Unidad de Posgrado Civil y Mecánica

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La accidentalidad en el tránsito vehicular de la ciudad de Ambato
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Vías Terrestres, 2004) Fabara, Víctor Hugo; Garcés Naranjo, Fausto; Fernández, Francisco
En la ingeniería de tránsito uno de los aspectos que merece la especial atención de los técnicos es evitar los accidentes de tránsito en calles y carreteras. Para la ciudad de Ambato se ha emprendido en la investigación sobre los accidentes de tránsito ocurridos en los años 2000 y 2001 dentro del perímetro urbano consolidado. Para poder llevar adelante la investigación sobre la accidentalidad en el tránsito vehicular de la ciudad se ha tenido que recurrir al estudio y análisis de los documentos legales sobre accidentes de tránsito que reposan en la Jefatura Provincial de Tránsito de Tungurahua; se procedió a la selección de aquellos que han ocurrido dentro de él área de la investigación. La información pertinente a todos y cada uno de los 718 accidentes ocurridos en el período de análisis, ha permitido elaborar cuadros de distribuciones de frecuencias, histogramas y otros gráficos que facilitan el entendimiento de la problemática de la accidentalidad en la ciudad de Ambato. En la investigación se llega a encontrar el número de accidentes en la ciudad, así como también se logró localizar las intersecciones y los tramos de vías en los que ellos son más recurrentes. En las conclusiones el lector encontrará el resultado de comparar lo observado dentro del proceso investigativo y lo que se cree que debe ser lo adecuado para un tránsito fluido, normal y sin peligros dentro de la ciudad de Ambato. En las recomendaciones se hace constar todo aquello que a juicio de los autores se considera necesario realizar por parte de las autoridades provinciales y cantonales a fin de reducir las tasas de accidentalidad, es decir mejorar la seguridad en el tránsito vehicular de la ciudad.
Análisis comparativo de conexiones precalificadas con tipología soldadas y empernadas para un sistema SMF en un edificio de estructura metálica
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas, 2022-09) Merino Mora, Verónica Jackeline; Chávez Rubio, Luis Enrique
Ecuador is located in areas where constant and significant earthquakes occur, currently it has been possible to denote the vulnerability of structural steel buildings to a severe earthquake. The scope of this work was to carry out a comparative analysis of prequalified connections with welded and bolted typology for an SMF system in a metal structure building. The ANSI/AISC 360-16 standard is the standard that establishes the specifications for designing steel structures, the ANSI/AISC 341-16 standard indicates the seismic provisions for structural steel buildings and the ANSI/AISC 358-16, which analyzes the prequalified connections for use in special moments and intermediate frames, the standards present a guide for the design of prequalified metallic connections that were used as an instrument for the different mathematical calculations, in addition, applying this methodology, a model of a steel structure was made . National and international standards were used for the study and the Etabs 2019 and Ram Connection software, both with student licenses, were used for the structural analysis. This research performs the comparative analysis of RBS, BFP, BUEEP and WUF-W prequalified connections, with welded and bolted typology for an SMF system in a metal structure building. A structural and economic analysis of the metal frame building is obtained, concluding that the elements that make up the connection in a metal frame building have an elastic behavior. In addition, it was observed that the RBS connection provides the best reliability so that the transfer in the beams (plastic hinge) prevails before that in the columns, as an energy dissipation mechanism and complying with the design philosophy. Regarding the analysis of the cost of steel in beams and columns, it was known that steel in welded beams and columns is cheaper than steel in bolted beams and columns, due to the materials, equipment, machinery and labor used. in the construction process of metal structures.
Análisis comparativo de la conducta sísmica del puente Norte de la ciudad de Salcedo en base a un rediseño del sistema estructural actual con base fija y aisladores sísmicos.
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas., 2025-06) Reinoso Bonilla Carla Alexandra; Peñafiel Valla Lourdes Gabriela
Given the latent seismic risk that Ecuador faces due to its geographical location in the Pacific Ring of Fire, construction mitigates these risks in part by ensuring the safety, comfort, and economy of users. One of the components that ensures these axes is seismic isolation. However, in Ecuador, the application of these construction methods is limited, making it necessary to disseminate innovative systems that allow safeguarding the safety of the population. This research evaluated the effectiveness of LRB-type isolators as a viable solution to construction located in the current environment of the Ecuadorian territory at the central highlands level. Therefore, a comparative analysis was proposed between the conventional design system (mobile supports and fixed supports) and the seismic isolation system implementing lead-rubber bearing (LRB) supports. A modal and timehistory analysis were carried out, and compatible accelerograms were implemented to obtain a range of thorough results as close to reality as possible. As the main results of the investigation, the seismic isolation systems increase the efficiency of the seismic behavior of the bridge under a variation of speeds by a percentage of 10.57%, while in terms of accelerations, the percentage increases to reach 62.01%. The base shear shows a variation of 65.5% in favor of the isolated model, and finally, there is a variation of average displacements of 12cm, where efficiency is ensured through plastic deformation of the components of the LRB seismic isolator
Análisis comparativo de una estructura habitacional con diagonales excéntricas y una estructura sin diagonales excéntricas, ante una solicitación sísmica
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas, 2022-09) Salazar Gamboa, Alvaro Napoleón; Frías Torres, Alex Xavier
The main objective of this research work was the comparative analysis of a housing structure under seismic stress, taking as a reference point the urban area of Ambato, capital city of the province of Tungurahua, where the building under study is located. A specialized software was used for the modeling and design of the structure, as well as the guidelines of the Ecuadorian construction standard NEC-SE-DS 2015 and ANSI/AISC 360 and 341, respectively. The results obtained were satisfactory with respect to drifts and deflections, according to the configuration in columns, beams and diagonals it was not necessary to redesign the sections of the structural elements. Regarding the analysis, it should be noted that both the structure without eccentric braced frame and the structure with eccentric braced frame obtained an adequate behavior, with drifts of less than 2 percent that comply with the stipulations of the standard, but a notable difference was evidenced in the sections of both columns and beams, obtaining a 45.88 percent reduction in the weight of the structural elements. In the structure with eccentric braced frame, the drifts were maintained within the established limits for this typology according to the NEC with the inclusion of some diagonals, which helped to improve the behavior, reducing considerably the different sections of the structural elements, thus lightening the structure, achieving a balance and avoiding torsional effects in the floor plan, as well as allowing compliance with the maximum floor drifts that limit seismic damage. It was concluded that the structure with eccentric braced frame presents a better lateral resistance to the action of an earthquake due to the addition of the diagonals, which are responsible for redistributing the lateral forces within the building, lightening the structure and considerably reducing the weight of the elements and the consumption of materials.
Análisis comparativo entre placas base con pernos de anclaje extendidos y placas de base tradicionales
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas, 2024-10) Cruz Villavicencio, Nathaly Hailys; Cañizares Ortega, Freddy Fernando
The objective of this research project is to perform an analysis of base plate connections in steel structures as a crucial component in building construction, especially in Ecuador where steel structures have gained popularity in recent years. In the framework of the analysis, two main types of base plate connections were identified: a traditional version and another variant with extended bolts that provided greater stiffness, where comparing these two systems, their advantages and disadvantages were evaluated both in constructive and economic terms. A design guide was established that allowed a simple replication of the two systems, seeking to improve the strength and energy dissipation capacity of the structures under seismic loads. After designing each connection based on stresses obtained from a structural design, it was found that the plates with extended bolts functioned as a fuse, generating creep along the bolt, which allowed absorbing stresses without compromising other structural elements; on the other hand, the traditional base plate generated stresses in the column, which could be detrimental after a seismic event. The cost-benefit analysis revealed that plates with extended bolts imply a greater expense due to the complexity of their components and the additional effort required for their installation. Nevertheless, their implementation is recommended in regions with high seismic activity where structural protection is essential. On the other hand, in areas of low seismicity, their use is not economically justifiable, being more convenient to opt for traditional base plates, fulfilling the objectives by proposing a methodology that can be applied in future research and projects, offering a useful tool for the design of base plate type connections in metallic structures that provide safety especially in seismic contexts.
Análisis de aceros y recubrimientos utilizados en tambores de mezclado de los mixers de la empresa Holcim Ambato y su influencia en el desgaste abrasivo bajo la norma ASTM G105
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Diseño Mecánico, 2017) Villacrés Padilla, David Andrés; Núñez Núñez, Diego Fernando
This research project was developed under the objective of analyzing the types of steels and coatings used in the mixing drums of the mixers of the HOLCIM company Ambato and its influence on the abrasive wear under the ASTM G105 standard, which tests were carried out from abrasive wear and an analysis of the rate of such coatings. For the development of the research, a bibliographic, field and experimental methodology was used, also exploratory and descriptive to address the study phenomenon that included 8 trials with the application of different configurations for the evaluation of the variable, besides a 40 sample scheme was developed with ASTM AISI 1020 steels and ASTM A514 grade F high strength steel corresponding to the Holcim Mixer drum, which were applied to three types of coatings such as nitrided, metallized and cemented. Due to this it was possible to conclude that the application of coatings and thermal treatments on the steels improve the characteristics and properties with respect to the abrasive wear, these processes contribute to a greater hardness and abrasive resistance. In addition, it is determined that, in the case of the amorphous tungsten alloy coating, it presents the greatest increase of hardness of the surfaces, which defines as the best treatment applicable in the steels, reason why a procedure for the recovery of the mixers according to the location of the parts of the mixer drum of the HOLCIM company.
Análisis de amortiguadores híbridos utilizados en estructuras metálicas de edificaciones de mediana altura para mejorar su respuesta a cargas sísmicas
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas, 2023-03) Jaya Guanoluisa, Mario Hernán; Arroba Arroba, César Hernán
The present research focused on identifying different configurations of hybrid dampers that are applicable to mid-rise buildings through the review of research, these devices were evaluated with computational tools, using the finite element method, which allowed to know the structural behavior of this type of systems with reliable mathematical models. Three types of dampers were identified that use fusible elements such as slits and weak plates to dissipate energy through deformations and contact surfaces that dissipate energy through friction, the analyzed dampers are composed especially of steel plates and surfaces of rough materials joined by bolts forming a single assembly, These devices are then adapted with welded or bolted joints to the structures, especially in the central zone of the beams, thus preventing damage to the structural element and giving way to the formation of ball joints and deformations in the fusible elements. After the analysis, the damper with the most stable behavior was identified in order to propose a proposal to improve the seismic performance and better dissipate the energy of the seismic loads.
Análisis de fiabilidad de máquinas y equipos por la ley de Weibull en el área de extrusión de la empresa Holviplas S.A. y su incidencia en la disponibilidad
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Mecánica Mención Diseño, 2020) Agualongo Yansapanta, Luis Rolando; Castro Miniguano, Christian Byron
The present research "Analysis of reliability of machines and equipment by the law of Weibull in the area of extrusion of the company Holviplas S.A. and its impact on availability", has as its primary objective to determine the reliability using the mathematical and graphical method of Weibull. For the development of the analysis, statistical data of maintenance activities previously carried out were taken, which allowed us to identify, through an AMFE matrix, the most critical components or the most prone to failures. On the other hand also analyzed times mean time between failures(TMBF), average repair time (MTTR), operation time (To), the failure rate (Lamda), ideal reliability (Rt), Availability (D). Subsequently with the collected data the study of times of operation and stop of the machinery was carried out, by means of the information of the registers of maintenance, consecutively the statistical analysis was carried out to determine the reliability by means of the distribution of WEIBULL of each machine and equipment, so much with the mathematical method as the graphical method, which allowed to give a more relevant criterion, on which position of the curve of the bath are the machines and the pertinent actions that must be carried out for a process of maintenance. The research was based on the standards NTP 331 and NTP 679 for WEIBULL and AMFE analysis respectively. The software was programmed to determine reliability using the .m language of the specialised software and its GUIDE graphical interface editor. Finally, several practical applications were made to verify the correct functioning of the program, demonstrate its functionality and scope, obtaining a program that is able to calculate the parameters of the Weibull distribution, reliability values and graph with precision at the height of some commercial software , with a simple user interface.
Análisis de juntas tipo bridas apernadas para estructuras de telecomunicaciones de tipo monopolo usando el método de elementos finitos
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas, 2023-03) Muyulema Muyulema, Dany Germán; Peña Jordán, Francisco Agustín
Monopole structures are used as telecommunication towers, especially in urban areas where zoning is difficult. The load hypothesis that predominates their design is wind, since most of the collapses are due to this effect. The most critical part that is more prone to failure in the towers is the bolted flange joint, which requires a special focus in the design to guarantee its resistance and performance over time. In the present investigation, a finite element model was obtained that approximated the actual structural behavior of bolted flange joints. The finite element models were developed in a specialized software and monotonic lateral load tests were performed for their validation. The results obtained by measuring loads and displacements in the tests were compared with those obtained in the finite element model, showing non-significant variations in the points of interest of the bolted flange. The finite element model was useful for predicting the structural behavior of the flanges, making the design process more dynamic.
Análisis de la aleación mecánica de aluminio 1060 con porcentajes controlados en peso de zinc y su incidencia en la resistencia última a la tensión, dureza e impacto
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Mecánica Mención Diseño, 2019) Pineda Silva, Giovanny Vinicio; López Villacís, Gonzalo Eduardo
The research project begins due to the need to have technically documented information related to powder metallurgy within the scope of mechanical alloy, manufacturing process that is entering into the National Industry, due to the advantages it presents with respect to traditional processes; being the most representative, a more exact control of the limits of the composition, optimization of raw material and is a process susceptible to automation with good surface finish for serial production of mechanical components. The experimental process of the mechanical alloy begins with the obtaining of mechanical powder of the base elements: Aluminum 1060 with particle size 30 micrometers and alloying: Zinc with particle size between 45−63 micrometers through the use of ball mill and a screening control; mixing process based on the percentages in weight defined for the subsequent compaction and sintering of the test pieces for the correct development of the tests. The study of tensile strength, hardness and impact was developed though the control of variables of percentage by weight of alloying element: 0.5 – 1.0 y 1.5 percentage Zinc, and sintering temperature: 462 celcius degrees y 594 celsius degrees ; the best results were obtained in the case of a study developed with 1 percentage Zinc and a temperature of 594 celsius degrees, where the hardness and tensile strength were increased by 69 percentage and 12.29 percentage respectively in relation to the base element; while the impact resistance as a function of the energy absorbed decreases by 39.40 percentage in the best case 1 percentage Zinc and 462 celsius degrees; in addition, the controlled variables are correlated with each other and directly affect the properties under study according to the statistical analysis developed by Fisher’s test.
Análisis de la influencia de las pruebas tecnológicas sobre las propiedades mecánicas de compuestos de resina polimérica reforzado con fibras naturales del Ecuador bajo norma ASTM
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Mecánica Mención Diseño, 2019) Salán Guevara, Luis Geovanny; Analuiza Maiza, Oscar Iván
This document responds to an investigative work, against the lack of knowledge of the degree of degradation of composites in the open air, for this purpose the study of the influence of UV radiation and humidity, considered as technological tests, on the mechanical properties of tensile and flexion in two types of composite materials, one with a matrix of polyester resin and reinforcement of cabuya fiber and the other with the same matrix of the previous one with banana fiber reinforcement, under ASTM regulations. In order to determine the percentage of humidity and UV affectation in the aforementioned composite materials, by comparing their properties and determining which one offers better anti-degrading benefits to technological tests, tensile and flexural tests were carried out in the pre and post phases exposure to them. From the experimental treatment of the data obtained, conclusions are established that determine that the composite with better characteristics to resist technological tests is one that uses banana reinforcement. Subsequently, it was validated its use within the automotive industry - body supported by the analysis of finite elements performed by the specialized software intermediary, determining that its ideal application is for internal cover for bus roofs.
Análisis de la influencia de un dieléctrico ecológico sobre la rugosidad superficial en el maquinado del acero K100 mediante el proceso de electroerosión por hilo (WEDM)
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Mecánica Mención Diseño, 2020) Molina Molina, Diego Patricio; Analuiza Maiza, Oscar Iván
In the Ecuador, non-conventional mechanized process have carried an analysis that is referred to the form of production of mechanic elements of complex geometry, that’s why the necessity of investigate the cuts of wire electroerosion (WEDM); using an alternative dielectric which is ecological in base to the electrochemical effect, for the aim of substitute the common way of coolant without the alteration of the final roughness and hardness on the cutting section, and preserve the equipment integrity, and contributing to the factories dedicated to the sheet metal process, to the ecology and the environment around us. The mentioned process goer together with the adequate cutting parameters study, based on an experimental investigation lead to characterized the representative ones of the surface finishing. The analysis is based on a comparative treatment which permits knowing the variability of the roughness and hardness acquired amounts on the cutting section through a variances analysis ANOVA about the factors that influence on the cutting process, in addition observe the presence of possible alterations on the cutting zone through the application of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Having as a result the applicability of the alternative dielectric because under the influence of the same is achieved to obtain in average a significant value of roughness equal to 4,658 micrometers which is less to the achieved average amount with the application of the coolant, where the average is 5,253 micrometers. Furthermore, the surface represents less rate of irregularities, and one significant average to hardness it is referred. That is why the ecologic fluent gets to substitute easily, achieving with the asked expectations for the mechanized type.
Análisis de la soldabilidad de los procesos SMAW, GMAW, GTAW y FCAW, de varillas con resaltes ASTM A706 grado 60 y su repercusión en las propiedades mecánicas de la unión CJP.
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas., 2025) López Urbina Lenin André; Guamanquispe Toasa Jorge Patricio
This research evaluates the most efficient welding process for joining ASTM A706 Grade 60 deformed reinforcing bars, aiming to optimize structural integrity, construction efficiency, and joint durability in civil engineering projects. Welding is proposed as an alternative to wire-tying in bar splicing, optimizing the excessive use of steel and the associated costs. Additionally, it prevents unnecessary increases in structural sections and handling challenges in confined spaces, especially with largediameter bars. In This way, the study seeks to improve structural performance and construction feasibility in civil engineering projects. The weldability of ASTM A706 Grade 60 bars was analyzed using the SMAW, GMAW, GTAW, and FCAW processes, in accordance with the AWS D1.4 code, evaluating their performance through destructive and non-destructive tests. Visual inspections and dye penetrant tests were used to detect surface discontinuities, while UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE AMBATO FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL Y MECÁNICA MAESTRÍA EN INGENIERÍA CIVIL CON MENCIÓN EN ESTRUCTURAS METÁLICAS THEME: “GTAW Y FCAW, OF RODS WITH HIGHLIGHTS ASTM A706 DEGREE 60 AND ITS IMPACT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CJP UNION”. or tying 1t destructive xXviill xxix mechanical tests such as tensile testing, macrography, and metallography analyzed the strength, ductility, and microstructure of the welded joints. The results confirmed that the GMAW, FCAW, and SMAW processes meet the strength and quality standards required by the AWS D1.4 code, whereas the GTAW process exhibited deficiencies in mechanical performance due to alterations microstructure, such as variations in the distribution pearlite and ferrite, as well as grain size. The cost-benefit analysis determined that the GMAW, FCAW, and SMAW welding processes offer greater efficiency and lower cost per welded joint, optimizing the relationship between investment and structural performance. In conclusion, the implementation of welding in deformed steel reinforcing bars represents a viable and advantageous alternative to traditional lap splice with wire ties, improving the quality and safety of structures.
Análisis de la sustitución del material acero A36 por el material Q 235B en la construcción del sistema de agua potable de la ciudad de Riobamba provincia de Chimborazo
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Mecánica Mención Diseño, 2019) Amancha Torres, Israel Jacinto; Espín Lagos, Segundo Manuel
The present research “The analysis of steel A36 substitution instead of Q235B material for the construction of the Drinking Water System in Riobamba city, Chimborazo province.”, is primarily aimed at comparing the Q235B material with A36 steel. Moreover, the obtained data, is the perfect sample to analyze the variable which supports the comparison between both materials, verifying that the results for the substitution bear out firmly all the characteristics of the proposal for this Project, the data obtained from the tests provided belong to the Consorcio Alao company having the authorization of the data, in addition tests were carried out in the Center of Productive Metalmechanical Development Carrocero. The information collected on the destructive and non-destructive testing methods helped us to analyze the physical-chemical and mechanical properties of this steel. In this way, each of the characteristics of this material is determined to be used in the construction of the Drinking Water System in Riobamba city, Chimborazo province. At the end of the project, the characterization of the analyzed steels and their replacement for the construction of the Drinking Water System of Riobamba city in Chimborazo province is presented, through the SMAW welding process under the criteria of acceptance and rejection of API standards 1104 and ASME IX, using electrodes E6010 and E7018 ones as input material, with a type of butt joint and 6G welding position because the pipe to be welded is static without being able to change Welding position, material Q235B presents good mechanical properties and its welding bead does not present many defects.
Análisis de la valoración económica de las tarifas de agua potable de la Junta de Rubén Terán de la ciudad de Latacunga, Provincia de Cotopaxi, Ecuador.
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Hidráulica con mención en Obras Hidráulicas., 2025) Alpusig Jacho Luis Gonzalo; Castro Solorzano Fidel Alberto
This study addressed the economic valuation of drinking water tariffs in the Junta de Agua Potable de Rubén Terán, located in the city of Latacunga, province of Cotopaxi, Ecuador. The main purpose was to develop a fair, equitable and sustainable tariff plan, based on a detailed analysis of the real costs of production, treatment and distribution of water resources. The project arose from the need to update a tariff scheme that historically has not reflected real operating costs, which has compromised the financial sustainability of the system. The research was developed under a mixed approach, combining quantitative, qualitative and descriptive methods. Through field measurements, situational analysis, user surveys and documentary review, key information was gathered on the current state of the infrastructure, citizen perception, the level of losses in the network and the existing cost structure. The average inflow to the water treatment plant was established at 18.58 liters per second, using the floating object method. This data was essential for projecting demand and sizing the proposed tariff system. From the financial point of view, one of the main findings was the calculation of the Net Present Value (NPV), which reached a positive value of US$339.894,07 over a 10-year evaluation horizon, starting from an initial investment of US$64.879,50. This result indicates considerable profitability and evidences the economic viability of the project. The positive NPV demonstrates that, by applying a tariff scheme adjusted to xx real costs, not only is the recovery of the investment guaranteed, but also a significant surplus that can be used for system improvements and maintenance. The cost analysis considered three categories: administrative costs, operating and maintenance costs, and investment costs. The most significant costs were identified as being related to infrastructure maintenance and network losses, attributable in part to the lack of micro-metering, clandestine connections and an aging infrastructure. There was also evidence of a billing and collection gap that directly affects the Board's operational capacity. Based on these findings, a tariff plan was designed with a block approach by user category (residential and non-residential), following the guidelines of the Water Regulation and Control Agency (ARCA). For the residential category, four consumption blocks were established: basic (0-10 m³), medium (11-30 m³), high (31- 40 m³) and excessive (over 40 m³); and for the non-residential category, three blocks: basic (0-30 m³), medium (31-50 m³) and high (over 50 m³). This scheme makes it possible to assign progressive tariffs, encouraging responsible consumption and discouraging excessive use of the resource. Among the main conclusions of the study is that the current tariff structure does not cover the real costs of the service, which puts its sustainability at risk. The lack of micro-metering prevents equitable charging and contributes to the waste of the resource. It was concluded that the implementation of a new tariff scheme, based on actual consumption and technical costs, is essential to ensure the financial and operational viability of the system. In addition, it was recommended that internal governance be strengthened, citizen participation channels be improved, and education on efficient water use be reinforced. In summary, the study provided the technical and financial tools necessary for a tariff restructuring based on criteria of equity, sustainability and efficiency, to ensure access to drinking water as a human right and a vital resource for community development
Análisis de las combinaciones porcentuales del material de aporte de una junta a tope en un acero ASTM A588 Grado A utilizando los alambres tubulares E71T1 y E81T1NI2 para determinar las propiedades mecánicas en la fabricación de superestructura para puentes
(2016) Analuiza Maiza, Oscar Iván; Paredes Salinas, Juan Gilberto
For the present research work, three types of percentage combinations of tubular wires were made in a butt joint steel ASTM A 588 Grade A. Afterwards, the test specimens were obtained to perform destructive test of traction, impact, double guidance and macrography in order to determine the mechanical properties. The analysis and interpretation of results helped to determine, the best combination of the filler material. Finally, a proposal of a WPS and PQR welding process is set up to combine 80% E71T1 - 20% E81T1NI2 along with CO2 as protection gas which has proved to be the combination with the best mechanical properties. This research project is based on the AWS D1.5 code, which contains the general provisions, design of connections, execution, techniques and qualification for the welding of bridges. The development of this project counted on the equipment of the laboratories and advice from civil engineering and mechanics faculty teachers of the Technical University of Ambato.
Análisis de los elementos estructurales utilizados en el diseño de una edificación de dos pisos con un sistema estructural liviano (Steel Framing)
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas, 2022-09) Alarcón Cárdenas, Fredy Israel; Sánchez Sánchez, Xavier Rolando
The development of civil construction leads to industrialized and modern construction systems. One of these is Steel Framing (SF), cold-formed galvanized steel profiles enclosed by cement board, wood or gypsum board panels. In the Ecuadorian environment there is concern about the safety of its structural components. The seismic demand to which the country is subjected requires the construction sector to innovate construction systems, especially for the residential building sector, in order to carry out construction processes with less environmental impact and better seismic resistant behavior that guarantees the safety of the occupants. The materials used in the SF construction system lack reliability in the local market, since they are in a discrete commercialization state due to their low demand and limited consumer scope, which is mainly composed of professionals dedicated to real estate projects. In this study, the structural design of a 2-story residential building was carried out, verifying the mechanical properties of SF by testing its main structural elements. The samples were extracted from profiles available in the market and were analyzed through mechanical tests in several laboratories in the country. During the tests, tensilexvi behavior, metallography, hardness, chemical composition, electron microscopy and coating thickness measurements were evaluated. The results showed that the structural elements that make up the SF system meet the mechanical requirements requested by the structural design standards and its application is feasible in the proposed building, taking into account the good quality of the material used in the manufacture of the profiles used in this construction system. In addition to the results obtained numerically, it is important to emphasize the advantages of the SF, in terms of weight of its elements (light structures), speed of execution and good environmental practices in the construction process.
Análisis de los procesos de soldadura SMAW, GMAW Y FCAW en varillas de acero estructural corrugado ASTM A706, mediante juntas a tope con bisel en V simple y doble, y su incidencia en las propiedades mecánicas de la junta soldada
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas, 2022-03) Armas Real, Daniel Alberto; Vaca Ortega, Wilson Henry
In order to provide an alternative to the traditional method of overlapping between reinforcing steel rods, it is intended to analyze some applicable welding processes to join reinforcing steel rods in the present work. The base material corresponds to reinforcing steel ASTM A706, the same one that is marketed nationally by the main steel mills and whose main characteristic is its good weldability. The welding processes used were the SMAW, GMAW and FCAW processes, and the joints used were single and double beveled butt joints for a rod diameter of 14 mm. The weld seams were made by a qualified welder and the welding processes were qualified by a welding inspector. The destructive tests carried out were the tension and macroetch tests, while the non-destructive test carried out was the penetrant dye test, which was carried out based on the structural welding code and based on structural welding code – steel reinforcing bars. Once the data was tabulated, the type of joint that presented the best mechanical properties for the FCAW process was the double V-bevel butt joint, while for the SMAW process good results were obtained for both types of bevel, however, after performing the analysis of welding costs, the type of butt joint with double V bevel was the one that reached the best cost-benefit ratio, despite the fact that compared to the other processes it was the most expensive; an additional benefit of this process is that it does not require an external shielding gas. The GMAW process, despite complying with the requirements of the code, did not obtain a good result in the percentage of elongation; Regarding the FCAW process, additional specimens were made to carry out the macroetch tests, because if a correct cleaning between passes is not carried out and the correct parameters are not used in the welding, a lack of fusion is obtained between the base metal and the base metal. input.
Análisis de procesos constructivos y cumplimiento de normas en la construcción de vías por administración directa, en el Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado provincial de Napo
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Vías Terrestres, 2016) Ribadeneira Arellano, Laura del Rocío
Análisis de recocido en soldadura de acero AISI 1018 con electrodo AWS E-7018 y su incidencia en las propiedades mecánicas
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Diseño Mecánico, 2012) Vaca Ortega, Wilson Henry; Valle Velasco, Pablo Raúl
El presente trabajo muestra la investigación realizada en juntas de Acero AISI 1018 soldadas con electrodo AWS E-7018, las que fueron sometidas a tratamiento térmico de recocido, con la finalidad de comparar las propiedades mecánicas de una junta sin tratamiento térmico posterior a la soldadura y las analizadas a tres temperaturas diferentes 600ºC, 780ºC, 870ºC, y a dos tiempos distintos una y tres horas. Se realizaron ensayos de tracción, dureza, impacto y análisis metalográfico en los laboratorios de la Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato para determinar la variación de las propiedades mecánicas con las seis condiciones de recocido, posteriormente los registros fueron tabulados y analizados. Se obtuvo conclusiones y recomendaciones en función de los resultados obtenidos, que contribuyen a generar procesos de recocido posterior a la soldadura que pueden ser aplicados en el campo industrial. Finalmente se determinó el proceso que mejor combinación de propiedades mecánicas produjo, y se desarrollaron los procedimientos respectivos.