Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología

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Subject: search.filters.subject.PRODUCCIÓN AGRÍCOLA

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    Efecto de la participación de la agricultura familiar y campesina en la producción de alimentos para la seguridad alimentaria en la Provincia de Tungurahua en los cantones Píllaro, Mocha y Tisaleo
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería en Alimentos, 2023-09) Vargas Ipaz, Paola Elizabeth; Franco Crespo, Christian David
    Family farming is important throughout Ecuador because it is the main source of work and food for the entire population. However, food production must be planned in order to avoid excess and, as a consequence, overproduction, thus endangering food security. The methodology used in this work includes a mathematical model to determine the production zones in the cantons of Píllaro, Mocha and Tisaleo. For this, we used the GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) software, which is designed to solve problems of linear and nonlinear systems, as well as the use of SPSS Statistics, which allows us to perform statistical analysis and descriptions, among others. The data obtained from the surveys of 244 farming families in the three cantons and the collection of data on the main crops through MAGAP helped us determine the production and yield of the most harvested crops in each canton. Therefore, the results obtained indicate that the current agricultural production guarantees the availability of food throughout the year, ensuring that all people have access at all times, thus guaranteeing food security for the entire population.
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    Efecto de la participación de la agricultura familiar y campesina en la producción de alimentos para la seguridad alimentaria en la Provincia de Tungurahua en los cantones Píllaro, Mocha y Tisaleo
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería en Alimentos, 2023-09) Soria Valle, Dayana Victoria; Franco Crespo, Christian David
    Family farming is important throughout Ecuador because it is the main source of work and food for the entire population. However, food production must be planned in order to avoid excess and, as a consequence, overproduction, thus endangering food security. The methodology used in this work includes a mathematical model to determine the production zones in the cantons of Píllaro, Mocha and Tisaleo. For this, we used the GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) software, which is designed to solve problems of linear and nonlinear systems, as well as the use of SPSS Statistics, which allows us to perform statistical analysis and descriptions, among others. The data obtained from the surveys of 244 farming families in the three cantons and the collection of data on the main crops through MAGAP helped us determine the production and yield of the most harvested crops in each canton. Therefore, the results obtained indicate that the current agricultural production guarantees the availability of food throughout the year, ensuring that all people have access at all times, thus guaranteeing food security for the entire population.
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    Análisis de los efectos en la disponibilidad de alimentos, mediante indicadores de seguridad alimentaria y la percepción de cambio climático de los agricultores de Mocha, Tisaleo y Píllaro
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería en Alimentos, 2022-09) Iglesias Sánchez, Ximena Katherine; Franco Crespo, Christian David
    Food security is a field of study that every day is part of the agendas of governments as part of meeting the food demands of the population. Likewise, it has been studied to understand the dimensions in which social welfare is fulfilled. However, one of the main causes that has caused negative indices of food security is climate change. However, in Ecuador there is no research that analyzes these effects in each area, creating uncertainty and concern due to the lack of information for an analysis of future consequences. That is why the purpose of this work seeks to analyze the perception of climate change of the producers of the Mocha, Tisaleo and Píllaro cantons and the effects on food availability. To determine these effects, availability indicators were used, related to the scenarios of climatic variation RCP 4.5 and 8.5, which were determined by the perception of the producers through an interview and later the data were processed statistically, giving us results of the possible consequences. In the future of climatic variation, the ELCSA instrument is finally applied and with the RASCH analysis to determine the availability and access to food. It is concluded that climate change drastically affected the producers of Mocha, Píllaro and Tisaleo, therefore, the food security of the producers and their families is in danger, affecting the first link of social welfare.
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    Aplicación de modelos matemáticos para la determinación de zonas de producción en el cantón Píllaro para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería en Alimentos, 2022-03) Tubón Saquinga, Bélgica Janneth; Franco Crespo, Christian David
    Agricultural activity is very important in all sectors of Ecuador because this is one of the main sources of work and food for many inhabitants. However, the absent planning when planting the different products means that sometimes they are grown in excess and therefore are marketed at low prices or on the contrary that they are not grown, and prices are relatively high. The current production system, irrigation water, labor, and the investment that each farmer has for his crops are some of the factors that influence agricultural production. For this reason, the methodology includes the design of a mathematical model to determine the production areas in the canton of Píllaro. For this, the GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) program was used, designed mainly to solve problems of nonlinear and linear systems, based on data obtained through surveys of 85 farmers from different areas of the canton. On the other hand, the analysis of three food security indicators was applied to know how this situation is in the canton of Píllaro. The results indicate that current agricultural production guarantees the food security of the inhabitants and the territories to which their products arrive. This is because the products grown are sufficient to ensure the availability and demand of food for consumers.
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    Determinación de escenarios de la producción de alimentos frente al Cambio Climático en la Provincia de Tungurahua tomando como muestra los cultivos de maíz (Zea mays), papa (Solanum tuberosum), mora (Rubus ulmifolius) y tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería en Alimentos, 2021-09) Villamarín Cueva, Andrea Belén; Franco Crespo, Christian David
    In Ecuador, the study of the climate is a complicated subject because there are few records, especially in remote areas where it is known that there are negative effects of Climate Change, however, they have not been quantified, creating uncertainty by not having information for a analysis of future consequences and makes it difficult to implement actions to combat the effects of the climate. Pests and diseases in crops, the increase in temperature, water scarcity and the variation of rainfall are the impacts that affect agricultural production and the availability of food. To determine the impact of the Climate Change Scenarios in Ecuador on the production of blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius), tree tomato (Solanum betaceum), corn (Zea mays), and potato (Solanum tuberosum) in the province of Tungurahua was used The GAMS software, with the use of linear programming and based on databases, surveys and information collected, provided data on the future consequences of the studied crops as a result. With the analysis of each result on the incidence of water scarcity aggravated by Climate Change, it is established that the only crop that would be able to resist this change by 2050 would be corn, which could generate an increase in prices of The crops forging problems for the Food Security of Ecuador by not having enough resources to maintain production and supply the population.
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    Determinación de escenarios de la producción de alimentos frente al Cambio Climático en la Provincia de Tungurahua tomando como muestra los cultivos de maíz (Zea mays), papa (Solanum tuberosum), mora (Rubus ulmifolius) y tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería en Alimentos, 2021-09) Jordán Lescano, Andrés Isaac; Franco Crespo, Christian David
    In Ecuador, the study of the climate is a complicated subject because there are few records, especially in remote areas where it is known that there are negative effects of Climate Change, however, they have not been quantified, creating uncertainty by not having information for a analysis of future consequences and makes it difficult to implement actions to combat the effects of the climate. Pests and diseases in crops, the increase in temperature, water scarcity and the variation of rainfall are the impacts that affect agricultural production and the availability of food. To determine the impact of the Climate Change Scenarios in Ecuador on the production of blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius), tree tomato (Solanum betaceum), corn (Zea mays), and potato (Solanum tuberosum) in the province of Tungurahua was used The GAMS software, with the use of linear programming and based on databases, surveys and information collected, provided data on the future consequences of the studied crops as a result. With the analysis of each result on the incidence of water scarcity aggravated by Climate Change, it is established that the only crop that would be able to resist this change by 2050 would be corn, which could generate an increase in prices of The crops forging problems for the Food Security of Ecuador by not having enough resources to maintain production and supply the population.
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    Evaluación del efecto de cuatro métodos de inoculación de dos cepas de Azospirillum spp., en el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.), variedades INIAP 122 y 102, en las provincias de Imbabura y Pichincha
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2010) Ortíz Bustos, Gabriela Monserrath; Velasteguí Sánchez, José Ramiro
    La productividad del maíz se puede mejorar con la utilización de fertilizantes para sustituir a los fertilizantes químicos, que tienen consecuencias para el medio ambiente. Actualmente, en la mayoría de cultivos se usan bacterias con la capacidad de promover el crecimiento vegetal y de fijar el nitrógeno atmosférico como Azospirillum. Sin embargo, el mecanismo para que la bacteria ejerza suactividad metabólica efi cientemente sobre las plantas es una buena interacción planta – microorganismo que se podría lograr con la aplicación de un método de inoculación apropiado. Con este argumento, se desarrolló la investigación “Evaluación del efecto de cuatro métodos de inoculación de dos cepas de Azospirillum spp., en el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.), variedades INIAP 122 y 102 en las provincias de Imbabura y Pichincha”. En este estudio, se evaluaron métodos de inoculación líquido y sólido al suelo y a la semilla; de las cepas c2 (Azospirillum spp. de Bolívar) y c3 (Azospirillum spp. de Chimborazo), con el fin de seleccionar el método de inoculación y la cepa de Azospirillum spp. más eficiente en la producción de maíz (Zea mays L.). Las variedades de maíz empleadas fueron INIAP 102 en Pichincha e INIAP 122 en Imbabura. En cada provincia, se analizaron 12 tratamientos en total, formados por la combinación del factor A (métodos de inoculación de Azospirillum spp.) y el factor B (cepas de Azospirillum spp.) Se utilizó un Diseño de Parcela Dividida (DPD) con tres repeticiones. Las variables microbiológicas analizadas fueron población de microorganismos en suelo (actinomicetes, hongos, bacterias solubilizadoras de fósforo y bacterias degradadoras de celulosa y Azospirillum spp.). Las variables agronómicas analizadas fueron emergencia de plantas, altura de planta, altura de inserción de mazorca en planta, daño a la mazorca por Heliothis zea, daño a la mazorca por Fusarium moniliforme, longitud de mazorca, diámetro de mazorca, nitrógeno en suelo, nitrógeno total en planta, rendimiento en choclo, Presupuesto Parcial y Tasa de Retorno Marginal. En Amaguaña, el tratamiento c2m3 (cepa de Azospirillum spp. de Bolívar + método de inoculación líquido a la semilla) incrementó altura de planta, altura de inserción de mazorca en planta y nitrógeno total en suelo, a los siguientes valores 244, 67 cm, 139,67 cm y 0,28%, respectivamente, en relación al testigo, que presentó valores de 204,33 cm en altura de planta, 108 cm en altura de inserción de mazorca en planta y 0,99% de nitrógeno total en suelo. La mayor población de hongos fue 1,77x104 UFC/gss con c2m1 (cepa de Azospirillum spp. de Bolívar + método de inoculación líquido al suelo), mientras que con el testigo fue 1,62x104 UFC/gss. En Quinchuquí, la altura de inserción de mazorca en planta se incrementó a 137,33 cm con c2m3 (cepa de Azospirillum spp. de Bolívar + método de inoculación líquido a la semilla), en relación al testigo, que incrementó la altura se inserción de mazorca en planta a 101,33 cm. Las mayores poblaciones expresadas en UFC/gss fueron: 4,36 x107 actinomicetes con c4m2 (cepa de Azospirillum spp. de Chimborazo + método de inoculación sólido al suelo), 4x104 hongos con c2m1 (cepa de Azospirillum spp. de Bolívar + método de inoculación líquido al suelo),9,48x105 bacterias degradadoras de celulosa con c2m3 (cepa de Azospirillum spp.de Bolívar + método de inoculación líquido a la semilla) y 4,36x107 Azospirillum spp. con c2m3 (cepa de Azospirillum spp. de Bolívar + método de inoculación líquido a la semilla), mientras que con el testigo se obtuvieron en UFC/gss 9,16x106 actinomicetes, 2,43x103 hongos, 1,59x105 bacterias degradadoras de celulosa y 2,25x106 Azospirillum spp.La población de Azospirillum spp. incrementó en los suelos, esto demuestra la efectividad de la cepa de Bolívar, que pudo infectar y proliferar en el interior del tejido de la raíz para competir por los nutrientes con otros microorganismos de la rizósfera. El método de inoculación a la semilla introdujo una población eficiente de la cepa de Bolívar y permitió que la bacteria este en contacto con la rizósfera donde sucede la mayor interacción planta – microorganismos, existiendo una mejor contribución de sustancias promotoras de crecimiento en la planta de maíz.