Tesis Agronomía
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Item Evaluación de fórmulas de sustratos alternativos en la germinación de semillas de brócoli (Brassica oleracea var.italica)(2024-08) Altamirano Núñez, Christian Rodrigo; Guerrero Cando, David AníbalSeed health is a vital factor for successful agricultural production to prevent the spread of different pathogens. Likewise, soil suppression is very important to help seed germination, and it is necessary to have a large number of beneficial microorganisms. Therefore, the use of a good substrate is one of the key points to ensure healthy and vigorous seedlings. In this sense, in the present research, different substrate formulas for broccoli seed germination were evaluated, where different percentages of Azolla enriched with zeolite and humic acids were evaluated on plant height, germination percentage, leaves per plant, root volume and percentage of useful plants. The following proportions were used: S1 (Azolla 70% + zeolite 30%), S2 (Azolla 69.5% + zeolite 29.5 % + humic acids 1.0%), S3 (Azolla 69% + zeolite 29 % + humic acids 2%), S4 (Azolla 68.5% + zeolite 28.5 % + humic acids 3.0%) and it was compared with a commercial substrate, S5 based on Sphagnum peat. The effect of the different substrates was observed where significant differences were observed between them. The greatest plant height was obtained with the substrate composed of 68.5% Azolla, 28.5% zeolite and 3.0% humic acids, with which the plants reached 2.52 cm and 3.2 cm at 15 and 30 days, respectively. Likewise, the number of leaves per plant (3.13 leaves), root volume (0.45 ml), germination percentage (95.70%) and useful plants (92.67%) were observed with the same substrate, whose values were significantly equal to those obtained with the commercial substrate. Although the costs for obtaining the different substrates did not show significant differences, the use of substrates based on Azolla enriched with zeolite and humic acids is suggested, since these are products that are easily available in the area.Item Evaluación de tipos de anillados y despunte en el cultivo de mora (Rubus glaucus), en la producción de brotes laterales(2024-02) Pilco Solorzano, Kimberly Vanessa; Zurita Vásquez, José HernánThe blackberries’ cultivation (Rubus glaucus) in Ecuador has a significant impact for the economy, nutrition, agricultural diversification, favorable climatic conditions for the cultivation of blackberries in several regions, the quality of Ecuadorian blackberries has contributed to its recognition in international markets. Through the girdling practicing the main aim is removing a portion of bark around the stem of a branch to interrupt the flow of processed sap and hormones towards the root system, this leads to an increase in new shoots, fruit set with a greater volume. Meanwhile, the pruning consists of removing the apical buds from the branches of the plant. This practice is used to control growth and encourage more abundant lateral branching. The hypothesis raised was that at least one of the girdling treatments will have a positive effect on girdling on blackberries. The experimental design used was random blocks in a 2 x 3 + 1 factorial arrangement with three repetitions. The study factors used were types of ringing; A1 (annular incision), A2 (strangulation) and blunting; D1 (5 cm from the apex), D2 (10 cm from the apex), D3 (15 cm from the apex). The data were analyzed using the Tukey test (p < 0.05) to compare the averages. The treatments were applied according to the treatments, this activity was carried out only once. For data collection, it was collected from two plants of each treatment applied, the results obtained in the variable number of sprouted buds there is no statistical difference with a p-value 0.1015. In the diameter of the stem at 80 days, it could be observed that the best treatment was A1D1 (Girding 0.5 cm – pruning 5 cm from the apex) with an average of 1.30 mm diameter in the stem while A2D3 (Strangulation – pruning 15 cm from the apex) showed an average of 0.6 mm, becoming the smallest of all treatments. In the variable length of the shoot, the best treatment was A2D2 (Strangulation – pruning 10 cm from the apex) with an average of 47 cm and the control has an average of 3.83 cm, occupying the last place. In the shoot diameter variable, no statistical differences were found, obtaining a p-value of 0.1473. In the variable shoot diameter, the control (T) obtained first place with an average of 0.74 mm and in the days of appearance of the floral bud we did not find statistical differences having a p-value of 0.6247.Item Evaluación de la producción de forraje verde hidropónico de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) con nutrición mineral(2024-02) Gavilanes Pérez, Abraham Ezequiel; León Gordon, Olguer AlfredoProduction of hydroponic forage is a relevant technology for obtaining high-quality forage in a short time. In the case of barley, it represents the fourth most cultivated cereal in the world, which makes it very important for global agriculture. The objective of this research was to determine the performance of hydroponic green barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) forage under two nutrient solutions. Each nutrient solution varied in the content of nutrients such as N, P, K, other secondary macro elements (Mg, S and Ca) and microelements. Was evaluated the effect on plant height, fresh weight and dry root and aerial part, incidence of contaminants and yield in fresh weight of the shoot were evaluated. The solution A, with the highest nutrient content (N: 147ppm, P: 76ppm, K: 225ppm Ca: 120ppm) produced the highest plant height (19.1 cm), mat thickness was also achieved. root (5.8 cm), fresh and dry weight of the aerial part (60.9 and 24.9 g, respectively) and fresh and dry weight of the root mat (147.7 and 77.3 g, respectively) and, finally, higher yield (13.9 kg/m2). There was no effect of the nutrient solution on the number of leaves, quality of the root mat, incidence of contaminants and days to harvest. This type of technology is little known in the country, however, given the high quality of the forage obtained hydroponically, it is suggested that socialization campaigns be carried out among producers in the region to show the feasibility of its production. Keywords: barley, green fodder, hydroponicsItem Diagnóstico de la situación actual sobre el manejo de plaguicidas en el cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) en las comunidades de Shaushi y Puñachizag(2024-02) Villacis Velastegui, Jessica Joselyn; Velástegui Espin, Giovanny PatricioThis study addresses the issue of the indiscriminate use of pesticides in potato cultivation and emphasizes its significance for food security. The research is based on the persistent soil contamination and health concerns of farmers due to excessive exposure to chemicals that are hazardous to both humans and the environment. The methodology employed in this investigation involved conducting surveys with 100 farmers in the communities of Shaushi and Puñachizag. The selection of farmers took into account diversity in terms of age, experience in potato cultivation, and pesticide management. The study explored socio-economic variables, agricultural decision-making, sources of information and marketing, pest-related issues, pesticide usage, and associated risks, alternative control methods, training, and institutional support. Farmers encounter challenges such as pest presence, climate change, and price instability of their products, all of which test the financial capacity of producers to acquire pesticides and biosecurity equipment. This analysis underscores the urgency of implementing policies that promote responsible pesticide use and stresses the importance of providing farmers with access to technical information. Additionally, it emphasizes the need to adopt sustainable alternatives to pesticide use and advocate for safer practices, allowing farmers to acquire a broader understanding of the subject, ultimately leading to a reduction in health problems and pollution associated with pesticide useItem Efecto de glucosinolatos sobre la inhibición del crecimiento micelial de Phytophthora infestans de Bary in vitro.(2024-02) Vasconez Saltos, Blas Plutarco; Zurita Vásquez, José HernánThis research was conducted in the laboratories of Plant Health and the bio-inputs laboratory at the Technical University of Ambato, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, located in the Cevallos Canton on the Quero road at a distance of 20 km from the city of Ambato, at an altitude of 2850 meters above sea level. The objective was to evaluate the effect of glucosinolates on the inhibition of the mycelial growth of Phytophthora infestans De Bary in vitro. Two species were used in this research: Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) and Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. Gemmifera) at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% of each glucosinolate extract. Data were collected over 9 days, equivalent to 216 hours, at 24-hour intervals. To measure the mycelial growth, two lines were drawn in the Petri dish passing through the center of the microorganism's growth halo. Statistical analysis was performed using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and one control, with three replications. The statistical package INFOSTAT was used, and Tukey's significance tests at 5% were applied to variables showing statistical differences. The treatment E2C3, corresponding to Brussels sprouts glucosinolate at 30%, reported better results for the mycelial growth and inhibition percentage with averages of 12.33 mm and 81.19%, respectively. In contrast, the control showed a mycelial growth of 65.55 mm and an inhibition percentage of 0%. According to the results obtained in the research, the use of Brussels sprouts glucosinolates is an alternative for the biological control of P. infestans. KEYWORDS: Mycelial growth, glucosinolates, inhibition, percentageItem Evaluación de fungicidas para el manejo de tizón temprano (Cercospora carotae Pass.) en el cultivo de zanahoria (Daucus carota L.)(2024-02) Tutillo Oñate, Fabricio Alexander; Pomboza Tamaquiza, Pedro PabloThe present research work was conducted in the community of El Santuario, located in the Quero canton, Province of Tungurahua, the main objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of two fungicides for the management of early blight (C. carotae Pass.) in the carrot crop (D. carota L.). The response variables were percent fungus incidence, percent fungus severity, plant height, root diameter, root length, root weight and yield. Two commercial products, Amistar top and Daconil 720 SC, were used, with an absolute control (no application). The methodology was experimental, a completely randomized block design (D.C.A) was used, with a total of seven treatments and three replications, the hypothesis test was carried out using the Tukey 5% test and for the yield variable the Duncan 5% test was used. Data were taken from 10 plants at random for each treatment. The results obtained confirmed that there were statistical differences in each of the treatments, highlighting the product Daconil 720 SC at a dose of 3.5 ml/l with a lower percentage of infection of Cercospora carotae Pass with an average of 41.33%, severity of the fungus with an average of 3.20%;The plant height was greater with an average of 13.93 cm, carrots of greater weight with a plot average of 244.72 g, average diameter of 4.13 cm, root length with an average of 12.88 cm and with an average yield of 6.12 Tn/ha when this agrochemical was applied. Key word: Cercospora, Chlorothalonil, D. carota and Incidence rateItem Evaluación de dos herbicidas orgánicos para el control de malezas en el cultivo de caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum)(2024-02) Tuqueres Fanacio, Alex Mauricio; Zurita Vásquez, José HernánThis research was conducted in the Tarqui parish, Pastaza canton, Pastaza Province, Ecuador, during the months of October and November 2023. The objective was to evaluate two organic herbicides for the control of weeds in sugarcane cultivation (Saccharum officinarum). The variables evaluated were weed vigor and toxicity, and crop phytotoxicity. The treatments were T1 (Baner Kill at a dose of 20ml.L-1), T2 (Baner Kill at a dose of 25ml.L-1), T3 (10% vinegar at a dose of 20ml.L-1), T4 (10% vinegar at a dose of 20ml.L-1), and the control treatment was glyphosate at a dose of 10ml.L-1. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design in a 2x2+1 factorial arrangement with 3 replicates. At 30 days after treatment application, the best treatment was H1D1 (Baner Kill at a dose of 20ml.L-1). Applying the Tukey test at 5% for weed vigor, it was located in range (a) with an average of 1; in weed toxicity, it is located in range (a) with an average of 99.00%; in phytotoxicity range (a) with an average of 3.33%, and in weed counting it resulted in 0 present, controlling broadleaf and narrowleaf species in an excellent way. In conclusion, it is recommended to use Baner Kill at a dose of 20ml.L-1 for the control of broadleaf and narrowleaf weeds in sugarcane cultivation. Keywords: acetic acid, cacao, herbicide, mucilage, organic, vinegar, weed.Item Evaluación de tres métodos de aplicación de agroquímicos en el cultivo de aguacate (Persea americana)(2024-02) Torres Supe, Jonathan Rolando; Curay Quispe, Segundo EuclidesIn Ecuador, the avocado crop is of great economic importance at the national level, for which the present study had the purpose of evaluating three methods of agrochemical application in the avocado crop to reduce production costs and to find another more effective method than conventional spraying commonly used by avocado producers in Ecuador, This study was carried out in the parish of Picaihua exactly in the Sigsipamba hamlet of the Ambato canton, province of Tungurahua, for which conventional spraying, endotherapy and thermonebulization were used as application methods for the agrochemical engordone. A randomized block experimental design was used with three treatments + a control in three replicates. The data collected were analyzed using ADEVA and the Tukey test at 5%, where the following results were observed. The most outstanding was treatment 2, which used endotherapy as a method of application, and treatment 2 was the least costly in this project, without leaving behind treatment 3 (thermonebulization), which also had a positive range according to the statistical tests. Key words: Conventional spraying, endotherapy, thermonebulization, fatteningItem Capacidad de depredación de Typhlodromalus sp. y Stigmaeus sp. sobre diferentes estados de desarrollo de Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) en fresa”(2024-02) Tercero Gualpa, Elizabeth Mishel; Santana Mayorga, Rita CumandaThe strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa) is one of the best tasting and most consumed fruits worldwide. In Ecuador, production has begun in the provinces of Pichincha, Tungurahua, Cotopaxi, Chimborazo and others. Strawberry production is affected by several pests, such as thrips, aphids, mealybugs, whiteflies and mites, which attack the crop throughout the year. The mite Zetranychus urticae is considered one of the phytophagous mites worldwide, it causes severe damage in a short time and its reproduction is accelerated, resulting in the decline of large populations of predators such as Typhlodromalus sp. and Stigmaeus sp. generally feed on eriophyid or tetranychid mites, living in the soil and plants. The objective of the trial was to determine the predation capacity of Tiphlodromalus sp. and Stigmaeus sp. on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on strawberry. The research was analyzed by means of an analysis of variance compared by means test according to Tukey (P< 0.05) using the Statistix package and by divided plots. The predators Typhlodromalus sp. and Stigmaeus sp. on different egg densities (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40) and mobile stages, larvae and nymphs, (2, 4, 8 and 16) of 7: urticae were studied in separate trials under laboratory conditions. Through the research carried out, it was possible to calculate the number of prey consumed by the predator Typhlodromalus sp. in egg stages of T- urticae, With the best result being T3 with a density of 20 eggs and an average of 2.8 eggs consumed/day, and for the mobile phase it was determined that the best treatment was T4 with a density of 8 mites reaching an average of 2.12 mites in mobile phase consumed/day. For the predator Stigmaeus sp. in terms of the number of prey consumed in egg stages of T- wrticae it was shown that the most effective treatment was T5 with a density of 40 eggs and an average of 3.6 eggs consumed/day, for the mobile phase it was found that the best treatment was T4 with a density of 16 mites in mobile phases and an average of 1.62 mites in mobile phase consumed/day. Keywords: strawberry cultivation, 7etranychus urticae, depredador, Typhlodromalus sp., Stigmaeus sp.Item Evaluación de tres métodos de polinización artificial en el cultivo de chirimoya (Annona cherimola) en el cantón Patate(2024-02) Sanipatín Pilaguano, Dayana Lissette; Dobronski Arcos, Jorge EnriqueThis research was carried out in the Patate canton in order to evaluate the different methods of artificial pollination in the cultivation of cherimoya (Annona cherimola) in the Patate canton, with the purpose of generating quality products, thus improving the economy of the farmers. For the present research, an experimental design of completely randomized blocks with three treatments and three replications was used. In addition, an analysis of variance (ADEVA) was performed and then the data were examined by means of Tukey tests at 5% of the treatments that presented statistical significance. The positive results obtained for the variables under study in the case of the variables fertilization percentage, days of appearance of the first fruits and number of fruit set, T2 was the best treatment using the insufflator technique, with an average of 94.29%, 27 days and 2.77 fruit set per branch, followed by treatments T1 and T3, unlike the control, which showed the lowest efficiency in terms of the variables analyzed. However, the size of fruit set in T3 by hand-pollination technique showed an average of 23.76 mm in polar diameter and 24.24 mm in equatorial diameter, followed by T1 and T2 with 21.59 mm and 20.26 mm in polar diameter; however, in polar diameter, the treatments did not show significant differences. Key words: Fruit set, Fertilization, Insuflator, Brush, Pollination