Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología

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    Caracterización de las propiedades de pasta y contenido de arsénico en muestras de arroz fresco y envejecido provenientes de la Estación Experimental Litoral Sur del INIAP
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2025-02) Sayay Rivera, Edison Sebastián; Paredes Escobar, Mayra Liliana
    Rice, as a staple food for thousands of people around the world, plays a crucial role in the food security and socioeconomic development of many countries. In Ecuador, per capita consumption is between 43 and 50 kg. The quality of rice grains can be assessed by the amylose content in the starch, quantifying the behavior of the pastes when cooked. However, this grain can be contaminated by arsenic, which affects consumers. In the present study, the grade, class, level of insect infestation, humidity, and hectoliter weight were determined. The properties of the rice paste were evaluated using a rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA) and their correlation with moisture. Finally, arsenic was quantified in fresh and aged paddy rice by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results obtained showed a grade 1 and class 2 for the fresh rice samples, while in aged rice, there was the presence of broken grains and husks, which decreased its quality. The moisture values complied with the INEN standard, being higher in fresh rice, but with a slight increase in oliter weight in aged rice. A better viscosity of the rice paste was observed in the aged sample GO - 04242. The determination of total arsenic in paddy rice showed values between 0.24 and 0.88 milligrams per kilogram, while in fresh and aged rice, it was not detected or was below the detection limits.
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    Análisis de la presencia de metales pesados en la concha negra (Anadara tuberculosa) expendida en los mercados de la ciudad de Ambato y su cumplimiento con los límites establecidos en la normativa alimentaria
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2025-02) Gaibor Angulo, Marissa Antonella; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    The determination of heavy metals in black shells (Anadara tuberculosa) makes them a very important marine resource in coastal ecosystems and for human consumption to assess environmental and health risks. Heavy metals such as Arsenic (As), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), can accumulate in the soft tissues of this species, because it has a filtering capacity since it is exposed to contaminated waters either by anthropogenic activities such as mining, agriculture and industrial and urban discharges. For the analysis of heavy metals in black shells, it is necessary to collect samples in specific areas. It is vitally important to identify the areas of sale and origin of the product through informal interviews with the sellers. The samples must be prepared for the quantification of heavy metals using the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique. The results obtained after using the technique are compared with international and local regulations, such as those of the European Communities and the CODEX, with evidence that the limits of heavy metals obtained in the analysis are below the limits established by the regulations, however, the presence of these metals is not ruled out. The evaluation of the toxicological risk allows the identification and quantification of the dangers that are associated with chemical substances, evaluating their impact on human health and the environment by examining a danger in order to avoid or reduce it, where the samples analyzed are below the reference dose, showing that they do not represent a risk to health.
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    Determinación del efecto de Cr6+ y Cd2+ sobre la producción de biogás y las características de lixiviado de vertederos biorreactores para la estabilización de materia orgánica residual
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Ortega Quiroz, Luis Enrique; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    Bioreactor landfills are an attractive option for municipal solid waste management compared to conventional landfills. It is characterized by the recirculation of the generated leachate, so that the need for leachate treatment is reduced and the rate of biogas generation increases. However, this biogas production can be affected by the concentration of heavy metals such as hexavalent chromium and cadmium, which could have toxic effects on microbiological processes. Three identically started bioreactor landfills were implemented for twelve weeks. They were installed in columns, where successive layers of compost, green waste and sludge from the Ambato wastewater treatment plant were added. The first landfill was used as a control, while the other two were added with hexavalent chromium and cadmium in the ninth week, where a slight stabilization of biogas production occurred. The leachate generated by the columns was collected in a bottom vessel and recirculated to the upper section of the column. The quality of the leachate was analyzed by measuring compounds such as sulphate, sulphide, phosphate, ammonium, magnesium, COD, chromium and cadmium. It was concluded that the addition of hexavalent chromium and cadmium in the bioreactor landfill was not toxic to the microorganisms, but it did affect their operation by causing blockage in the recirculation. This indicates that the presence of these metals did not have an impact on the quality of the leachate and biogas generation.
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    Determinación del efecto de Cr6+ y Cd2+ sobre la producción de biogás y las características de lixiviado de vertederos biorreactores para la estabilización de materia orgánica residual
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-03) Montiel Sánchez, Gabriela Vanessa; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    Bioreactor landfills are an attractive option for municipal solid waste management compared to conventional landfills. It is characterized by the recirculation of the generated leachate, so that the need for leachate treatment is reduced and the rate of biogas generation increases. However, this biogas production can be affected by the concentration of heavy metals such as hexavalent chromium and cadmium, which could have toxic effects on microbiological processes. Three identically started bioreactor landfills were implemented for twelve weeks. They were installed in columns, where successive layers of compost, green waste and sludge from the Ambato wastewater treatment plant were added. The first landfill was used as a control, while the other two were added with hexavalent chromium and cadmium in the ninth week, where a slight stabilization of biogas production occurred. The leachate generated by the columns was collected in a bottom vessel and recirculated to the upper section of the column. The quality of the leachate was analyzed by measuring compounds such as sulphate, sulphide, phosphate, ammonium, magnesium, COD, chromium and cadmium. It was concluded that the addition of hexavalent chromium and cadmium in the bioreactor landfill was not toxic to the microorganisms, but it did affect their operation by causing blockage in the recirculation. This indicates that the presence of these metals did not have an impact on the quality of the leachate and biogas generation.
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    Determinación de las isotermas y cinéticas de adsorción de metales pesados (Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu) sobre adsorbentes de zeolita y piroclasto volcánico para el tratamiento de aguas residuales de lavadoras automotrices del cantón Ambato
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2023-09) Arguello Rodríguez, Diter David; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    Wastewater from human activity and industry mostly ends up in water effluents without any prior treatment, which exacerbates the level of contamination of this resource, these practices cause the decrease in water availability. Automotive washing machines generate high loads of hydrocarbons and heavy metals of which vehicles are composed, which is why the objective of the project was the determination of isotherms and kinetics of adsorbent materials on the wastewater of automotive washing machines in the Ambato canton. The present experimental research project consists of an analysis of adsorption isotherms on heavy metals with known initial concentrations of heavy metals, applying linear adjustment and models of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, for which the adsorption capacity of a porous material (pyroclast) and materials with a high degree of ion exchange (mordenite zeolite and cliptonilolite) was evaluated. In addition, the adsorption efficiency of the materials was verified on a sample of synthetic water (distilled water and metal) and one of matrix water (wastewater and metal cations), thus executing a simple adsorption process and a competitive adsorption system, for the preparation of samples the regulations of the Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation (TULSMA) were taken as reference. Finally, it was shown that adsorbent materials can decrease the concentration of heavy metals in wastewater, removing up to 95 percent of the initial load of contaminants.
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    Estudio de los criterios fisicoquímicos, microbiológicos y metales pesados en agua para consumo humano en la comunidad de Misquilli, en la parroquia de Santa Rosa, provincia de Tungurahua
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Lozada López, Jennifer Katherine; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    The objective of this research is to characterize the water quality and determine the concentration of heavy metals in the community of Misquilli, belonging to the parish of Santa Rosa. Monitoring was carried out in May 2023, taking 6 samples along the water transport route, from its origin to the point of consumption. In addition, analyses of the physicochemical characteristics of the water were performed using the photometer for minerals and the atomic absorption spectrophotometer for heavy metals; in the microbiological analysis was performed from membrane filtration, following the allowable limits established in Annex 1 of the Environmental Quality Regulations (Table 1 TULSMA) for source water, and in Annex 2 of INEN Standard 1108:2014 for drinking water. The values obtained were interpreted by comparing them with the standards stipulated in the ordinance. Some physicochemical parameters were identified that exceeded the maximum permissible limits (MPL) in fluoride water with values between 3.7 to 4.2 milligrams per liter (MPL of 1.5 milligrams per liter INEN 1108:2014 and Table 1 TULSMA), cadmium with values 0.0032 and 0. 0046 milligrams per liter (MPL of 0.003 milligrams per liter INEN 1108:2014), free residual chlorine with values below 0.04 milligrams per liter (permissible range between 0.3 to 1.5 milligrams per liter INEN 1108:2014) and fecal coliforms with values of 15 CFU per 100 mL (MPL less than 1 CFU per 100 mL INEN 1108:2014).
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    Caracterización del contenido en nutrientes y metales pesados en lodos provenientes de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Ambato (PTAR)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Sánchez Lascano, Alison Verónica; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    Sustainable soil management is a priority for food production and environmental protection; therefore, sewage sludge becomes an agricultural management strategy to improve soil properties. This is the reason why, the centrifuge sludge and solidified sludge from the PTAR-Ambato were characterized based on their physicochemical characteristics (moisture content, organic matter and pH), heavy metal content (Cr, Pb, Cd, As, Co, Ni, Al) and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn). Through the maximum and minimum limits analysis, established in the current environmental regulations, the use of residual sludge in agriculture was measured. Indeed, the high content of nutrients (percentage) N, P and K with 3.05, 2.15 and 0.77 in centrifuge sludge; and 0.92, 41.27 and 1.01, in solidified sludge, respectively, make it a potential resource for nutrient recycling. However, the high moisture content (percentage) with 389.61 and 70.56, the low organic matter content (percentage) with 10.97 and 0.68 in centrifuge sludge and solidified sludge, respectively, as well as the high content of heavy metals (milligram per kilogram) such as elemental aluminum with 759.43 and hexavalent chromium with 82.68 limit their use in agriculture. In conclusion, residual sludge from the PTAR-Ambato could be stabilized before final disposal by prolonged alkalinization, composting or vermicomposting to obtain a product suitable for agriculture.
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    Evaluación de la calidad del agua y determinación de metales pesados en sedimentos de la microcuenca del río Alajua
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Moreano Panchi, Ana Belen; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    This study aims to evaluate the quality of surface water and determine the heavy metals in the sediments of the Alajua River micro watershed through the analysis of physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Consequently, it made a sampling campaign and determined five points in the high and low watersheds of the river. The results obtained from characterizing the water and sediment samples were analyzed with the maximum allowable limits set by Ecuadorian environmental legislation (TULSMA). In addition, parameters such as pH and conductivity are monitored at all test points, turbidity, sulfates, and nitrates in the water test, and metals in water sediments did not exceed the following limits: Al, Cd, Cr, As, and Ni. However, high concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Pb were found in the upper and lower watershed, exceeding the TULSMA limits. The results of the microbiological analysis showed total and fecal contamination at all points. The most polluted points were point 3 (200 meters below the Pungoloma-Quisapincha road), point 4, and point 5, located in the Aguaján sector. Two water quality indices, NSF and Dinius, were calculated from the data collected. The assessment of the water quality in the river with the two water indicators indicated the three points mentioned earlier to be suitable for human beings and acceptable for agricultural irrigation. In conclusion, the continuous monitoring of this micro-watershed should be constant.
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    Caracterización de la calidad del agua y determinación de metales pesados en sedimentos de la microcuenca del río Colorado
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Frias Carrion, Adriana Jacqueline; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    The present investigation aims to characterize the quality of the water and determine the concentration of heavy metals in the sediments of the Colorado River micro-basin for the evaluation of the degree of contamination through the water quality index (ICA), for which it was carried out a monitoring in September 2022, taking 5 sampling stations along the Colorado River. On the other hand, the analysis of the physicochemical characteristics was carried out considering the permissible limits of the Environmental Quality Regulation (TULSMA) established in annex 1, for water and in annex 2, for soil. The ICA values were interpreted through the NSF and Dinius classification scale. The results physicochemical parameters that exceeded the permissible limits in water were fecal coliforms, zinc, lead, iron and manganese. On the other hand, the measurements that exceeded the soil quality criteria were hexavalent chromium, cadmium and copper. In accordance with the aforementioned, a regular water quality was estimated using the ICA-NSF. On the other hand, the water was classified as contaminated except for P3, which was acceptable through the Dinius ICA. The condition in the sampling areas in surface waters is mainly due to anthropic activities such as the presence and deposition of animal feces; as well as domestic water discharges and the dry season, which allowed us to investigate the deterioration of water quality in the Colorado River.
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    Evaluación del consumo de oxígeno por bacterias aeróbicas en aguas residuales de la planta de tratamiento de Ambato contaminadas con arsénico y cromo
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Freire Alegria, Sharon Mayli; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    Industrial activities and population growth have led to an increase in the use of water resources and, therefore, the generation of wastewater. These have a high pollution load, both biological and non-biological (heavy metals, organic matter). For this reason, the objectives of this curricular integration project were to characterize the wastewater obtained from three secondary treatment points (the clarified effluent from the primary reactor, the mixed liquor from the biological reactor and the biosolids recirculation tank) of the Ambato wastewater treatment plant. Toxicity bioassays were also conducted by adding arsenic and hexavalent chromium, to verify how these metals affect the oxygen uptake rate and the inhibition of 20, 50 and 80 percent of microbial metabolism and growth. Determining that, as the concentration of the elements increased, the oxygen uptake rate decreased in both cases, as they decreased from 277 to 152 (arsenic) and from 288 to 68 milligrams of oxygen per liter per day (chromium). Furthermore, chromium was more toxic than arsenic, since the latter metal needed higher concentrations (1000 milligrams per liter) to achieve a 20 percent inhibition, as opposed to chromium, which needed only 13 milligrams per liter. Finally, these studies have been carried out with the purpose of providing alternatives to optimize wastewater treatment in future research.