone. From the samples, the indicators of faecal contamination were E. coli and total coliforms, thus E. coli and ceftriaxone resistant total coliforms (2 µg / mL). 10 genes (mcr-1 mcr-2 mcr-3 mcr-4 mcr-5, blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP and blaVIM) were detected for antibiotic resistance in the PCR process, byconfirming the amplification they were identified and identified 9 positive isolates to emerging antibiotic resistance genes (8 for mcr-1 and, 1 for blaKPC).