Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología

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    Optimización del proceso de secado del chicharrón obtenido de los residuos de carnaza de una curtiembre de Ambato para la elaboración de harina para consumo animal
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Nata Pachucho, Edgar Renan; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    The tanning industry in Ecuador is thriving due to the high demand for leather to manufacture clothing and footwear. However, it is also recognized for its negative impact on the environment. The tannery in Ambato produces around 4 tons of solid waste daily. Therefore, this research aims to implement a process to valorize the fleshing, a by-product of the tanning process, to produce protein flour for animal feed. This process includes several steps such as chopping, cooking, drying, grinding, and sieving. The main objectives of this work were: to characterize the fleshing in terms of moisture, fats, proteins, and nutrients, to cook the fleshing by controlling time, temperature, and pressure, and to optimize the drying process to obtain flour suitable for animal feed. It was determined that the optimum drying temperature is 60 degrees Celsius for 625 minutes, resulting in a yield of 36.66 percent of dried pork rind with a moisture content of 7.91 percent. The fleshing flour is rich in protein (56.60 percent) and fat (41.67 percent), making it a valuable ingredient for animal feed because a high-protein food contributes to growth. Additionally, it meets most of the requirements set by the INEN 1829.
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    Producción de una base proteica para consumo animal a partir de residuos sólidos de carnaza provenientes de la industria de curtiembre en la ciudad de Ambato
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Guashco Camino, Jessenia Estefania; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    A good waste management in the industrial field reduces environmental impact. At present, solid waste from tanneries generates a great deal of contamination; the raw material has a high content of protein, fat and essential nutrients for animal feed, which can be transformed if a good use is sought. The objective of this work is to produce a protein base for animal consumption from solid residues generated in the fleshing stage, coming from a tannery industry in the city of Ambato. The largest amount of pork rinds was obtained in a cooking time of 60 minutes with a particle size of 6 centimeters and the drying of pork rinds at a temperature of 90 degrees Celsius for 462 minutes. The protein base composition was analyzed by physicochemical and microbiological analysis, presenting 8 percent moisture, 0.86 percent ash, 66.52 percent protein, 37.64 percent fat, 6.30 in pH, 18.59 milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram in saponification index, 0.38 milliequivalents of active oxygen per kilogram in peroxide index, 87.3 milligrams per gram of calcium and 0.47 percent in phosphorus. In addition, it is free of Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceae, which indicates that the protein base meets the requirements established by the Ecuadorian technical standard INEN 1829:2014 and can be established as the basis of a product in animal feed.
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    Optimización del proceso de troceado de carnaza residual de una curtiembre en la ciudad de Ambato para la elaborar una harina para consumo animal
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Alvarez Blacio, Anthony Andrés; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    Tanneries generate tons of solid and liquid waste during the production of leather, which causes environmental and health problems, in addition to being a waste of money for the companies to dispose of. The solid waste that is normally sent to the landfill consists of massive quantities of meat, skin, and fat, especially the fleshing from the deboning process, which makes it a perfect raw material to produce flour or protein bases. The following work is intended to optimize the process of cutting the meat obtained from tanneries in the city of Ambato, to produce greaves, which will serve as the basis for obtaining some flour for animal consumption. To obtain the greaves, 4 kilograms of meat was cooked at 60 degrees Celsius with contrasting times and sizes of pieces, using at the end pieces of 3x3 centimeters and 90 minutes, which were dried at 90 degrees Celsius for 10 hours in an oven to eliminate most of the humidity. The flour resulting from the grinding and sieving of the crackling was analyzed by physicochemical analysis obtaining data on moisture, ash, protein, pH, acidity index, and saponification index within the parameters of the INEN 1829:2014 standard, on the other hand, the percentage of fat is higher than allowed; therefore, it is possible to use this flour as a protein base, and further, improve it by mixing it with other products to obtain a more nutritious balanced.
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    Extracción de gelatina mediante ácido acético utilizando como materia prima desechos de curtiembres
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería en Alimentos, 2021-01) Casa Quinapallo, Liliana Mishell; Cabrera Valle, Daniel Alfonso
    The research work is presented as an alternative to extract gelatin using as a base waste from tanneries, companies dedicated to the transformation of leather to leather. The waste generated (glues, scraps, and meat) in these industries represents large quantities, reaching values of glues 28,800 units to the month, meat 150 720 kg to the month and scrap 8,321 kg to the month. Currently, these wastes are taken to the sanitary landfill through an environmental manager. Useful experimental techniques were used to obtain a higher yield and a lower environmental impact. The protein analysis was carried out for each sample, obtaining 30.4 percent; the percentage in tails, the 22.6 percent; the percentage in remnant and bait with 9.42 percent the percentage; high values due to the composition of the waste itself. The behavior of these by-products was observed with different concentrations of acetic acid (0.5-1 mole per liter), for a period of 24 hours. 18 treatments are presented, the most optimal for tails T16 (1 mole per liter acid concentration), T12 remnant (0.8 mole per liter acid concentration) and T8 bait (0.7 mole per liter acid concentration), at these concentrations the pH values after the second neutralization are in the range of the control taken, a higher acid concentration is required for the tails due to the presence of different types of collagens in the sample.
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    Caracterización del proceso fermentativo de Aspergillus niger P.E.L. Van Tiegghem utilizando como sustrato cáscara de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) para el enriquecimiento proteico
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Fonseca Balseca, Lilibeth Berenize; Fernández Rivero, Danae
    Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) is one of the most frequent tubers in Ecuadorian’s basic food basket; it has a high demand in the market and its main use is in the food industry, however, the accumulation of its waste has become a problem, even though, biotechnological advances allow using this type of waste and generate other improvements through fermentation processes giving changes in its final composition. It has been shown that some fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, which are able to modify their metabolic pathway and increase in their final percentage of macronutrients The objective of this study was to characterize the fermentation process of Aspergillus niger using potato’s peel (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a substrate to the protein increase in the medium. In the initial phase, the fermentation time (5-8 days), the agitation speed (0-60 rpm) and the inoculum concentration (5000 and 50,000 conidia for gram of medium) were evaluated through a factorial design (23), these factors were important for the fermentation process; subsequently, fermentation was optimized and kinetic parameters were determined. Optimization resulted in a protein concentration of 16.3092 mg for ml and a biomass concentration of 0.9422 g for ml. Finally, the kinetic parameters of the microorganism in the optimized medium were determined obtaining a specific growth rate 𝑢= 0.005708 ℎ-1, a doubling time T = 121.42 ℎ and a yield 𝑌𝑥/𝑠 = 0.5074 g of biomass for mg of substrate consumed. The results obtained confirmed that there was an increase in the final protein level of the medium.
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    Obtención de un extracto rico en carotenoides con capacidad antioxidante a escala de banco a partir de residuos agroindustriales del tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Urbina Calero, Walter Ramiro; Fernández Rivero, Danae
    The research project had to objective obtain an extract rich in carotenoids up to a scale of a bench, from the agroindustrial waste of the tree tomato (Solanum betaceum). The extraction of the carotenoids was conducted the dry vegetable residue and as solvent ethanol with a residue waste/solvent of 1/70, 50 Celsius degrees and 30 minutes on laboratory scales (0.5 L) and bench (3 and 5 L). The chemical physical characterization of the extract was performed, determining the humidity percentage equal to 99,90 percent, pH of 5,69, refractive index of 1,36, kinematic viscosity of 2,09 cSt.s-1, lycopenes concentration of 0.51 mg.L-1 and yield extraction of 34.34 mg.kg-1. In the microencapsulation the higher scale extract (5 L) was used, concentrating the sample until get 13.45 percent solids, determining the percentage yield in the microencapsulation process equal to 79.02 percent and the percentage of efficiency of microencapsulation of 99.39 percent, also an infrared spectroscopy analysis that corroborated these results considered to be favorable for higher scaling of the process. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH radical method by doing a Trolox calibration curve, obtaining 50.80 percent DPPH inhibition in the extract without concentrating, increasing by 200 percent in the concentrated extract. In the microencapsulated extract was obtained an 21.72 percent inhibition of DPPH equivalent to 142.72 µmol.L-1 with a decrease in antioxidant activity of 34.27 percent compared to the concentrated extract doing a dilution of 1/200.
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    Obtención de un medio enriquecido en proteínas a partir de residuos de papa (Solanum tuberosum) por fermentación microbiana
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-08) Apunte Benalcázar, Denise Ivone; Fernández Rivero, Danae
    In the present work of investigation to obtain a half enriched in proteins by microbial fermentation, the physicochemical characterization of the domestic residues of potato was carried out (Solanum tuberosum), for this it was determined: pH, percentage of humidity, percentage of starch and concentration of protein in the superchola, chola and única varieties. By means of a completely random design it was possible to verify that there was no significant difference between the three potato varieties in terms of the percentage of starch. It was characterized macroscopically and microscopically to Aspergillus niger, microorganism isolated by students of the Faculty of Science and Engineering in Food and Biotechnology from organic substrates of lemon, to later use it in the microbial fermentation with the domestic waste characterized. In the research 4 media were formulated, by means of a Factorial design 22 the influence of the humidity factors (61 percent and 93 percent) and composition of the medium (without salts and salts) on the variable responses was determined: concentration of proteins and concentration of biomass, obtaining optimum values of 15,91 mg for every ml and 0,79 g for every ml respectively, in the medium formulated without salts and with a humidity of 61 percent. The kinetic parameters of the microorganism in the optimized medium were determined, obtaining as a result a specific growth speed u=0,016 h^(-1), a doubling time t_d=43,08 h and a yield Y_(x/s)=4,49 g of biomass/mg of substrate consumed.
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    Cuantificación de metales pesados de muestras de lixiviado provenientes de residuos sólidos urbanos del relleno sanitario del cantón Baños de Agua Santa
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-06) Guevara Naranjo, Grace Valeria; Alvarez Calvache, Fernando Cayetano
    In Baños de Agua Santa the solid waste management had an open-air dump in which there was no recycling, a serious environmental contamination, that is why by the end of 2017 the municipality sought alternatives that significantly improved the fate of garbage, going from having a dump without a technical management of waste and in the open, to a landfill with emerging cells, leachate management and technical closure; since then, no physical-chemical analysis was carried out to verify its operation. Therefore, the present work of Titulación carried out some analyzes to determine its operation. The heavy metals were quantified from leachate samples; in which 3 samples were collected with 1 replicate each, for three months, one day per month each, giving a total of 18 intakes, the intakes were made in well 1 settler, well 2 inlet to artificial wetland and well 3 final discharge that would be after the leachate treatment and before being discharged into the creek adjacent to the sanitary landfill. Physical chemical analyzes were performed such as pH, conductivity, COD, BOD_5, temperature, total solids, zinc, copper, arsenic and mercury determination. Verify the results obtained comply with the maximum permissible range established by the Environmental Quality standard for discharge of effluent to the water resource.
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    Desarrollo de instructivos de Seguridad e Higiene Industrial a partir del análisis aerobiológico del relleno sanitario de la Empresa Pública Municipal Gestión Integral de Desechos Sólidos del cantón Salcedo
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-05) Vásconez Hurtado, Ingrid Nicole; Córdova Suárez, Manolo Alexander
    The aerobiological study was made in the Sanitary Landfill of Salcedo’s city, which process consisted of taking the air with sterile syringes of 20 cm3 and injecting it into 10 ml of Brain-heart infusion medium to incubate the microorganisms at 37°C. The objective was study the proliferation of microorganisms within the human organism, this study was carried out in the solid waste disposal area and the hospital waste area, where the presence of pathogenic microorganisms which may be responsible for infections in the worker was evaluated. To determine the biological risk was taken as reference the Royal Decree 664/1997 which establishes the microorganism’s classification according to their infectious capacity. In this research was found a couple of dangerous bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, which belong to the third group of this classification, indicating that these microorganisms are capable to produce serious pathologies and are therefore a serious risk to the worker's health and a possibility of spreading into the community. Due to the present risk in the evaluated area, a biosecurity instructive and an instructive about the use of PPE (personal protection equipment) and occupational hygiene were made, which mitigate the risk due to exposure to Salcedo Municipal GAD workers.
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    Desarrollo de instructivos de Seguridad e Higiene Industrial a partir del análisis aerobiológico del relleno sanitario de la Empresa Pública Municipal Gestión Integral de Desechos Sólidos del cantón Salcedo
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-05) Solís Sánchez, Diego Alexis; Córdova Suárez, Manolo Alexander
    The aerobiological study was made in the Sanitary Landfill of Salcedo’s city, which process consisted of taking the air with sterile syringes of 20 cm3 and injecting it into 10 ml of Brain-heart infusion medium to incubate the microorganisms at 37°C. The objective was study the proliferation of microorganisms within the human organism, this study was carried out in the solid waste disposal area and the hospital waste area, where the presence of pathogenic microorganisms which may be responsible for infections in the worker was evaluated. To determine the biological risk was taken as reference the Royal Decree 664/1997 which establishes the microorganism’s classification according to their infectious capacity. In this research was found a couple of dangerous bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, which belong to the third group of this classification, indicating that these microorganisms are capable to produce serious pathologies and are therefore a serious risk to the worker's health and a possibility of spreading into the community. Due to the present risk in the evaluated area, a biosecurity instructive and an instructive about the use of PPE (personal protection equipment) and occupational hygiene were made, which mitigate the risk due to exposure to Salcedo Municipal GAD workers.