Maestría en Física Aplicada

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Simulación de un colector solar térmico de tubos de vacío
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Física Aplicada, 2022) Sánchez Salcán, Narcisa de Jesús; Reinoso Astudillo, Cristina Isabel
Solar energy is the most abundant, inexhaustible and clean of all renewable energy resources to date, it allows to reduce both the consumption of fossil fuels and the emission of harmful pollutants introduced into the atmosphere. Solar technologies are currently part of the global energy strategy, by virtue of which they do not present environmental or health risks. The present research allows to determine the optimal positioning of the vacuum tube solar collector located at the Escuela Politécnica Superior de Chimborazo for obtaining useful thermal energy. The type of research is correlational with a quantitative approach and an experimental design. Studies that include experimental and simulation models are reviewed, which helps to compare previous approaches with the current treatment of the problem. The mathematical model simulation was performed in the statistical software Rstudio, with three temperatures initials (T 1, T2, T3) and with different angles of tilt starting at 10ºC to 60 ºC and with 4 angles orientation (0 ◦, 30◦, 60◦and 90). It is concluded that the water temperature in the solar collector system is inversely related to the angle of inclination, since when increasing said angle from 10º to 60º it was observed that the water temperature decreases, therefore if you want to maximize the water temperature it should be placed with an angle of inclination of 10º and 0º orientation
Simulación de la transmisión de ondas sonoras sobre materiales de construcción existentes y su comportamiento como inhibidores acústicos
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Física Aplicada, 2022) Bastidas Alarcón, Fabián Eduardo; Guilcapi Mosquer, Jaime Rodrigo
This master's thesis allows determining the behavior as an acoustic inhibitor of standar bricks and hollow concrete blocks, with a theoretical foundation related to transmission losses in the propagation of sound and properties of these materials, using NTE INEN standards for the execution of the tests in the experimental part and for the calculation of the different parameters that will later be used in the simulations. For the execution of the simulations, the COMSOL Multiphysics software is used, with the poroacoustic domain function that uses the Johnson-Champoux-Allard mathematical model, which allows characterizing the acoustic properties of the materials analyzed in terms of the angle of incidence of the wave. from 0° to 45° and the frequency. For the validation of the model, the simulated acoustic absorption coefficient and surface impedance values are considered with the analytical results. With this study it is concluded that since the bricks are rigid elements used in the construction of the masonry, they behave better acoustically than the blocks, this is evidenced by the values of the acoustic absorption coefficient obtained in the simulations and the experimental design.
Modelo paramétrico que representa la generación de gomas en un inyector de motor de cuatro tiempos alimentado por gasolina extra y eco país
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Física Aplicada, 2022) Delgado Rodríguez, Sivananda Salmanazar; Hidalgo Díaz, Víctor Hugo
This research work quantifies the formation of gums in the injector of a gasoline engine. The model, based on the chemical kinetics’ laws, needs pressure curves, temperature, injector temperature, nitrogen oxide concentration, nitrogen monoxide concentration and fuel leakage, with reference to the rotation angle of the crankshaft for an engine cycle, obtained through the engine simulation using Ansys program and the values estimated by literature review. Chemical kinetics is implemented by using a Python code. The analysis is applied with an experimental design of 2^2 , in which the fuel (Extra and Ecopaís) and the injector temperature (T=150 𝑜 𝐶 y T=190 𝑜 𝐶) are varied. The results revealed that the formation of gums is 0.105 [𝜇𝑀/ciclo] for (Extra y T=150 𝑜𝐶), 0.096 [𝜇𝑀/ciclo] for (Ecopaís y T=150 𝑜𝐶), 0.04 [𝜇𝑀/ciclo] for (Extra y T=190 𝑜𝐶), and 0.038 [𝜇𝑀/ciclo] for (Ecopaís y T=190 𝑜𝐶). Formation of gums is greater for Extra fuel than for Ecopaís one, regardless of the temperature of the injector. The variance analysis, the F-statistic=308 higher than the F Critical=161, allows to conclude that temperature is the influential factor in the formation of gums and, their formation is inversely proportional to the injector temperature, without being affected by the type of fuel.
Análisis del ruido natural y antropogénico del Parque Nacional Yasuní usando técnicas avanzadas de machine learning
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Física Aplicada, 2022) Velasco Castelo, Geoconda Marisela; Vásconez Vega, Christian Leonardo
This paper addresses aspects of industrial noise produced by oil extraction facilities in the Yasun´ı National Park, located in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The acoustic sources within this type of installation influence the behaviour of wildlife, which has a negative impact on the species. The radial propagation model of acoustic wave propagation in an open field is posed through atenuation by geometric divergence, atmospheric absorption effect and scattering effects due to and ground scattering effects. The initial model without obstacles performs predictions based on an algorithm by taking an input data set and obtaining output data by developing a Machine Learning technique such as linear interpolation. And by means of an expansion of the model allows the influence of obstacles to be appreciated. The field measurements made by the research team give us information on atmospheric pressure provide us with information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative humidity and average sound frequency, at different distances from the sources. These data have allowed us to use the ISO 9613-1 Standard for the calculation of the absorption coefficient due to the effect of atmospheric absorption, as well as, the Nord2000 model to take into account the local flora that introduces reflection and scattering phenomena. In addition, the ground effect will include the presence of low vegetation. The results obtained will have a scientific, environmental and scientific, environmental and social impact, due to the effects of noise caused by the oil industry. Then, the results could serve as a basis for decision making in the field of environmental regulation, as well as social, with reference to indigenous communities living near oil installations.
Evaluación con red neuronal del proceso de corte láser por CO 2 en materiales compuestos de fibra de cabuya
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Física Aplicada, 2022) Almache Barahona, Verónica Carolina; Pérez Salinas, Cristian Fabián
The application of Machine Learning today has allowed the development of learning models to solve problems in different fields of industry. This research work focused on relating neural networks (ANN) with the manufacture of composite materials (polyester matrix + fiber cabuya) and CO2 laser cutting machining. The objective is to develop a neural network to evaluate the application of machine learning to predict the surface finish characteristic of the material under study. The established cutting parameters were laser power and cutting speed. The surface finish characteristic to be evaluated was the surface roughness of the cut composite material. The sheet of the constructed composite material was subjected to CO2 laser cutting, which generated a set of 84 specimens. Experimental data was generated by measuring surface roughness through laboratory tests. The programming of the neural network was done with the Scikit-learn package. This is one of the most widely used open source libraries for machine learning available in Python. The results achieved by the prediction of the network based on the experimental data are related to the values predicted by the neural network model (ANN) and the performance of the network was evaluated using statistical metrics. The statistical results obtained were 0.946, 0.139 and 0.301 corresponding to the coefficient of determination (R2), the mean square error (MSE), and the mean absolute error (MAE) respectively. Therefore, it could be concluded that the performance of the developed neural network has a high validity and ability to predict surface roughness.
Modelo paramétrico de fluidos para gases de combustión de un motor a gasolina extra
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Física Aplicada, 2022) Gavilanes Sani, Jorge Anibal; Hidalgo Díaz, Víctor Hugo
The present investigation is focused on the simulation of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) of the combustion gases in an extra gasoline engine using the Ansys software. As a first step, the selection of the input parameters was carried out in order to investigate if they have any influence on the production of combustion gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and unburned hydrocarbons (HNC). Once both the input and output parameters were selected, the levels of each input parameter were established in order to create treatments based on the experimental design (DOE) and building a 3 factorial design with a total of 9 treatments without repetition to proceed. The next step was to use the geometry of the combustion chamber that the software itself provides, build the areas of interest using the Design modeler software, perform the mesh considering meshes in more detail in areas of interest such as the spray and the ignition point using Meshing Autodine software. In the third step, the Navier Stokes equations were solved using the 𝑘 - 𝜀 (RNG) Re-Normalisation Group turbulence model in conjunction with the fuel injection chemistry and the fuel injection model. The last step consists of setting the simulation environment when selecting the ignition model for modeling the turbulence of the flame, defining the boundary conditions and the start of the combustion chamber. The procedure detailed in the previous paragraph was carried out for the 9 treatments proposed by the factorial design and once each of the simulations had been completed, the results obtained during the combustion process that occurred between the angles were analyzed and interpreted. piston displacement from 720 to 740 Crank Angle (CA).
Modelo Paramétrico para la Instalación de un segundo campo de Generadores Eólicos en Villonaco-Loja
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Física Aplicada, 2022) Merchán Gavilánez, Pedro Ángel; Hidalgo Díaz, Víctor Hugo
In the present work, the parametric mathematical models established in this research adequately determine the four possible areas for the installation of a second field of Wind Generators in Villonaco-Loja, which will increase the capacity of the national electricity supply. The polynomial regression model for the data of velocity, pressure and temperature as a function of height is adjusted to 100% so that its distribution obeys polynomial forms of degree one and degree two. The fourier series regression model in discrete time, fits in an average of 96.07%, for the speed as a function of time, where the distribution of the data is very irregular and does not obey any of the established curves, but this behavior is periodic in annual form and scalable in amplitude and time, conditions necessary for the Fourier series to perform the adjustment and approximation of data and allow to understand its behavior. In the time domain, the speed spectrum is obtained by normalizing the dependent variable (𝑉) and the independent variable (𝑡), constituting a base to generate data in other areas of the Villonaco_Loja sector, and in this way establish strategic zones for the generation of electrical energy that will be distributed nationwide, In addition, the established mathematical models are a contribution to the solution of the equations of fluid dynamics.
Invariantes geométricos de los tensores de gradiente de campo magnético y gradiente de velocidad en simulaciones de plasmas espaciales turbulentos
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Física Aplicada, 2022) Borja Saavedra, Myrian Cecilia; Vásconez Vega, Christian Leonardo
Within the framework of perceptions from extensive in situ observations of the solar wind, where an extensive amount of fluctuations in magnetic fields and velocity are observed in the transverse plane of the magnetic field, guides a better understanding of the appearance of such intermittent fluctuations which requires systematic analysis of the velocity gradient tensor and magnetic field. This tensor provides detailed information on the spatial geometric characteristics of the observed fluctuations and their evolution with the scale, through its three invariants P, Q and R; invariants describing the local excess of turbulence over strain rate and self-amplification over energy production in incompressible flow. The joint probability density function between Q and R has self-similar “teardrop” shapes in fully developed turbulent flows. The implementation of the numerical codes was tested in two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations of space plasmas, and they were carried out with different numerical schemes. The results obtained are of great importance for the study of these highly complex systems.
Análisis estadístico de propiedades pseudo-locales en plasmas espaciales turbulentos mediante simulaciones numéricas
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Física Aplicada, 2022) Manobanda Guamán, Rocío Elizabeth; Vásconez Vega, Christian Leonardo
In the space plasma environment, the turbulent cascade allows most of the energy that is dissipated on small scales, by various kinetic processes, to be transferred to these scales in a nearly collisionless environment. Understanding the characteristics of such dissipative mechanisms requires precise knowledge of the fluctuations that make energy available for small-scale conversion, since the different dissipation processes are triggered by fluctuations of a different physical nature. The pseudo-local properties of turbulent plasmas are estimated in this research work, by means of a heuristic proxy of the amount of local energy, which is based on the third-order momentum scaling law for Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence, the well-known Yaglom-PolitanoPouquette law (YPP). In particular, the analysis of the local and global properties of turbulent plasmas in the two-dimensional domain was obtained as background to explore them in simulations of quasi-turbulent non-collision plasmas. The results show that the three-dimensional simulation does not comply with the YPP law, due to the early formation of a turbulent state. However, it will be verified that the threedimensional numerical code works correctly and is ready to be used in other three-dimensional or lower-dimensional simulations. The results also show the reliability of the algorithms developed in this research work, as well as the corresponding codes.
Evaluación de los efectos de flujo cavitativo en estrangulamiento aplicado a válvulas reductoras hidráulicas
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Física Aplicada, 2022) Méndez Cambell, Guillermo Diego; Hidalgo Díaz, Víctor Hugo
In this master’s thesis, the cavitating flow in a hydraulic valve was investigated, emphasizing the numerical study of the cavitating flow in the globe valve using techniques related to computational fluid dynamics CFD. OpenFoam as free and opensource CFD software was used for the simulation. The main objective is to understand the cavitating phenomenon from the formation to the collapse of the cavity. The necessary methodology was developed to study the different stages in the formation of cavities. Using CAD tools, the geometry of the globe valve was built, and through snappyHexMesh tools, the study domain was optimized. The PIMPLE algorithm was used for the numerical resolution of the governing equations, the turbulence model used is k − ωSST and cavitation models used is Schnerr-Sauer.
Simulación de una Celda de Combustible Microbiana
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Física Aplicada, 2022) Poma Chicaiza, Tania Pilar; Recalde Moreno, Celso Guillermo
A microbial fuel cell is simulated with data obtained from a high Andean locality. In the first phase, a microbial fuel cell (MCF) was designed and built with materials available in the environment with the aim of generating electricity. A dual experimental structure was chosen, consisting of two chambers separated by a proton exchange membrane. For the implementation of the CCM, the anodic chamber was configured with mud from the Pichan paramo where a carbon electrode connected to an external circuit was placed, the proton exchange membrane was continuously placed in the previously established space, then it was filled with distilled water dissolving 20 [g] of salt in the cathode chamber, and the other electrode was introduced forming the CCM circuit. Important parameters such as Ph, temperature, oxygen and voltage were monitored for 24 days, the monitoring was carried out for 24 days. An Arduino card was used for data collection, the ratio of the voltage produced was varied, so it was possible to observe that as glucose was supplied, the amount of bioelectricity increased, in proportion to the concentration received. The behavior and electrical operation of the CCM was obtained by connecting an external load of different sizes without losing the variability characteristics of the CCM, generating an equivalent model and then performing a simulation to obtain a quantitative comparison of the electrical operation. This process was considered useful since it allows evaluating the internal losses produced, leading to other designs and improving their efficiency. This emerging technology presents interesting perspectives due to technological progress in which electronic devices are increasingly more efficient and require less power for their operation.
Simulación de los tanques de almacenamiento de la central Illuchi de la empresa eléctrica provincial Cotopaxi ELEPCO S.A mediante dinámica de ﬂuidos computacional
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Física Aplicada, 2022) Salazar Achig, Edgar Roberto; Hidalgo Díaz, Víctor Hugo
This research focused on the simulation of the storage tanks of the Illuchi plant, using OpenFOAM open source CFD software. It began with photogrammetry by drone to lift the geometry of the water storage structure, then it is modeled using CAD software for export in an STL ﬁle, with this being able to use the snappyHexMeshDict tool in the generation of the internal mesh of the ﬂow in addition to the interFoam solver for incompressible ﬂuids and the RAN By obtaining an optimal mesh of the geometry, the turbulence was reproduced with the k-ϵ RNG model, with which the phenomenon of turbulence of the tanks was roughly represented. ParaView and Gnuplot were used for the visualization and analysis of the results for their respective alidation with experimental values. Finally, after 594 hours of computational processing, overall results were obtained from the reproduction of the phenomenon the experimental part with an error of 4.2 % and 3.3 % in the numerical part for the Illuchi 1 and 2 plant respectively of the ﬂow measurement at the outlets of the pressure pipes, obtaining characteristics of the ﬂow that could be captured in the simulation.
Simulación del efecto termosifón de un dispositivo termosolar para latitud 0
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Física Aplicada, 2022) Herrera Villalobos, Raúl; Recalde Moreno, Celso Guillermo
At present, conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels tend to promote or generate environmental problems, in addition to being non-renewable sources, which is why an alternative such as solar energy is sought, which is a renewable energy with a lower environmental impact. Solar energy has a wide range of applications of which one of the most used is to heat water for sanitary use, the most used devices for this purpose are solar thermal devices of evacuated vacuum tubes that use water as a transfer fluid of heat. For this reason, this project seeks to perform a simulation of the evacuated tubes located in the equatorial zone to determine the optimal angle of inclination to obtain greater performance on these devices, in addition to comparing the simulation with existing experimental results. To carry out this simulation, it was necessary to determine thermal parameters such as ambient temperature, geophysical parameters such as location with latitude, longitude and GMT, material parameters such as borosilicate and copper, Laminar and solar viscosity measurements and models such as "Solar Ray Tracing" models in order to obtain data similar to those recorded in experimentation on these evacuated tubes, an Ansys Fluent software is also used to develop this simulation because it has the models necessary to meet the simulation parameters. Within Ansys, "Design Modeler" was extracted to develop the geometries, "Mesh" to generate the mesh models for simulation using computational fluid dynamics, "Setup" to configure and simulate them, and "Result" for the analysis of results. Finally, a comparison and analysis is presented between the experiments carried out in simulation and the experimental results to determine the relationship between efficiency in the thermosyphon effect angle of inclination, relationship between temperature angle of inclination and solar incidence and angle of inclination.
Evaluación con red neuronal del proceso de desgaste abrasivo de placas de un material compuesto de látex con partículas de caucho reciclado
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Físisca Aplicada, 2022-02) Muñoz Valverde, Pablo Rafael; Pérez Salinas, Cristian Fabián
In this thesis, a Machine Learning approach was investigated in the field of manufacturing new materials for industry. In particular, artificial neural networks were used to predict the Taber wear index (TDI) of latex plates and recycled rubber particles. In recent years, the application of Artificial Intelligence and in particular Machine Learning to scientific disciplines has increased substantially. The purpose was to evaluate how machine learning works, in particular neural networks, and how it should be applied to make a prediction. The preliminary phase of the work was to create the experimentally obtained data set necessary for the secondary phase, which includes the analysis and modeling of neural networks. The generation of the data set involved the manufacture of the material and wear tests based on the ISO 9352 standard. In the context of the neural network, the Google TensorFlow software was used through the Python3 interface. The model developed allows to predict the IDT of the plate taking as independent variables; the volumetric percentage of material, the rotational speed, applied load and the number of cycles. The performance of the network will be evaluated through statistical tests such as the mean square error (MSE), the mean absolute error (MAE) and the coefficient of determination (R2).