Tesis Agronomía

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    Evaluación de los recursos vegetales como aporte a la conservación de la fitodiversidad en comunidades del cantón Cevallos, Provincia de Tungurahua.
    (2025-03-25) Llambo Quisingo, Tamara Michelle; Leython Chacon, Sirli Lilig
    En las zonas ecuatorianas existen escasos estudios etnobotánicos que permita conocer sobre la flora nativa y los diferentes usos dados por la población. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue realizar un estudio etnobotánico de las especies cultivadas y silvestres en las comunidades ubicadas en los barrios Corazón de Jesús, El Mirador y San Pedro, pertenecientes a cantón Cevallos, provincia Tungurahua; con la finalidad de determinar las formas en que las personas emplean las plantas y el origen de las mismas, para analizar posibilidad de riesgo en estas poblaciones vegetales. Con la ayuda de los habitantes se recolectó e identificó a 93 especies pertenecientes a 41 familias de plantas Angiospermae, siendo la familia Rosaceae con 14 especies la más representativa; una especie y una familia de Gimnospermae, una familia y una especie de Pteridophyta. Luego, mediante entrevistas a los habitantes de las comunidades se determinaron cinco categorías de uso etnobotánico (alimenticios, medicinales, ornamentales, forrajeros y condimento). Entre los principales resultados se encontró las especies con mayor uso que son la claudia (Prunus domestica), mora (Rubus ulmifolius), manzana (Malus domestica), pera (Pyrus communis), pertenecientes a la familia Rosaceae y la alfalfa (Medicago sativa) de la familia Fabaceae. Con relación al uso mejor representado es el alimenticio con 54 %, en el cual se emplean principalmente especies del tipo de vegetación cultivadas (96%) y en menor proporción silvestres (4%).
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    Efecto del extracto de algas para el manejo de manchado necrótico en pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.)
    (2025-02) Vaca Masabanda Vanessa Tatiana; León Gordon Olguer Alfredo
    Necrotic spot in pepper crops is a common disease that generally occurs in covered crops since there are suitable conditions for easy dissemination of the pathogen. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of algae extracts on the causal agent of necrotic spot in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Which was carried out with this investigation in two parts, the first in the laboratory in which the samples collected in PDA culture media were isolated together with the previously determined treatments of red algae (Gymnogongrus sp.) That have antimicrobial and antifungal compounds that help protect plants from pathogens, in the field stage the experimental unit consisted of three pepper plants grown in pots, in which the established treatments of the algae extract were applied at 1%, 5% and 10%, having as results for the laboratory part an average latency period of 20.6 days in M6 unlike M1 which has 14.4 days while M2, M3, M4 and M5 maintain an average between 16 to 18 days in the appearance of the first symptoms, for the incidence variable it is found that the sample M1, M2 have a high percentage between 84% and 89% compared to the other samples, while for the severity variable there are no significant differences since they are in the same degree of severity, for the variable polar and equatorial diameter it can be seen that the extracts act by inhibiting the growth of the pathogen, in the cultural characteristics all the isolates showed an olive green color on the front and a black color on the back, with a plush texture and irregular shape, whole and lobed edges, some isolates have a raised surface, in addition no isolated pigment in the culture medium (PDA). For the field phase, the incidence percentage variable was analyzed, it was found that the treatment that obtained the lowest percentage was the E1C3 treatment with a concentration of 10%, while the percentage of severity variable, the E1C1, E1C2 and E1C3 treatments are on a severity scale from 0 to 1 being resistant or moderately resistant, as regards the variable days of appearance of C. fulvum in the pepper crop in the field, it was determined that there is no variation in terms of the days of appearance of the disease between the treatments since its appearance was at 10%. 17 days after inoculation. Likewise, in the variable aggressiveness tests it was observed that there are no differences in terms of the days of incubation of C. fulvum since in all treatments it appeared after 6 days.
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    Efecto del agua ozonizada sobre el establecimiento in vitro de segmentos nodales de S. betaceum Cav
    (2025-02) Tibanquiza Bastidas Wilmer Ismael; Leiva Mora Michel
    The study of the effect of ozone water on the in vitro establishment of nodal segments of S. betaceum. Cav, focuses on the evaluation of sustainable and effective ways to improve the propagation process in plant tissue culture. S. betaceum. Cav, also known as tree tomato or tamarillo. Tomato is a useful and commercially valuable crop that can be propagated in vitro to obtain genetically modified plants free of diseases and pests. Ozone water, with its antimicrobial and oxidative properties, has proven to be a good tool to disinfect plants by reducing the risk of pathogenic microorganisms without affecting cell survival. This method can replace traditional disinfectants such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, etc., which have many phytotoxic effects. However, their use on S. betaceum. Cav has not been thoroughly investigated. The use of ozonated water in the composition of parts of S. betaceum. Cav in vitro has a positive effect on plant growth and development. Ozone, because of its antimicrobial properties, helps to control microbial contamination in culture media, thus improving plant health and well-being. In addition, it increases nutrient uptake, stimulates root growth and regenerates the shoot. However, the correct concentration of ozone must be determined to avoid toxic effects, thus achieving a balance between benefits and plant protection. The main objective of this method is to optimize pure conditions and facilitate the successful formation of hybrids thus providing a basis for successful hybridization of this type. The objective of this research is to promote innovation in plant biotechnology and the development of sustainable practices.
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    Identificación de las especies de Phyllophaga, presentes en tres cultivos de importancia económica del cantón Quero
    (2025-02) Supe Chaglla Patricia Elizabeth; Guerrero Cando David Aníbal
    The purpose of the research work was the collection and identification of larvae in the third stage of Phyllophaga spp., in the crops of economic importance for the community of Sabañag of the canton of Quero, generating scientific information to improve environmental sustainability, since the crops of greatest economic importance in the locality of Sabañag of the canton Quero are the grasses (Poaceae) forage mixture of blue grass. perennial ryegrass, white clover, forage plantain, Allium fistulosum, Solanum tuberosum. In the present work, using a 30x30x30 cm bucket, larvae of the third stage of Phyllophaga were collected in the aforementioned cultures, performing two samplings. Later these larvae were washed in warm water and placed in a pampel solution resting for 48 hours, then the species which belong to the genus Phyllophaga were identified. The species polyphylla and leonine are found in Poaceae, leonine in Solanum tuberosum, valerian and vetula in Allium fistulosum. Specifying that the identified species have a rhizophagous feeding habit so they will feed on the roots of a number of plants.
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    Establecimiento de una colección de hongos con potencial micotoxigénico en el cultivo Zea mays variedad maíz blanco harinoso tipo chazo
    (2025-02) Solis Lopez Gabriel Eleazar; Dobronski Arcos Jorge Enrique
    In Ecuador, corn (Zea mays) is a crop of great economic and social importance, widely used in human and animal food. This grain is susceptible to fungal attacks, notably from species with mycotoxigenic potential such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. These fungi produce secondary metabolites like aflatoxins and fumonisins, compounds that affect both food quality and safety, as well as human and animal health. Given this issue, the identification and isolation of these fungi are crucial for developing effective strategies for controlling and preventing diseases associated with their presence. This study focused on the isolation, identification, and preservation of mycotoxigenic fungi present in white flour maize of the chazo type. From two sowings and incubations of maize grains, colonies with macromorphological and micromorphological characteristics typical of the genus Penicillium sp. were obtained. The identification of the isolated fungi was based on macroscopic and microscopic observations, supplemented with the use of taxonomic keys to classify the isolates. The results indicated that the colonies belong to the genus Penicillium sp., a group known for its ability to produce mycotoxins, secondary compounds that pose significant risks to food quality and public health. Although these characteristics aided in identification, specific tests to confirm their mycotoxigenic capacity were not carried out. However, previous studies support the association of the genus Penicillium with the production of toxic metabolites under favorable conditions. To ensure the preservation of the isolated fungi, a protocol was designed and implemented using glycerol as a cryoprotectant. The samples were stored at 4 °C in Eppendorf tubes, allowing for preservation. This approach ensures the viability of the isolates, maintaining their mycotoxigenic properties and their utility for future research.
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    Evaluación de las cargas electromagnéticas en el proceso germinativo de dos especies (Zea mays y Phaseolus vulgaris)
    (2025-02) Sanchez Guaman Andrew Ariel; Zurita Vásquez José Hernán
    The objective of the research carried out was to demonstrate the influence of electromagnetic waves on the germination process of corn (Zea mays) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Determining whether subjecting the seeds to an electromagnetic field of 400 mT with different exposure times intervenes in morphological variables. The research was carried out in the province of Tungurahua, Ambato canton, in the Ingahurco sector, with an altitude of 2585 meters above sea level. Healthy seeds of both species were selected and subjected to 400 mT at three different times: 15, 30, and 45 minutes. The electromagnetic stimulation was carried out for 5 consecutive days, then the seeds had an imbibition process for 24 hours to finally sow them in plastic containers with substrate. After 30 days from sowing, the plants were extracted to compare with the control and establish differences. The variables measured are germination percentage, root length, number of leaves, root volume and plant height. The results obtained demonstrated positive effects in the bean for root length with an average of 18.30 cm compared to the control that has an average of 12.10 cm and in the root volume with an average of 1.87 cm3, while the control had a average of 1.10 cm3. In corn, despite differences between the treatments and the control, the results did not have a statistically demonstrative effect. These results suggest that electromagnetic stimulation in the germination process can influence root development depending on the species and exposure time.
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    Aplicación del método de vernalización en semillas de maíz suave (Zea mays) en la parroquia de Huambaló
    (2025-02) Ruiz Paredes Daniela Nagely; Zurita Vásquez José Hernán
    Research concerning the application of the vernalization method in corn is scarce, the present document specifies the application of this method as a guide yielding interesting data that could change the production matrix of this species when applied in a simple way. The experiment was developed in the Huambaló parish with the objective of evaluating the effects of this method on the germination, flowering and development of the corn crop in a region with specific climatic characteristics. Using a completely randomized block design with 2 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, treatments were carried out with combined temperatures of 3°C and 7°C with exposure times of 120 and 240 hours and compared with a control without vernalization. The results showed that the treatment at 7°C for 240 hours (D2T2) was the most effective, reducing the days to germination, flowering, improving plant uniformity and vigor, with an average germination rate of 91.67%, higher than 79.17% of the control, an average height of 35.25 cm after 25 days and a flowering time of 84 days for male flowering and 90 days for female flowering, respectively. These results demonstrate that vernalization optimizes the maize production cycle and represents a viable technique to improve agricultural yields in the Huambaló parish, where the standard implementation of the D2T2 treatment (7°C - 240hours) is recommended. It is also important to ensure the quality of the seeds and their proper handling before treatment, as well as to promote technical training of farmers to maximize the benefits of this practice and strengthen local agricultural productivity. This study not only contributes to the technical knowledge of maize cultivation but also provides practical tools to address agricultural challenges in the parish.
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    EvaIuación de la electrocultura en Ia producción de tomate riñon (Solanum lycopersicum) de la variedad Pietro
    (2025-02) Quiña Telenchana Bryan Ricardo; Velástegui Espin Giovanny Patricio
    The present research was carried out in the Izamba parish of the Ambato canton, provinceofTungurahua,withthepurposeofapplyingelectrocultureandobservingitsimpact on the growth and yield of kidney tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants using galvanized wire antennas number 12. A randomized complete block design with four treatments and a controlwithoutantennawasused.Byapplyingweakelectricfieldstotheplants,theobjective was to improve crop quality and reduce the need for chemical inputs. Plants exposed to the H2A1 antenna with a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 20 cm, the study found that the specific configuration of the electrical antennae significantly influenced the size and weight of tomatoes exhibiting larger fruits with a polar diameter of 6.31 cm and equatorial diameter of 7.91 cm with an average weight of 225.10 gr. These findings suggest that electrocultivation has the potential to improve tomato production and contribute to more sustainable farming practices. While the study found no significant effects on plant height or fruit number, the positive results with respect to fruit size and weight warrant further investigation into the underlying mechanisms and optimal application of electroculture in tomato cultivation.
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    Evaluación de dos hormonas en la producción de forraje verde hidropónico en Soya (Glycine max)
    (2025-02) Pico Fiallos Mariana Abigail; León Gordon Olguer Alfredo
    The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of two plant hormones, gibberellins and cytokinins, at different doses, on the production and nutritional content of hydroponic green forage (FVH) of soybean (Glycine max). An experimental design with five treatments (two hormones at four doses and a control) with three replications was used, measuring variables such as root mat height, plant height, fresh weight, dry matter, protein and fiber content. The hormones were applied at different doses (T1 of 0.05 g/L and T2 of 0.1 g/L (gibberellins) and T3 of 2.5 cc/L and T4 of 3.75 cc/L (cytokinins). The research showed that the application of gibberellins and cytokinins significantly improved plant growth (root mat height and plant height), but no significant differences were observed in the fresh weight of biomass. The conclusions of the study indicate that hormones are effective tools to improve the development and yield of FVH, especially in fresh weight and fiber content, although their impact on protein content should be further investigated because the protein percentage increases or decreases depending on the days the crop is old. It is recommended to prioritize the use of adequate doses according to the specific objectives, either to maximize biomass or to enrich specific characteristics such as fiber. Likewise, complementary studies are necessary to optimize the balance between quantity and nutritional quality in FVH. This research provides valuable information for small and medium-sized producers interested in improving FVH productivity in a sustainable and efficient manner.
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    Evaluación del ácido láurico en el control de oídio (Sphaerotheca pannosa) en el cultivo de rosas (Rosa spp.)
    (2025-02) Perez Nuñez Emily Pamela; Curay Quispe Segundo Euclides
    In this research work, the efficacy of lauric acid in controlling powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) in rose crops (Rosa spp.) already established for 6 months, the Explorer variety, is evaluated. The test was carried out in the Querochaca Experimental Teaching Farm, which belongs to the Technical University of Ambato, located in the province of Tungurahua in the canton of Cevallos. The following doses of lauric acid were analyzed: 2.5 ml/L (D1); 5 ml/L (D2) and 7.5 ml/L (D3). The treatments were applied foliarly. The variables evaluated were incidence percentage, severity percentage, determination of nitrogen percentage in the foliage, quantification of chlorophyll in the leaves and determination of leaf color. For the execution of the test, a randomized complete block design (DBCA) was used, with a factorial arrangement of 2 x 3 + 2 with three repetitions, using the Tukey significance test at 5%. The percentage of severity was calculated with the free software ImageJ and the analysis of the levels of nitrogen and chlorophyll was done using the portable Chlorophyll Meter GYJ-B equipment. The results obtained showed that the most effective dose of Lauric Acid was 5 ml/L (D2) applied every 7 days, achieving a significant reduction in the incidence with a percentage of 7.33% and severity of the disease, with a percentage of 2.04% at 60 days of the evaluation. Likewise, the Tukey test at 5% of the determination of the percentage of nitrogen was not significant, in the quantification of chlorophyll an average value of chlorophyll of 2.78 SPAD was obtained. In addition, an economic analysis of the treatments was carried out, concluding that this strategy is not only effective but also viable. Based on the results, it is suggested that applications be made with a dose of 5ml / L (D2) Lauric Acid to obtain lower incidence and severity percentages.