Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología
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Item Evaluación de la actividad antifúngica de los aceites esenciales microencapsulados de Salvia rosmarinus (romero) y Mentha piperita (menta negra) frente a Cladosporium fulvum Cooke(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2025-02) Chérrez Carriel, Allison Anabel; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoRosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) is an aromatic plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine. As an essential oil, it provides various functions, the most notable being its antifungal activity due to its chemical composition of cineole and borneol. On the other hand, Peppermint (Mentha piperita) is an aromatic plant known for its intense flavor and minty aroma. Its essential oil contains potent antifungal properties, largely attributed to menthol, which can disrupt fungal cell membranes or completely inhibit fungal growth. This study focused on evaluating the antifungal activity of microencapsulated essential oils of rosemary and black peppermint against Cladosporium fulvum Cooke. The oils were encapsulated using the spray-drying microencapsulation method, employing a mixture of maltodextrin and gum arabic as microencapsulating polymers. In vitro tests were conducted with different concentrations of the treatments under study and compared with a control group. Results showed that black peppermint essential oil was the most effective in controlling the phytopathogenic fungus, achieving a 66.8 percent inhibitory effect on mycelial growth. These findings suggest that the microencapsulation technique for essential oils holds great potential as a natural fungicide to control the phytopathogen C. fulvum Cooke in crops, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution.Item Evaluación de la actividad antifúngica de los aceites esenciales microencapsulados de eucalipto (Eucaliptus globulus) y eneldo (Anethum graveolens) frente a Cladosporium fulvum Cooke(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2025-02) Aldás Castro, Kevin Steve; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoThe tomato riñon (Lycopersicon esculentum) is a key vegetable in Ecuador, with a production of 55,550 metric tons, with the highlands being the main producing region. However, the excessive use of pesticides has led to resistance in pests and diseases, such as tomato leaf mold (Cladosporium fulvum), a destructive disease affecting the crop. Essential oils of eucalyptus and dill are used because they contain antimicrobial and antifungal properties, serving as an ecological alternative, though their effectiveness depends on various factors. Additionally, the microencapsulation of oils, using spray-drying techniques with a polymer blend of maltodextrin and gum arabic, helps improve their stability and controlled release. This can be automated in agriculture, reducing environmental contamination and improving the preservation of their bioactive properties. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and dill (Anethum graveolens) oils contain active compounds such as cineole and anethole, known for their potency in controlling pests and diseases, making them a sustainable option for agriculture. The qualitative efficiency of the microencapsulation process was evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, the dilution method in agar and microdilutions confirmed the in vitro effectiveness of the oils at concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 percent. The results showed that microencapsulated essential oils of eucalyptus and dill at concentrations of 30 percent or higher provide effective inhibition against the fungus Cladosporium fulvum Cooke.Item Evaluación de la capacidad antagónica de Bacillus subtilis AC01 microencapsulado frente a Cladosporium fulvum CC-FCAGP-Cf-Epi10 y Botrytis cinerea CC-FCAGP-Bc-MG001 hongos fitopatógenos del tomate riñón (Solanum lycopersicum)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Caiza Coque, Alex Jhoel; De la Torre Olvera, Helena MaritzaKidney tomato is a vegetable of great nutritional and commercial value in Ecuador, but its cultivation is affected by phytopathogenic fungi such as B. cinerea and C. fulvum, which cause diseases, reducing the production and quality of the product, negatively affecting the economy of farmers. One way of control is the application of synthetic chemicals, raising costs and environmental pollution. For this, the use of biocontrol microorganisms emerges as an ecological and sustainable alternative. In this study, viable cells of B. subtilis AC01 were cultured and microencapsulated by spray drying, using maltodextrin and gum arabic as encapsulating agents, obtaining an efficiency of 82.5 percent and 90.53 percent. The Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique confirmed the correct packaging of the cells. Through in vitro tests, a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 10 mg per mL and a Minimum Fungicide Concentration (MFC) of 50 mg per mL were determined for the fungus C. fulvum CC-FCAGP-Cf-Epi10. These results show that microencapsulated B. subtilis AC01 can significantly reduce the incidence of diseases, offering effective biological control. In conclusion, microencapsulated B. subtilis AC01 has great potential as a sustainable alternative for the control of phytopathogens in kidney tomato crops, allowing to reduce the dependence on synthetic chemicals, decreasing production costs and the environmental impact in Ecuador.Item Evaluación del efecto antifúngico del microencapsulado de aceite esencial extraído de Schinnus molle sobre hongos fitopatógenos de interés agrícola(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Montachana Ibarvo, Josafat Alexander; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoThe molle is a tree of Andean origin that throughout history has been used for medicinal, culinary, textile purposes, among others, also demonstrating strong biological activity in the agricultural area for the control of pests in insects, bacteria, and fungi since it has antimicrobial properties. This is why its essential oil may be important for the development of a fungicide of biological and plant origin, which serves to control several agricultural diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. In the present research project, the essential oil of molle was extracted by the steam drag method, obtaining a yield of 2.8 percent, in addition to the conservation of the essential oil, the microencapsulation method by spray drying was used using of a mixture of polymers with maltodextrin and gum arabic as microencapsulating agents, in which the microencapsulation performance was qualitatively verified by means of Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, with the Kirby Bauer method, it was verified in vitro that with a concentration of 100 milligrams per milliliters of microencapsulated molle essential oil there is sensitivity to Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium spp and Fusarium spp.Item Evaluación de la capacidad antagónica de Metarhizium anisopliae microencapsulada frente a Phyllophaga spp(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Carrera Núñez, Wendy Tatiana; Pérez Salinas, Ruth NarcisaThe Castilla blackberry is a fruit with high nutritional and commercial value in Ecuador, but it is affected by insect pests such as Phyllophaga spp, it feeds on roots and allows the entry of pathogenic microorganisms such as Fusarium, Phytophthora and Rhizoctonia, generating rot in the roots. and plant death. The control of this pest has been demonstrated with the use of entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae, however, its effectiveness in the field is affected by abiotic factors, found in microencapsulation a technique that allows this fungus to be protected and enhanced. The research allowed the growth and sporulation of conidia of M. anisopliae in vitro in Petri dishes, microencapsulation was by spray drying with maltodextrin and gum arabic and ionic gelation with sodium alginate and calcium chloride. 9 treatments were applied with the encapsulates, the larvae were placed in a humidity chamber and infected with 1 milligram per larva to be evaluated over a period of 7 days. 270 larvae of the genus Phyllophaga spp were found, for its control the best treatment was ionic gelation with a concentration of 1 by ten to 9, with the highest number of infected larvae on the fourth day and a severity of 52.38 percent and the least effective treatment corresponded to spray drying with a concentration of 1 to 10 to 5 on the fourth day and presented an infection severity of 34.28 percent.Item Evaluación de la capacidad antagónica de Trichoderma harzianum microencapsulada frente a Botrytis cinerea(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Guevara Freire, Jennifer Michelle; Pérez Salinas, Ruth NarcisaThe blackberry crop has a high economic importance due to its medicinal and agroindustrial properties, its production faces problems caused by phytopathogens that cause significant economic losses, among which Botrytis cinerea stands out as the cause of gray rot disease. The control of this fungus has been demonstrated by organisms such as Trichoderma harzianum, however, the elaboration of products based on this biocontroller is unstable or inefficient, being microencapsulation an excellent alternative. For research purposes, conidia of T. harzianum were obtained by solid fermentation and these were microencapsulated by spray drying technique from maltodextrin and gum arabic, ionic gelation was performed by using sodium alginate. Two types of microencapsulation were used, as well as three incubation times, obtaining as a result that the ionic gelation treatment at three days of incubation was the best with a percentage of radial growth inhibition of 97.087 percent followed by ionic gelation at 2 days with a percentage of 94.174 percent, while the spray-drying treatment at 3 days was 85.435 percent. In the present research project, microencapsulation of T. harzianum conidia was carried out, evaluating its influence on the radial growth percentage of B. cinerea.Item Bioprospección de bacteriófagos líticos de Salmonella enterica multirresistente de origen avícola de la provincia de Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Topa Pila, Paulina Liseth; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoThe use of bacteriophages has emerged as a promising alternative to address the antimicrobial resistance crisis, driven by the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the poultry industry. This study isolated lytic bacteriophages specific to multi-resistant S. enterica of poultry origin in Tungurahua province from contaminated water sources and evaluated them based on their lytic profiles and low-temperature stability. Under the Microbiology and Biotechnology research line, the isolation and purification of bacteriophages was carried out using two strains of S. enterica serovar Infantis, by the double-layer agar method. Lytic profiles were evaluated by the gout test. The stability of the bacteriophages was tested through the reduction of the phage titre, at refrigeration and freezing temperatures, with pH 5.5 and 7.2. We isolated a total of 27 bacteriophages. Evaluation against 38 Salmonella isolates from poultry and five different S. enterica serovars revealed seven bacteriophages with a broad host range. Stability tests of bacteriophages F6, F7M1, and F4M1B, showed that temperature and pH significantly influenced phage titer reduction and bacterial lysis, underscoring the importance of understanding bacteriophages stability conditions for successful application. The results highlight the potential use of these lytic bacteriophages in designing biocontrol products for the poultry industry.Item Bioprospección de bacteriófagos líticos de Salmonella enterica multirresistente de origen avícola de la provincia de Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Morales Cunalata, Katheryne Yolanda; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoThe use of bacteriophages has emerged as a promising alternative to address the antimicrobial resistance crisis, driven by the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the poultry industry. This study isolated lytic bacteriophages specific to multi-resistant S. enterica of poultry origin in Tungurahua province from contaminated water sources and evaluated them based on their lytic profiles and low-temperature stability. Under the Microbiology and Biotechnology research line, the isolation and purification of bacteriophages was carried out using two strains of S. enterica serovar Infantis, by the double-layer agar method. Lytic profiles were evaluated by the gout test. The stability of the bacteriophages was tested through the reduction of the phage titre, at refrigeration and freezing temperatures, with pH 5.5 and 7.2. We isolated a total of 27 bacteriophages. Evaluation against 38 Salmonella isolates from poultry and five different S. enterica serovars revealed seven bacteriophages with a broad host range. Stability tests of bacteriophages F6, F7M1, and F4M1B, showed that temperature and pH significantly influenced phage titer reduction and bacterial lysis, underscoring the importance of understanding bacteriophages stability conditions for successful application. The results highlight the potential use of these lytic bacteriophages in designing biocontrol products for the poultry industry.Item Aislamiento y caracterización de hongos entomopatógenos presentes en el suelo de las diferentes zonas agrícolas de la Provincia de Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2021-09) Ortiz Villacís, José Alejandro; García Solís, Mario DanielThe research was developed in the in vitro culture laboratory of the BIOSEBORGANICS CIA Company. LTDA., In the period November 2020 - May 2021. 23 soil samples were collected from different agricultural sectors of the Province of Tungurahua: Pelileo (6), Santa Rosa (4), Unamuncho (6) and Quisapincha (7). Galleria mellonella larvae were used as a bait trap to detect, isolate and purify entomopathogenic fungi, obtaining 200 larvae to evaluate per generation. Based on the macroscopic and microscopic characterization, the percentage of 56.52 samples gave positive results regarding the presence of fungi. Metarhizium sp. It was detected in 10 strains (percentage of 45.45) presenting cottony characteristics of olive green color in the center, irregular mycelium and a greenish-yellow coloration on the reverse; Candelabrum-shaped branched conidiophores with two or three branches each, slightly ellipsoidal cylindrical conidia, forming long chains, some attached laterally. Beauveria sp. in 7 strains (percentage 31.82) with a white cottony texture, irregular mycelium and a yellow coloration on the reverse; conidiogenic cells typical of the species and sub globose-ellipsoidal conidia and Paecilomyces sp. in 5 strains (percentage equal to 22.73) of cottony initial texture of grayish brown color, irregular mycelium and cream color on the back; It presented branched conidiophores with up to six phialides and ovoid conidia. These entomopathogenic fungi found in the different agricultural areas of Tungurahua open the field for the control of pests that affect the crops of the region through Biotechnology.Item Evaluación y selección de cepas de Trichoderma sp. para control biológico de Fusarium sp. en maracuyá (Passiflora edulis, variedad. flavicarpa), en condiciones in vitro(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2012) Martínez Bolaños, Ana María; Ramos Guevara, Juan EnriqueEn el presente Trabajo de Investigación en la modalidad Trabajo Estructurado de Manera Independiente (TEMI), ha sido realizado en el Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Estación Experimental Sto. Domingo – Área de Protección Vegetal - Laboratorio de Control Biológico. Se aisló 8 cepas de Fusarium sp. de muestras vegetales de plantaciones de maracuyá que presentaron problemas fitosanitarios relacionados con la marchitez vascular ó secadera,en el cantón La Concordia, en las parroquias Valle Hermoso, y Viche, de los mismos lugares de muestreo se tomaron muestras vegetales y de suelo para aislar cepas nativas de Trichoderma sp., con el fin de ser fitopatógeno Fusarium sp.Mediante utilizadas como posibles controladores biológicos del pruebas de patogenicidad con Fusarium sp. en dos variedades de plantas de maracuyá (INIAP – 2009 y Local) , se evaluó escalas de severidad externa e interna de la enfermedad lo cual permito identificar que la cepa FL – 2, es el agente causal de la marchitez vascular ó secadera, en el laboratorio de Control Biológico, mediante características macro, microscópicas y morfológicas se identificó la que a especie a la que pertenece la cepa FL –2, es Fusarium solani. Se evaluó la capacidad antagónica de las cepas nativas de Trichoderma sp. mediante técnicas de cultivos duales donde se obtuvo como resultado que la velocidad de crecimiento de Trichoderma sp., no se vio afectado por la presencia del fitopatógeno Fusarium solani, pero el patógeno disminuyó su velocidad de crecimiento en presencia de los hongos TSM – 2, TI – 1 y TI- 2, en la evaluación de PICR se obtuvo que en los cultivos duales el hongo Trichoderma sp. Produjo menor PICR del fitopatógeno Fusarium sp., es el hongo TSA – 1, y en las evaluaciones de clase de antagonismos a la que pertenece Trichoderma sp., todos los tratamientos obtuvieron los mismos resultados llegaron al punto de enfrentamiento con calificación 2, no existió el recubrimiento total del antagónico en la caja Petri con Fusarium solani.