Tesis Ingeniería Agronómica
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Item Evaluación de la producción del cultivo de lechuga de hoja (Lactuca sativa), y el desarrollo de la Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) en el Sistema de Acuaponía.(Universidad Técnica de Ambato Ingenieria de Agronomíca, 2026-07) Sánchez Chuquitarco, María Fernanda; León Gordón, Olguer AlfredoAquaponics is a sustainable production system that combines fish and vegetable production in water, with low costs and high profitability rates. It is an activity that includes organic waste from food that was not ingested by fish, feces and urine of aquatic beings that with bacterial action are transformed into nitrates, benefiting plant development. This research was carried out with the objective of evaluating the production of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and the development of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the aquaponics system. For the development of the research, a completely randomized experimental design with 3 treatments and 3 replications was used. The population density of tilapia was the factor under study, which was 10, 15 and 20 tilapia/m3. In this study, the development of lettuce cultivation in an aquaponics system using tilapia as a fish species was evaluated. It was determined that treatment T3 (20 fish) yielded the best results in terms of weight, height of the lettuce plant, and yield. The results of the experiment indicate that growing plants with tilapia is feasible because it allows for the utilization of nitrogenous waste, as well as the cultivation of lettuce, which is of commercial interest. The aquaponic cultivation system makes available space more efficient and generates similar or higher yields than traditional cultivation. We can indicate that no statistical differences were observed in the parameters studied when raising tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in aquaponics. This is probably due to the fact that fish development is determined by factors such as temperature and feed, which were similar in all treatments.Item Inteligencia artificial para la detección de dos enfermedades en manzana (Malus domestica, var. Emilia)(2025-08) Alomalisa Machado, Christian Ivan; Muñoz Espinoza, Manolo SebastiánEarly detection of diseases in agricultural crops is essential to ensure sustainable and profitable production. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a key tool for the development of automated plant health diagnosis systems. This thesis aims to develop an AI-based model for the detection of two common diseases in apple trees: powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) and apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), using digital images of leaves. To achieve this, a database of apple leaf images (cv. Emilia) was created, classified into three categories: healthy, with mildew, and with scab. The images were acquired, preprocessed, and annotated using the Roboflow platform. Subsequently, an object detection model based on YOLOv12 was trained to identify and visually locate affected areas in each image. The performance of the model was evaluated using metrics such as precision, sensitivity, and specificity, yielding promising results. The model showed optimal performance in identifying healthy leaves and those affected by scabs, along with a good balance between sensitivity and precision in detecting mildew. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using deep learning models for the automated detection of foliar diseases in fruit trees. This study contributes to the development of accessible and scalable technological solutions for the efficient monitoring of diseases in apple crops, supporting informed decision-making in integrated pest and disease management.Item Respuesta agronómica del cultivo de coliflor (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L) a la aplicación edáfica de abonos orgánicos(2025-08) Sisalema Quilligana, Holguer Santiago; Pomboza Tamaquiza, Pedro PabloThe research was carried out in Ecuador, Tungurahua province, Ambato canton, San Antonio de Pasa parish, La Dolorosa neighborhood, with the objective of evaluating the agronomic response of the cauliflower crop (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis L) to the soil application of organic fertilizers, a completely randomized block design (BCA) was established, consisting of four treatments and the same number of repetitions. The treatments were: T1 (guinea pig manure), T2 (cow manure), T3 (sheep manure) and T4 (control) without application, the dose for all treatments except the control was 3 kg / m2. The variables evaluated were plant height (cm), pellet weight (g), pellet diameter (cm), fresh biomass weight (g), yield (t / ha) and costs per treatment ($). Using InfoStat statistical software, analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5% were performed. The results indicated that treatment T1 (guinea pig manure) achieved better results in plant height at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting with means of (21.20), (45.13) and (77.00) cm respectively, pellet weight with 1300.72 g, pellet diameter with 16.46 cm, fresh biomass weight with 1865.19 g and yield with 43354.17 t / ha, over the other treatments. Treatment T1 (guinea pig manure) was the most effective in terms of yield, followed by treatments T3 (sheep manure) and T2 (cow manure), while T4 (control) was less effective because it did not contain any organic fertilizer. The most expensive treatments were T1 (guinea pig manure), T2 (cow manure), and T3 (sheep manure), costing $18.51 each, while T4 (control) cost the least, at $10.21. However, these treatments provided the highest yields.Item Evaluación de complejos enzimáticos orgánicos en la producción de cultivo de ajo (Allium sativum) bajo cubierta(2025-02) Gómez Arce Johana Paola; Pérez Salinas Marco OswaldoThe present research was carried out in the province of Tungurahua, specifically in the Querochaca canton at the Technical University of Ambato “UTA”, where the objective was to evaluate the effect of the application of organic enzyme complexes on the production of garlic (Allium sativum) below deck. In order to achieve the stated objective, a randomized experimental design was used that included three doses with two frequencies and three repetitions. The garlic sowing had a development time of two months from its cultivation in rows. Management methods were used. organic and control plants were included. With the application of the 5% Tukey test, it was observed, with respect to the treatments, that Frequency 2 is every 15 days with Dose 3 being 5 ml. L-1 (F2D3), had a basal diameter of 7.81cm and in height it was Frequency 1 in every 30 days with Dose 1 being 2.5 ml. L-1 (F1D1) showing a growth of 73.11 which had better performance, pointing out that in the crop under cover it did not present pests or diseases throughout the crop cycle.Item Evaluación de diferentes tipos de sustratos en la germinación de semillas de lechuga crespa (Lactuca sacriola var.Sativa L)(2024-08) Gamboa Mancheno, Wagner Angelo; Dobronski Arcos, Jorge EnriqueOn a global scale, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is one of the most popular vegetables in the daily diet, due to its wide-ranging health benefits. However, factors such as the lack of investment to improve cultivation methods have discouraged production. Therefore, among the strategies to be evaluated are studies on seed production that allow improving crop production and productivity. In the present study, the effect of different substrates (worm humus, chicken manure and rice husk) on the germination of semigreen curly lettuce seeds was evaluated. These were compared with a control treatment (soil). In each treatment, the percentage and speed of germination were evaluated for 6 days. In addition, the length of the roots, fresh weight, dry weight and dry matter were evaluated at 15 and 25 days after the emergence of the seedlings. According to the results obtained, both the germination percentage and the root length were affected by the type of substrate, being higher than the control in all types of substrates. Additionally, the root length and dry matter of lettuce seedlings were significantly higher in seedlings obtained from the three types of substrates. In addition, an economic analysis of each of the treatments was carried out, in which the total income, net benefit per treatment and the benefit-cost ratio were calculated, where T2 obtained the lowest costs with $13.82 and reached the highest benefit-cost ratio of 0.44. Based on the results obtained, field studies are required to validate this researchItem Evaluación de diferentes tipos de sustratos en la germinación de semillas de lechuga crespa (Lactuca sacriola var.Sativa L)(2024-08) Gamboa Mancheno, Wagner Angelo; Dobronski Arcos, Jorge EnriqueOn a global scale, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is one of the most popular vegetables in the daily diet, due to its wide-ranging health benefits. However, factors such as the lack of investment to improve cultivation methods have discouraged production. Therefore, among the strategies to be evaluated are studies on seed production that allow improving crop production and productivity. In the present study, the effect of different substrates (worm humus, chicken manure and rice husk) on the germination of semigreen curly lettuce seeds was evaluated. These were compared with a control treatment (soil). In each treatment, the percentage and speed of germination were evaluated for 6 days. In addition, the length of the roots, fresh weight, dry weight and dry matter were evaluated at 20 and 25 days after the emergence of the seedlings. According to the results obtained, both the germination percentage and the root length were affected by the type of substrate, being higher than the control in all types of substrates. Additionally, the root length and dry matter of lettuce seedlings were significantly higher in seedlings obtained from the three types of substrates. In addition, an economic analysis of each of the treatments was carried out, in which the total income, net benefit per treatment and the benefit-cost ratio were calculated, where T2 obtained the lowest costs with $13.82 and reached the highest benefit-cost ratio of 0.30. Based on the results obtained, field studies are required to validate this researchItem Evaluación de microorganismos para el control de hernia de las crucíferas (Plasmodiophora brassicae) en el cultivo de brócoli Brassica olerácea Var. Avenger).(2024-02) Lascano Zabala, Yesenia Nicole; Curay Quispe, Segundo EuclidesIn this study, the effectiveness of the application of microorganisms was evaluated using the Sauber product for the control of cruciferous hernia in broccoli cultivation (Brassica oleracea Var. Avenger), the study factors were dose and frequency of application. The experimental design used was the completely randomized block design (DBCA), with three treatments for three repetitions plus a control. The variables evaluated were plant height, seed weight, root volume, yield, and incidence. Analysis of variance (ADEVA) and Tukey's significance test at 5% were performed for each variable. The treatments were DI1F1, DI1F2, D1F3, D2F1, D2F2, D2F3, D3F1, D3F2, D3F3 and Control, D1, D2 and D3, doses of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 cc respectively and F1, F2 and F3, frequencies of eight, fifteen, and thirty days respectively. At the end of the analysis, 1t was determined that the best dose and frequency of application is the D3F] treatment, in which the dose of 7.5 cc/L was applied in drench with a frequency of every eight days, 1t 1s the best treatment due to Because in all the variables evaluated 1t presented better results compared to the other treatments in the study, this 1s because the greater the amount of microorganism, the better the control and having a good amount of organic matter in the soil helps the action of these microorganism 1s effective. Keywords: Broccoli, drench, Plasmodiophora brassicae, Sauber, microorganisms, applicationsItem Evaluación de Bioles en la producción de brócoli (Brassica oleracea) var. italica(2024-02) Sailema Sailema, Danilo Roberto; Villacis Aldas, Luis AlfredoBroccoli, scientifically known as (Brassica oleracea) var. italic, it is a cruciferous vegetable of great economic and nutritional importance. Its cultivation is extensive and consumed in much of the world, not only for its flavor, but also for its high content of nutrients, including vitamins, minerals and antioxidant compounds. However, the Broccoli production often faces several challenges, from soil degradation to pests and diseases (Cruz-Tobar et al., 2018). Bioles, due to their high content of nutrients and organic matter, have been used in agriculture as a means of improving soil fertility and plant nutrition. They are products of the anaerobic fermentation of organic waste, including remains of crops, food waste, manure and other materials. It has been shown that biols can provide a number of benefits for soil health, such as improving the soil structure, moisture retention and nutrient availability.Item Caracterización patogénica de aislados de Cladosporium fulvum Cooke. Procedentes de invernadero del sector Izamba cantón Ambato(2023-09) Velasco López, Andrés Gabriel; Leiva Mora, MichelThe gray mold of the leaf or also called Cladosporium fulvum was described by Cooke in 1883, the same one that develops in different crops, but attacks especially in the tomato crop since it has favorable conditions for its dissemination. For the present investigation, the objective was to evaluate the pathogenicity of monosporic isolates of Cladosporium fulvum Cooke from samples of Solanum lycopersicum L. from the Izamba sector, Tungurahua, Ecuador. To evaluate the pathogenicity, the isolates from the C. fulvum culture collection deposited in the Microbiology laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Technical University of Ambato were activated in PDA culture media to be able to count with the neubauer, for the sowing of differential cultivars we proceeded to use substrates, llama manure that were deposited in one-liter tubs to later be inoculated with C. fulvum, obtaining as results a different concentration for each cultivar (Cf0 -77 ml-1, Cf2 -96 ml-1, Cf4-90.9 ml-1, Cf5-65 ml-1 and Cf6-68 ml-1), in addition to a higher percentage of infection in the Cf5 cultivar with 58% while the Cf0 cultivars , Cf2, Cf4 and Cf6 maintain an average between 20-30% in terms of the study factor in which it was determined that the first signs and symptoms of the disease caused by C. fulvum are chlorotic spots on the upper part of the leavesItem Evaluación de alternativas de control de (Bactericera Cockerelli Sulc) en el cultivo de tomate de árbol (Solanum Betaceum Cav.) En el cantón Píllaro, provincia de Tungurahua(2023-09) Quinde Morocho, Diana Carolina; Valle Velástegui, Edgar LucianoThe present research project was carried out at the INIAP experimental farm in the canton of Píllaro located in the province of Tungurahua, the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the different alternatives for the control of Bactericera Cockerelli Sulc in the cultivation of Solanum tree tomato. Betaceum Cav. together with two different plant materials with possible resistance to the incidence of the insect, for the fulfillment of the purpose of this investigation, a divided plot design was developed where three plants were selected from which three leaves located in the upper part were taken, middle and lower part of the plant, the count of eggs, nymphs and adults was carried out in order to carry out the monitoring, the count was carried out visually with the help of a magnifying glass, the data was recorded in an Excel spreadsheet, After monitoring the insect, the different control alternatives were applied depending on the date, the treatments were alternative B1 (chemical control) applied every 10 days, alternative B2 (agricultural oil) applied every 5 days, alternative B3 (kaolin) was applied every 10 days and B4 (control) without application. The results were analyzed in the Infostat statistical program, the Tukey test was applied at 5% and the following results were obtained: the alternative B2 (agricultural oil) and B3 (kaolin), are effective for the population decrease of the insect, obtaining the following means: 13.25 and 10.29 in eggs, 5.14 and 5.18 in nymphs and 0.84 and 0.60 in adults of Bactericera cockerelli, respectively; Based on these results, it is considered that the two alternatives were effective; However, he considers that the best control alternative is B2 with agricultural oil since the plant obtains a population reduction and a good development, contrary to what happens with alternative B3 where kaolin reduces the good development of the plant, which which may be due to different factors that should be studied in a better way so that the use of this product is used in the crop