Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Evaluación de los recursos vegetales como aporte a la conservación de la fitodiversidad en comunidades del cantón Cevallos, Provincia de Tungurahua.(2025-03-25) Llambo Quisingo, Tamara Michelle; Leython Chacon, Sirli LiligEn las zonas ecuatorianas existen escasos estudios etnobotánicos que permita conocer sobre la flora nativa y los diferentes usos dados por la población. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue realizar un estudio etnobotánico de las especies cultivadas y silvestres en las comunidades ubicadas en los barrios Corazón de Jesús, El Mirador y San Pedro, pertenecientes a cantón Cevallos, provincia Tungurahua; con la finalidad de determinar las formas en que las personas emplean las plantas y el origen de las mismas, para analizar posibilidad de riesgo en estas poblaciones vegetales. Con la ayuda de los habitantes se recolectó e identificó a 93 especies pertenecientes a 41 familias de plantas Angiospermae, siendo la familia Rosaceae con 14 especies la más representativa; una especie y una familia de Gimnospermae, una familia y una especie de Pteridophyta. Luego, mediante entrevistas a los habitantes de las comunidades se determinaron cinco categorías de uso etnobotánico (alimenticios, medicinales, ornamentales, forrajeros y condimento). Entre los principales resultados se encontró las especies con mayor uso que son la claudia (Prunus domestica), mora (Rubus ulmifolius), manzana (Malus domestica), pera (Pyrus communis), pertenecientes a la familia Rosaceae y la alfalfa (Medicago sativa) de la familia Fabaceae. Con relación al uso mejor representado es el alimenticio con 54 %, en el cual se emplean principalmente especies del tipo de vegetación cultivadas (96%) y en menor proporción silvestres (4%).Item Identificación de adulterantes físico-químicos que impactan en la calidad de la leche cruda suministrada en el centro de acopio de la Asociación Sierra Nevada(2025-03-21) Chacha Changoluisa, Aracely Dayana; Rosero Peñaherrera, Marco AntonioEl presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica de la leche cruda suministrada al centro de acopio de la Asociación Sierra Nevada. Se analizaron muestras provenientes de vacas lecheras de 36 productores, identificando la presencia de adulterantes y verificando el cumplimiento de las buenas prácticas de ordeño, conforme a la normativa NTE INEN 9:2012. Los resultados fisicoquímicos mostraron que todas las muestras cumplieron con los valores mínimos establecidos. Los promedios obtenidos fueron: grasa 3,69%, proteína 3,18%, sólidos totales 12,67% y sólidos no grasos 8,38%. El análisis de correlación de estos parámetros no presentó diferencias significativas (p > 0.05) en la mayoría de las variables, excepto en casos específicos descritos en las Figuras 13, 14 y 15. En cuanto a los análisis microbiológicos, se detectaron cargas elevadas de microorganismos en algunas muestras, con un promedio de 729.439,11 UFC/cm³ en el recuento de aerobios mesófilos y 535,97 CCS/cm³ en el conteo de células somáticas. Estos resultados reflejan deficiencias en la higiene del proceso de ordeño posibles problemas de salud en la ubre. Las pruebas cualitativas confirmaron la ausencia total de adulterantes como almidón y sacarosa, lo que evidencia el cumplimiento de los estándares de la Agencia de Regulación y Control Fito y Zoosanitario (AGROCALIDAD) y refleja un manejo adecuado de la alimentación y salud del hato, garantizando la calidad e inocuidad del producto. Las encuestas aplicadas revelaron avances en la implementación de buenas prácticas de ordeño; sin embargo, persisten deficiencias en aspectos de higiene antes, durante y después del ordeño, así como en el manejo de la salud del hato. Finalmente, se identificó un desconocimiento generalizado por parte de los productores sobre los incentivos económicos establecidos en el Decreto Ejecutivo No. 195, lo que subraya la necesidad de fortalecer la capacitación para mejorar la calidad e inocuidad de la leche.Item Evaluación del efecto insecticida in vitro del extracto de Tanacetum cinerariifolium sobre Ornithonyssus sp. de cobayos(2025-03-15) Bastidas Tibanquiza, Grace Elizabeth ; Burgos Mayorga, Ana RafaelaOrnithonyssus sp es un ácaro hematófago presente en aves, cobayos y otros mamíferos, responsable de producir anemia, prurito, estrés, pérdida de condición corporal e incluso la muerte. El control de estos ácaros incluye productos sintéticos aplicados de forma tópica o parenteral. Sin embargo, la mayoría de estos productos son potencialmente tóxicos para la salud humana y el medio ambiente. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto insecticida del extracto etanólico de Tanacetum cinerariifolium sobre Ornithonyssus sp. de cobayos mediante pruebas in vitro. Se utilizó 5 tratamientos (extracto al 10%, 15% y 20%) incluido el control positivo (cipermetrina) y control negativo (agua destilada), con un total de 250 ectoparásitos, mismos que fueron colocados en diferentes cajas Petri para ser observados cada cinco minutos durante dos horas. Los resultados mostraron que el extracto de Tanacetum cinerariifolium al 20%, logró una mortalidad del 100% a los 65 minutos; seguido del extracto al 15% que presentó una mortalidad del 100 a los 85 minutos y finalmente el extracto al 10% alcanzó el 100% de mortalidad acaricida a los 105 minutos. El control positivo (cipermetrina) alcanzó una mortalidad del 100% a los 55 minutos, a comparación del extracto al 20%, que solo necesitó 10 minutos más para alcanzar una mortalidad acaricida total. Por otro lado, el tratamiento con el control negativo no mostró mortalidad acaricida durante las 24 horas. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el extracto de T. cinerariifolium, se puede considerar como una alternativa para el control y erradicación de ectoparásitos como Ornithonyssus sp en cobayos.Item Parámetros de bienestar animal en ganadería bovina de leche en Iberoamérica(2025-02) Zurita Nuñez Elizabeth Janeth; Rosero Peñaherrera Marco AntonioAnimal welfare parameters in dairy cattle farming in Latin America: Systematic reviewAnimal Welfare (AW) is currently considered one of the most relevant criteria of social interest in livestock farms, although it has various legal considerations worldwide, evidencing a large gap between powerful and developing countries, its application has been growing relatively, mostly supported by the guideline of the European WELFARE QUALITY® project. The objective of the study is to generate a synthesis of the animal welfare parameters in dairy cattle farming in Latin America. The methodology is qualitative, documentary design, based on a systematic review. The search criteria used were: publication date less than 5 years for complete evaluations of the 4 principles of animal welfare or the implementation of improvements in any of these, results (verifiable and verifiable, positive and negative) and geographic location (belonging to Latin America). The results show that research carried out at the Ibero-American level reflects an evident improvement in animals after making a positive change in any of the principles managed by WELFARE QUALITY®. It is concluded that, although an increase can be observed in the application of better BA conditions generally managed by high production farms, in Ecuador, there is still a need to include this concept in the rural context since at this social level there is a poor compliance with the basic freedoms of cattle.Item Identificación de parásitos gastrointestinales en palomas domésticas (Columba livia) en tres parques de la zona urbana de la ciudad de Ambato(2025-02) Villacres Barrionuevo Jorge Israel; Borja Caicedo Byron EnriqueThe present investigation was developed with the objective of identifying the presence of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic pigeons (Columba livia) in three urban parks in the city of Ambato: Montalvo, Cevallos and La Merced. For this purpose, coprological analyses were performed on a total of 198 fecal samples, using Sheather flotation and simple sedimentation with 10% formalin. The research was framed within a descriptive and transversal design, with the aim of obtaining a “photograph” of the sanitary status of pigeons in these urban spaces. The results of the investigation revealed the presence of Ascaris spp., Isospora spp. and Eimeria spp. with a total prevalence of 36.4% in Parque Montalvo, followed by Cevallos with 33.4% and La Merced with 28.8%. Although the prevalence is not excessively high, the results suggest that the presence of gastrointestinal parasites could be an indication of exposure to sources of contamination in these parks, especially in Montalvo Park, which showed the highest parasite load. These findings are relevant for urban wildlife management, as they indicate the existence of gastrointestinal parasites in Ambato pigeons, which could have implications in terms of public health and urban wildlife management. This study provides valuable information for the design of control and prevention strategies, such as proper park management and public awareness of the possible transmission of zoonotic diseases. In conclusion, although the results indicate the presence of gastrointestinal parasites in urban pigeons in Ambato, further research is required to evaluate the impact on public health. These results provide important information for future research and preventive actions in the city.Item Prevalencia de Ehrlichia canis en perros (Canis lupus familiaris) de la comunidad de Kayamas, parroquia Huambi, cantón Sucúa(2025-02) Tsukanka Timias Nidia Jenifer; Mora Tola Miguel AndrésRhipicephalus sanguineus is one of the main vectors of infectious diseases, including Ehrlichia canis, an obligate intracellular bacterium characterized by causing canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, a disease that provokes signs such as fever, anorexia, lethargy, lymphadenopathy and, in more severe cases, neurological signs and severe hemorrhages. Rhipicephalus linnaei is the tropical lineage of this same tick that is distributed throughout Latin America. Therefore, the present study sought to determine the prevalence of Ehrlichia canis in the community of Kayamas with a sample of 43 dogs. The results obtained a prevalence of 11.6% of E. canis. No relationship was found between the variables of age and sex and the response variable. The signs with a significant relationship with the presence of E. canis were pale mucous membranes, anorexia and weakness, for which Fisher's exact test was used. The most frequent hematological findings were anemia, thrombocytopenia and low hematocrit, observed in 100% of the positive cases.Item Factores de riesgo durante el ordeño asociado a mastitis subclínica bovina por Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente (MRSA)(2025-02) Toscano Ponce Jonathan Daniel; Burgos Mayorga Ana RafaelaMastitis is a relevant disease in the livestock sectorItem Identificación de genes de virulencia (ipaH) en Shigella spp aisladas de carne de pollo que se expende en el cantón Ambato(2025-02) Toapaxi Chiquito Elizabeth Fernanda; Cruz Quintana Sandra MargaritaShigella spp. infection is usually contracted by consuming contaminated food, with poor hygiene in handling it being a key risk. Likewise, unsanitary conditions in animal slaughter can be an important source of meat contamination. This study focused on the identification of a virulence gene in Shigella spp. isolated from chicken meat marketed in the Ambato canton. Of the 17 Shigella strains used, they were previously isolated and identified using molecular techniques in previous research and were kept in the Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Technical University of Ambato. In particular, the ipaH gene, a key virulence marker of this bacteria, was investigated. For the detection and analysis of this gene, advanced molecular techniques were used, including the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis. First, pure and diluted Shigella spp DNA, previously extracted from chicken meat samples, was used for subsequent amplification. In the PCR phase, a specific primer designed to amplify the target sequence corresponding to the ipaH gene, with a size of 423 base pairs (bp), was used. In conclusion, the literature review revealed a remarkable diversity of virulence factors, and the presence of the ipaH gene is included in all the references consulted. However, the results obtained in the PCR did not show amplification of the gene, which reflected a 0% prevalence of the ipaH gene in Shigella isolates previously obtained from chicken meat. Finally, according to epidemiological data collected in the last five years, the presence of shigellosis has been recorded in Ecuador. In this regard, it is relevant to note that, both in 2023 and in the research carried out in 2024, the existence of this disease in the province of Tungurahua is not reported, nor is the presence of the related gene in the isolated strains used for the study. However, it is observed that these strains continue to circulate in neighboring provinces.Item Análisis retrospectivo de hembras bovinas sometidas a reproducción asistida por el MAGAP en la parroquia El Triunfo del cantón Pastaza entre los años 2020 y 2023(2025-02) Taipe Guanoluisa Byron Javier; Rosero Peñaherrera Marco AntonioThe main objective of this research was to retrospectively analyze the results of bovine females subjected to assisted reproduction by the MAGAP in the El Triunfo parish of the Pastaza canton between the years 2020 and 2023. The methods of artificial insemination at a fixed time (IATF) and by natural heat were evaluated in cattle of different breeds, ages and previous births. Through a statistical and descriptive analysis design, the relationship of factors such as breed, age and previous births was determined. The results obtained a total of 193 cows to which artificial insemination was applied. 25 cows were subjected to insemination with natural heat, representing 13%, and 168 cows were applied IATF, representing 87%. In the Holstein breed, 65 cows were recorded with a percentage of 33.25% for natural heat and 81.88% of IATF, with the Brown Swiss breed the data obtained that in 44 animals 29.25% is natural heat and the IATF 47.5%, for the Jersey breed it is reported of 9 cows with 0% in natural heat and 33.5 in IATF, in the Charolais breed with 32 cows it gave 0% for natural heat and 56.5% for IATF, the Norman breed records 21 cows having 8.25% of natural heat and 40% of IATF, and finally the Mestiza breed with 22 cows had 25% for natural heat and IATF of 53.25%, which demonstrated the effectiveness of IATF in all breeds. Statistically, the Chi square test shows that there is no significant relationship between the variables studied: race, age and previous births.Item Incidencia de parásitos gastrointestinales en los caninos (Canis lupus familiaris) en el Caserio de Teligote(2025-02) Santamaria Pazmay Soraya Monserrath; Borja Caicedo Byron EnriqueThe purpose of the study conducted in the Teligote hamlet was to determine the incidence of gastrointestinal parasites in the canine population by means of coprological analysis. Since no information was available on the number of dogs in the area, a survey of the inhabitants was conducted, which allowed the animals to be identified and a total of 142 samples for analysis to be established. The collected feces were processed using the Faust technique with zinc sulfate for parasite identification and the McMaster chamber to quantify the parasite load. The results showed that 81% of the samples analyzed presented parasites, among which the following were identified: Cystoisopora spp, Giarda duodenalis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Dipylidium caninum, Toxocara canis, Trichuris vulpi and Ancylostoma caninum, with Cystosisopora spp standing out as the most prevalent, with an incidence of 20% compared to the other species. Statistical analysis was performed with the Infostat program, applying the Chi-square test to identify possible significant relationships between the variables evaluated. The results showed that Cystoisopora spp is associated with age and time of deworming, while Strongylides stercoralis is associated with sex and time of deworming. These associations were considered significant when the p value > 0.05 was not exceeded. The average parasite load was 10274 h.p.g (eggs per gram of feces), 417 q.p.g (cysts per gram of feces) and 2248 o.p.g (oocysts per gram of feces). These results indicate a severe parasitic infestation in the canine population of the farmhouse. However, the parasitic load of Giarda duodenalis was moderate. The species with the most significant loads were Dipylidium canimun (22%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (19%), which reinforces the need to implement control and prevention measures in the area.