Ciencia de los Alimentos
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Item Evaluación de la digestibilidad in vitro de un suplemento alimenticio dirigido a adolescentes entre 12 a 18 años, a partir de harinas precocidas de pseudocereales andinos: quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) y amaranto (Amaranthus caudatus)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Maestría en Ciencia de los Alimentos, 2023-01) Carrera Borja, Washington Xavier; Paredes Escobar, Mayra LilianaAn efficacious mixture made from ancestral seeds: quinoa, amaranth, sacha inchi and chia has optimal protein and lipid profile. In addition, it was demonstrated through the analyzes in the RVA the obtaining of a homogeneous matrix with water retention capacity, gel resistance and film formation, which incorporates polyunsaturated fatty acids and precooked flours. By hydrolysis the protein in the supplement, a protein concentrate yield of 72 percent was obtained at a pH of 4.0. In addition, by means of the electrophoresis technique an immunoprotein band with a molecular weight of 30 KDa was identified, highlighting the globulin fraction 11S called chenopodin, known as an emerging allergen resistant to gastroduodenal digestion. Through the digestion process of the starch in the supplement, it was possible to verify the efficacy of the formulated matrix, obtaining 85.39 percent of starch slowly hydrolyzed to maltoses, reaching its maximum digestibility after one hour. When carrying out the characterization of the supplement, we can conclude that it does meet the nutritional requirements for adolescents according to the recommended daily intake recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. In addition, the incorporation of essential fatty acids in a microencapsulation to the pulverized precooked flours allows the matrix to be effective due to its bioaccessibility, absorption and subsequent transformation. The supplement obtained from ancestral seeds considered as golden grains has a protein profile suitable for adolescents and a balanced lipid profile. For its sensory acceptability, it was determined that the best treatment chosen for the panelists was the strawberry flavor sweetened with sucralose. The development of the research will strengthen food sovereignty, promoting the production of underdeveloped foods, contributing to the circular economy, reducing water consumption and promoting agricultural activity.Item Evaluación de la actividad antinflamatoria de los compuestos bioactivos del tomate (Solanum betaceum), liberados durante la simulación de la digestión gastroduodenal in vitro(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Maestría en Ciencia de los Alimentos, 2023-01) Álvarez Delgado, Iván Sebastián; Vilcacundo Chamorro, Rubén DaríoIn Ecuador, tree tomato plantations are found throughout the provinces of Cotopaxi, Pichincha, Imbabura, Carchi, Azuay, Bolívar, Loja and, mainly, Tungurahua. Mostly, the consumption of this fruit is internal, being recognized for the great content of beneficial bioactive compounds for diet and health of the Ecuadorian population. This research project aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity of tree tomato (solanum betaceum) pulp and its digestates, using the in vitro gastrointestinal simulation technique. The method described by Minekus et al was used, with certain modifications. 62.63 grams of tree tomato produced in the canton of Patate were used. From these, the pulp was extracted, separating the shell and seeds to later carry out lyophilization, pulverization and in vitro gastrointestinal simulation. The reagents, materials and equipment were provided through the economic fund of the research project, and the economic fund of the master's degree. The process was carried out in the facilities of the Universidad Técnica de Ambato and in the Universidad Estatal de Guaranda, located in Bolívar province. Regarding the results obtained, it is mentioned that simulated gastrointestinal digestion favors the release of bioactive compounds; during the gastric phase, phytochemicals with good antioxidant activity are found, while in the duodenal phase, compounds with anti-inflammatory activity are evident. Hydrolyzates from tree tomato pulp could be used as functional ingredients in the food industry. The results help to promote the consumption of this highly valued fruit in first world markets. It is recommended to carry out a study taking into account other components of the tree tomato such as peel and seeds, which will allow comparison with the results obtained in this investigation.Item Uso de cultivos andinos y cáscaras de huevo en el desarrollo de crema pastelera(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Maestría en Ciencia de los Alimentos, 2023-01) Pérez Pérez, Francisco Renato; Arancibia Soria, Mirari YosuneTrends in the consumption of healthy and natural foods have been increasing in recent years to minimize the incidence of chronic diseases caused by poor diet and lifestyle, so this research seeks that through the use of crops Andean underutilized products such as achira, oca and sweet potato (rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds), develop a pastry cream (very coveted in the confectionery and pastry industry) with added value, fortified with calcium from eggshells, bioavailable calcium , which is generally sent to municipal dumps as waste from the food industry, thus helping to minimize environmental impact and providing new alternatives for the use of Andean crops in the development of food products. In the research work, 4 prototypes of pastry creams were developed (C, CC, CY and CCY) that were evaluated by proximal analysis, APT, rheological properties, color measurement, stability, and sensory analysis. Investigation results indicated that eggshell powder significantly increased ash content without compromising rheological properties, weak gel characteristics, and sensory properties. The APT showed that the eggshell in the pastry cream slightly decreases the firmness and improves the elasticity, while the microbiological stability was maintained for 16 days thanks mainly to the heat treatment given to the pastry cream. According to the sensory analysis, it was concluded that the CC pastry cream prototype is the one that received the best score in the level of acceptability. The product developed could be an alternative to improve the intake of calcium and antioxidants from organic sources, and an innovative product with a great health and economic impact.Item Liberación de péptidos con capacidad antioxidante a partir de proteínas de flores de Begonias (Begonia doublet) durante la simulación de la digestión gastroduodenal in vitro(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Maestría en Ciencia de los Alimentos, 2022-05) Rodríguez Bombón, Paulina Elizabeth; Vilcacundo Chamorro, Rubén DaríoCurrently, edible flowers are being investigated as an alternative source of protein, since they have benefits in both natural medicine and food, being important for human nutrition. In this investigation, the characterization of proteins from the flower of Begonia x semperflorens-cultorum (Begonia doublet) and the potential evaluation as a source of peptides with antioxidant capacity during in vitro gastroduodenal digestion have been carried out. Protein isolates were obtained from flower flour, using a single pH of solubilization and precipitation, quantifying the protein by the Dumas method and the characterization was performed using the SDS-PAGE technique. In addition, the antioxidant activity was determined by the ABTS method. The protein concentrates were obtained at pH 8 for solubilization and pH 2 for precipitation, reaching a yield of 9.75 percentage and a protein content of 20.3 percentage. In that concentrate, the presence of five proteins with molecular weights between 25.83 and 56.94 kDa was evidenced, identifying protein fractions such as Globulins 7S and Globulins 11S AB. The in vitro gastrointestinal digestion process was evaluated, which allowed evaluating the protein digestibility of the flower. During the gastric phase, pepsin partially hydrolyzed the proteins, while in the duodenal phase, due to the action of pancreatin, the proteins were completely degraded. Finally, the in vitro antioxidant activity was determined, the highest value (1146.09 plus minus 32.11 micro mole Trolox per gram) correspond to the duodenal digest, which shows that the peptides released during this phase are responsible for the biological activity.Item Perfiles de la resistencia antimicrobiana de enterobacterias aisladas a partir de comida callejera de la ciudad de Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Maestría en Ciencia de los Alimentos, 2022-05) Tubón Ocaña, Jessica Magaly; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoConsumption of ready-to-eat street food in Ecuador is extensive, and the information about the presence of foodborne pathogens, their virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance is negligible. Foodborne pathogens represent a significant cause of negative impacts on human health and the economy worldwide. This investigation includes the occurrence, antibiotic resistance profiles, and antibiotic resistance genes of Enterobacterales isolated from ready-to-eat street foods in Ambato, Ecuador, between 2020 and 2021. The results highlight the high frequency of detection of positive isolates of enteric microorganisms such as E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Cronobacter, Morganella, and Rahnella. Among the E. coli isolates, only one microorganism pertains to the enterohemorrhagic o enteropathogenic pathotype (EPEC o EAEC). The profiles of phenotypic and genotypic resistance to antibiotics show high percentages of resistance to antibiotics of clinical interest, such as ampicillin, cefoxitin, cephalothin, amoxicillin y clavulanic acid, and chloramphenicol, suggesting that prepared foods sold on the street could represent a potential route of dissemination of resistant in the food chain. The profiles of multi-resistance and emerging resistance to antibiotics were identified, highlighting the presence of beta-lactam resistance genes blaTEM and carbapenemase resistance gene blaCMY. Considering their epidemiological importance is required further investigation using whole-genome sequencing techniques.Item Evaluación de la resistencia antimicrobiana de Enterobacterias aisladas a partir de vegetales de la ciudad de Riobamba(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Maestría en Ciencia de los Alimentos, 2022-05) Barragán Fonseca, Gabriela Cecilia; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoThe monitoring of hygienic conditions throughout the food production chain aims to prevent the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. The safety of raw vegetables and fruits is being affected by the presence of Enterobacteriaceae that possess complex mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and virulence. In Riobamba (Ecuador) it was found that a high percentage of the vegetables shipped in the city's markets harbor Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp., bacteria that show a considerable amount of multi-resistance patterns to different antibiotics. The antibiotic resistance by phenotypic evaluation detected high rates of resistance to the clinically-important beta-lacta antibiotic ampicillin and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. The molecular detection of antibiotic resistance genes detected de presence of beta-lactamases blaCTX-M and blaTEM, as well as carbapenemases blaCMY and blaSHV, that were considered emerging resistance mechanisms. On the other hand, the evaluation of virulence genes of diarrheagenic E. coli revealed the presence of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and enteroadherent E. coli (EAEC) pathotypes in some isolates. Although its finding is not numerous, the presence of this pathotypes is of concern due to the great frequency with which the EHEC variant appears in reports of foodborne diseases. Considering this result, the vegetables marketed in the city of Riobamba may constitute a potential route of dissemination of pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance through food chain.Item Caracterización de proteínas de flores de geranio (Geranium) y evaluación de su potencial como fuente de péptidos con capacidad antiinflamatoria durante la simulación de la digestión gastrointestinal in vitro(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Maestría en Ciencia de los Alimentos, 2022-04) Tapia Sánchez, Edwin Santiago; Vilcacundo Chamorro, Rubén DaríoIn the present investigation, the characterization of the proteins of geranium flowers (Geranium) and evaluation of their potential as a source of peptides with anti-inflammatory capacity during the simulation of gastrointestinal digestion in vitro have been carried out. The conditions of the protein concentrate extraction process were established, which reached a yield percentage of 9.40 and a protein content of 18 percent, by solubilizing the proteins at pH 8.0 and subsequent precipitation at pH 3.0. In said concentrate, the characterization was carried out using the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis technique, evidencing the presence of seven proteins with molecular weights between 5.56 and 57.64 kDa, in addition, it was possible to identify protein fractions such as 7S Globulins, 11S Globulins and 2S Albumins. The digestibility of geranium flower proteins was evaluated after simulating the gastrointestinal digestion process in vitro. During the gastric phase, the proteins were partially hydrolyzed by pepsin, while in the duodenal phase they were completely degraded by the action of pancreatin. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the potential method of membrane stability, showing that the protein concentrate, and the peptides released during the gastric hydrolysis stage are responsible for said activity, with a protection of 38.01 and 31.77 percent, respectively. The duodenal digest did not present anti-inflammatory capacity. In this way, the protein extract of geranium flowers could be considered as a source of bioactive compounds that can be used in the production of functional food products and nutraceuticals.Item Extracción y microencapsulación de licopeno extraído a partir de residuos de tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum) y su formulación en cápsulas duras(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Maestría en Ciencia de los Alimentos, 2022-05) Pazmiño Miranda, Nelly del Pilar; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoMicroencapsulated lycopene was obtained industrially, which was extracted from tree tomato residues, the extraction was carried out in 96 percent ethanol, at 55 degrees Celsius for 60 minutes. Subsequently the spray drying method was used to prepare the microencapsulation by mixing gum arabic and maltodextrin. As a result, were obtaining, a concentration of lycopene for each kilogram of plant material of 43.78 mg for batch 1; 45.20 mg for batch 2 and 43.22 mg for batch 3. Regarding the microencapsulation efficiency, respectively for each lot, 93.61, 90.44 and 96.78 percent, were reached. In addition, of microencapsulated lycopene, a formulation design was carried out in hard gelatin capsules format zero, finding better results with 8 mg of aerosil, 20 mg of sodium starch glycolate, 22 mg of microcrystalline cellulose and 350 mg of microencapsulated for an average weight, per capsule, of 412.92 mg and a disintegration time of 9.09 minutes.