Carrera de Biotecnología

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    Evaluación de la capacidad fitorremediadora de Chrysopogon zizanioides y Eichhornia crassipes en efluentes secundarios de una curtiembre de la provincia de Tungurahua. Articulado al Proyecto de Investigación aprobado mediante Resolución Nro. UTA-CONIN-2023-0194-R
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2025-02) Escobar Jumbo, Bruno Manuel; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    Since the 20th century, the increasing global demand for leather has driven the tanning industry to boost its production in Ecuador. However, this industry is one of the most polluting due to the generation of untreated waste, creating an environmental issue on a global scale. This study aims to evaluate the capacity of a phytoremediation process using Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and C. zizanioides (Vetiver) to treat a contaminated effluent in the city of Ambato, Tungurahua province. To achieve this, three treatments were formulated in artificial wetlands, with a control and three replicates: T1-E. crassipes, T2-C. zizanioides, and T3-Combination (50:50). Over 45 days, physicochemical analyses were conducted on 14 parameters following TULSMA standards, using Hach, Hanna Instruments, and Velp Scientifica reagents. The results show a significant reduction of contaminants in treatment T3 with the following data: BOD5 84 percent, Cr6+ 75 percent, TSS 61 percent, Nitrogen 71 percent, Ammonium 60 percent, Turbidity 99 percent, Color 79 percent, and Phosphorus 60 percent. Additionally, an initial and final characterization encompassing 34 physicochemical parameters was performed. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment with the combination of both plant species in an artificial wetland. This provides a starting point for studying the interaction of E. crassipes and C. zizanioides in tannery effluents and formulating treatments that help mitigate the environmental impact of the leather and dyeing industry.
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    Evaluación de la biodegradación y propiedades mecánicas de diferentes formulaciones de bioplástico obtenidas a partir del aprovechamiento de colágeno residual y almidón de papa (Solanum tuberosum)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Miquinga Lasluisa, Cinthya Alejandra; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    Plastic pollution is one of the most critical problems we face, as the population continues to prefer this material for its versatility in daily life. However, the accumulation of plastics causes serious problems in terrestrial and marine ecosystems, affecting all beings that inhabit them. In addition, poor waste management has similar repercussions. This study focused on evaluating the biodegradation and mechanical properties of a bioplastic made from biopolymers recovered from organic waste, such as starch and collagen. For the production of bioplastics, collagen and starch were extracted by thermal hydrolysis and the wet method. Different formulations were used, varying the concentrations of starch and collagen, and two plasticizers were used: polyvinyl alcohol and glycerin. The aim was to develop a rapidly degrading material with optimal mechanical strength characteristics. It was determined that the most efficient collagen extraction was achieved at 120 minutes, with the highest yield. The presence of glycerin increased the flexibility of the sheets, while polyvinyl alcohol gave them more rigidity. The sample with a 1:1 ratio of flesh collagen showed higher tensile strength compared to the others. In biodegradation tests, faster decay was observed in water than on land; On land, the sheets with flesh collagen degraded more quickly. Therefore, it can be deduced that sheets made with flesh collagen and wet blue have optimal characteristics for the manufacture of bioplastics.
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    Evaluación del tratamiento de electrocoagulación seguido del proceso de fitorremediación de Eichhornia crassipes en aguas residuales de curtiembre de la provincia de Tungurahua
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Ortiz Tibán, Pamela Alejandra; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    Tannery wastewater, with its complex mixture of organic compounds, salts and heavy metals, constitutes a serious environmental threat when released without adequate treatment, negatively affecting water quality and aquatic life. This project focuses on the evaluation of a combined treatment of electrocoagulation and phytoremediation with Eichhornia crassipes in wastewater from a tannery in Tungurahua. The methodology used involved the initial characterization of physicochemical parameters with Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater using the HANNA equipment. The treatment was divided into two phases: electrocoagulation as pretreatment and phytoremediation with different masses of E. crassipes (138, 217 and 520) grams. For two months, a detailed monitoring of the decontamination was carried out, evaluating the parameters according to the TULSMA regulations. Preliminary results revealed that electrocoagulation achieved significant reductions of 60 to 80 percent in several contaminants. Phytoremediation, especially with E. crassipes M3, proved to be highly effective in the absorption and accumulation of heavy metals, achieving notable removals of 90 to 100 percent. This combined approach emerges as a promising solution for tannery wastewater treatment, highlighting the importance of technology integration to address the complexity of these industrial effluents. The project not only contributes to environmental mitigation but also to the implementation of sustainable strategies in industrial wastewater management.
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    Evaluación del proceso de conservación de la grasa proveniente de los residuos de carnaza de una curtiembre en Ambato
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Maliza Valdospin, Natalia Carolina; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    In Ecuador, tannery industries actively participate in the circular economy; however, they have also raised environmental concerns due to the significant amounts of solid waste generated, including fat from residual leather trimmings, which is typically sent to landfills. Therefore, evaluating a conservation method is crucial for waste management. Under the research line of Agri-food Production and the Environment, the initial characterization of the fat was carried out, and a conservation method was developed using three concentrations of an essential oil. Its antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity was assessed through physicochemical and microbiological parameters, along with oxidative stability tests. The initial results showed values for moisture, acidity index, peroxide index, and saponification index within the parameters of the INEN 1313:2012 standard. Regarding the established method, the analysis of variance results revealed that both storage time and the concentration of rosemary essential oil are factors affecting fat quality. The results of the oxidative stability test confirmed that the optimal conservation time is at 700 ppm with a shelf-life of 2397 days, but with a higher cost-benefit compared to Luctanox LG. Finally, the microbiological test results indicated values below the limits set by national and international standards.
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    Estandarización de procesos de control de calidad para análisis fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos de las grasas de una curtiduría de Ambato
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Larcos Castro, Carla Michelle; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    In Ecuador, the leather industry plays a crucial role in the economy, being a strategic sector that significantly contributes to the country's development. During the processing of bovine hides, between 70 and 230 kg of waste is generated from the fleshing process, including fats. This type of solid waste is deposited in landfills, reaching between 5 and 7 tons per day, generating unpleasant odors, attracting unwanted animals, and increasing respiratory and dermatological diseases. To reduce the pollution caused by these fats, the present work aims to standardize quality control processes for physicochemical and microbiological analyses of this raw material. The applied procedures have been based on recognized standards such as INEN Standard 1313:2012 and AOAC Standard 920.39. Guidelines have been extracted from other current standards such as ISO 11133:2014 and ARCSA. These methodologies have been adapted to bovine fat samples for the subsequent implementation of a manual of operational procedures. This will enable them to have proper quality control before entering the market, reduce environmental impact, and allow tannery industries to save on additional costs associated with waste disposal. In conclusion, proper management of bovine fat, supported by robust quality control, offers the possibility of efficiently utilizing this resource. To achieve this, methodological and economic parameters necessary for implementing a quality control laboratory are proposed.
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    Optimización de la composición química de un pegamento a base a colágeno hidrolizado proveniente de residuos de wet blue de la industria del cuero
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Teneda Tiban, José Bladimir; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    The tanning industry in Ecuador produces large amounts of solid waste, such as Wet Blue Shavings, which have a negative impact on the environment. Wet Blue contains large amounts of collagen, that can be recovered in its hydrolyzed form to produce functional and environmentally friendly adhesives, contributing to the circular economy. This study focused on optimizing the composition of an adhesive using hydrolyzed collagen obtained from these wastes as raw material. The glue formulations were prepared by integrating hydrolyzed collagen, polyvinyl acetate, acrylic resin, polyvinyl alcohol, and glycerin for three hours using stirrers. Peel strength tests were then performed to test the adhesion and characterization of the glue with the best adhesion. The formulation containing 40 g of hydrolyzed collagen and 16 g of polyvinyl acetate exhibited N per cm. Although this combination showed the higher adhesion, full optimization was not achieved because no concentration of collagen and acetate was found to give even better results. The parameters of the best formulation, such as color, total solids content, viscosity, and thermal stability, are close to the values of commercial glues. The developed glue possesses promising adhesive properties and offers sustainable benefits by using renewable resources and recycling wet blue waste. Although full optimization could not be achieved, these results provide a solid basis for future research and applications in various industry sectors, promoting the development of more environmentally friendly and sustainable adhesives.
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    Obtención de un engrasante utilizando como materia prima la grasa proveniente del residuo de descarnado de una curtiembre de Ambato para reciclaje en la industria del cuero
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Rogel Zambrano, Karen Dayana; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    Tanneries generate large amounts of waste during leather production, both in the form of solid and liquid residues. These wastes pose an environmental and health problem, in addition to being an economic loss for the companies that must dispose of them. The solid wastes, which are usually sent to landfills, contain significant amounts of meat, skin, and fat, especially fat obtained from fleshing. These components make the waste an ideal raw material for the production of greases. The present study aims to recover fat from fleshing to produce two types of greases, sulfitated and sulfated, with the purpose of using them in different processes required by the tannery, thus promoting circular economy and adding value to tannery wastes. To produce the greases, 98 percent sulfuric acid was used in concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 percent per kilogram of fat, and 40 percent sodium bisulfite in concentrations of 1.00, 2.00, and 3.00 moles per kilogram of fat. The reaction between unsaturated fatty acids and the reagents was carried out using a vertical agitator at 120 rpm. Additionally, the iodine value analysis was performed to assess the degradation caused by the reagents on unsaturated fatty acids. The results showed that higher reagent concentrations led to greater reaction efficiency. In conclusion, the fat from fleshing waste can be used as a raw material for grease production.
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    Elaboración de un bioplástico a partir de colágeno obtenido de residuos de wet blue proveniente de una curtiembre de la ciudad de Ambato
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Naranjo Moreno, Sara Noemí; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    The study and development of bioplastics is an important issue in today's world due to the high incidence of conventional plastics in environmental pollution due to their accumulation given their low level of degradation and their widespread daily use that causes millions of tons to be produced per year and millions more end up as waste in the soil or in the oceans, which is why the proposal for a bioplastic that can replace common materials would allow outstanding innovation in the field of materials with improved characteristics. The present work focuses on the line of biotechnological research with a focus on the environment and for the elaboration of the proposed bioplastic, a formulation based on collagen obtained from wet blue shavings, residue obtained from tanneries, white carrot starch and plasticizers such as polyvinyl alcohol and glycerin was used. The objective was the elaboration of a material with optimal characteristics of tensile strength, elastic recovery, water permeability, water solubility and biodegradability. The product was developed with a view to proposing it as a replacement for plastic or low-density polyethylene covers, with the added value of containing in its formulation a waste that would typically be discarded and with the characteristics of ordinary plastic but obtained at a lower cost and with the ability to degrade naturally in a short period of time and that allows environmental sustainability in such a way that it satisfies the needs of human comfort while improving the impact on the ecosystem.
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    Evaluación de la reacción de Fenton sobre su efectividad en la remoción de materia orgánica de los efluentes de la planta de tratamiento de la curtiduría Tungurahua
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Montenegro Fajardo, Milena Lissette; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    Tannery wastewater is a problem due to its high pollutant load, negatively affecting water quality. Its proper treatment is essential to preserve the environment. Therefore, the objective of this project is to evaluate the Fenton reaction in the removal of organic matter from the effluents of the Tungurahua tannery treatment plant, where the physicochemical properties of the residual water were characterized, followed by the identification of the optimal parameters for the Fenton process, the treatment of produced sludge and the evaluation of the biodegradability of the effluents by analyzing the ratio of BOD to COD. With which, through the Fenton reaction, a 45.3 percent COD removal was achieved, under a molar ratio of one to ten between iron and hydrogen peroxide, pH of 2.5 and a reaction time of 120 minutes, highlighting the effectiveness of the process in reducing organic matter present in the effluent, finding a ratio of 0.80 between milligrams of hydrogen peroxide and milligrams of COD. Furthermore, treatment 4 of the Fenton sludge treated with lime and cement turned out to be the most effective, complying with the established physicochemical parameters. Likewise, a favorable rate of 57.4 percent of biodegradability was found, which indicates that a significant part of the organic compounds can be decomposed by microorganisms, contributing to the improvement of environmental quality.
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    Reciclaje de las virutas residuales de wet-blue de una curtiembre de Ambato para la producción de un bioplástico
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Velasco Reinoso, Elvis Israel; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    Currently tanning industry is an active part of the socioeconomic development in Ecuador, as a consequence, the production of this industry generates large amounts of waste with negative environmental impact. Chrome shaving form part of this waste, whose structure is collagen (stabilized with chromium) that can be recovered at its hydrolyzed form and used for bioplastic formulations, contributing to a circular economy and sustainable development. The hydrolyzed collagen was obtained through alkaline hydrolysis using NaOH at a concentration of 0.42 Molar for 150 minutes, with a high protein recovery (73.20 percent) and low chromium concentration (19.80 milligrams per Liters). This recovered product was mixed with matrices of PVA and achira starch, and plasticizer (glycerin), obtaining unfavorable results in high concentrations of hydrolyzed collagen and in formulations composed of starch due to its high adherence. Despite these results, the mechanical properties of two PVA polymers were characterized, thus finding that them present better characteristics than low-density polyethylene. Likewise, physicochemical degradation tests were carried out, where it showed a maximum water absorption at 30 minutes, and a degradation in soil, greater than 50 percent in 27 days. In conclusion, chromium shaving wastes can be used for production of bioplastics, however, the components and concentrations of these in the formulation must be considered.