Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Efecto del Rhodobacter Sphaeroides sobre los índices productivos y digestibilidad aparente en pollos de engorde(2025-02) Maliza Pacha Nelly Elizabeth; Guerrero López Jorge RicardoThe objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of Rhodobacter Sphaeroides in different doses on the productive índices and the apparent digestibility of nutrients. For this purpose, four treatments werw used; T0 control group without the addition of R. Shpaeroides; 1 ml of R. Shpaeroides; T2 with 2 ml of R. Shpaeroides and T3 with 3 ml of R. Shpaeroides per liter of wáter. For the study, 200 one- day- old male and female broiler chickens of the Cobb 500 line were used. Through a completely randomized design with 10 repetitions per treatment and 5 animals per repetition. The data obtained were evaluated with the Infostat statistical program using the Tukey test with a significance leve lof 95 %. The productive period was divided into four stages: initial (0- 10 days); growth (11- 22 days); finisher I (23- 42 days) and finisher II (43- final), while the evaluation of the apparent digestibility of nutrients was carried out in a periodo f 35- 42 days of age. Regarding the results, T3 presented better result in terms of final weight (3052.29 g); weight gain (3012.61 g) and European Efficiency Index (318.72), while feed consumption (g) anda feed conversión index did not present significant differences (P< 0.05). Regarding the apparent digestibility of nutrients, there were no major significant differences (P> 0.05).Item Evaluación de la preferencia de consumo y digestibilidad aparente de forrajes en conejos (Oryctolagus cunículus) de la raza californiana(2025-02) Chasi Chango Pamela Lizbeth; Aragadvay Yungan Ramon GonzaloThe purpose of this research was to evaluate the consumption preference and digestibility in rabbits with different forages as a food alternative for them, thus employing five treatments through a completely randomized design completing a 32- day study. The treatments Avena sativa (T1), Lolium perenne (T2), Medicago sativa (T3), Zea mays (T4) and Malva sylvestris (T5) presented significant differences in the various parameters studied, thus determining that when assessing consumption preference, T1 (2386g) and T3 (2513g) statistically registered the best values compared to T5 (885g), which was the treatment with a lower total consumption during the experimental period, which would determine a better palatability in the treatments with higher consumption. Likewise, in productive parameters such as weight gain, it was noted that the T3 (1027.33g) and T1 (944.67g) treatments stood out, which presented a better weight gain unlike T2 (555.67g), which registered the lowest productive values of the research. At the same time, it was determined that forages such as T1 and T3 presented a better digestibility in dry matter (63.9%) and (59.7%) respectively, organic matter (63.8%) and (48.8%) as they presented a lower content of non-digestible fiber (FDA), which indicates that being a species that practices cecotrophy presents a better use of nutrients, which did not happen with T5, which presented a lower digestibility of nutrients in DM, MO, NDF and FDA which would be aligned with the limited efficiency of this forage and the presence of secondary compounds that also affect the consumption of these forages. This is how he highlights the importance of the implementation of highly palatable forages that also provide the necessary nutrients in the species in order to obtain positive productive parameters together with good digestibility.Item Efecto de la Acacia melanoxylon en diferentes niveles más enzimas fibrolíticas sobre el comportamiento productivo y digestibilidad en ovinos(2022-09) Abarca Cabrera, Alex Enrique; Aragadvay Yungán, Ramón GonzaloThe objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of Acacia melanoxylon plus fibrolytic enzymes on the productive behavior and digestibility in sheep. This research was carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences - UTA. 18 weaned sheep with an average weight of 15 kg were used, in a completely randomized design (DCA) with three groups and 6 repetitions, with diets: T0: Control diet that does not contain inclusion of Acacia melanoxylon, T1: 15% inclusion of Acacia melanoxylon and T2: 30% inclusion of Acacia melanoxylon + 0.2% fibrolytic enzymes. Voluntary intake, weight gain, feed conversion and digestibility in sheep were evaluated. The voluntary consumption of Dry Matter was higher (0.0002) for T1 (1265.25) and T2 (1268.85) compared to T0 (863.75), in Organic Matter it showed differences being higher (0.0002) for T1 (1207.43) and T2 (1206.05) in relation to T0 (831.35); In neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber there were very significant differences (<0.0001) between treatments, being the highest T2 (442.00 and 97.72 respectively) for the other treatments. The weight gain obtained differences between treatments (P=0.0288) being higher for T1 (147.90) and the best feed conversion was for T2 (0.08). The apparent digestibility of DM and OM did not show significant differences; however, there is an increase in digestibility in T1 (67.48 MS and 68.42 MO) and T2 (72.97 MS and 75.53 MO) compared to T0 that only obtained (44.18 MS and 45. 14 MO). In neutral detergent fiber they did not show significant differences (0.0002) for T1 (31,40) and T2 (50,27) in relation to T0 (13.92); And the acid detergent fiber did not show significant differences between T0 (22.39) and T1 (22.58) but the best digestibility of (FDA) was obtained by T2 (37.46). The voluntary intake of digestible DM was higher (0.0002) for T1 (874.82) and T2 (908.58) compared to T0 (637.30); In MO, a difference (0.0004) was found, being (846.30) for T1 and (869.50) for T2, while T0 obtained (627.32); FDN and FDA showed significant differences (<0.0001) in T2 (218.88 and 35.58 respectively). The voluntary consumption of the metabolic weight in DM was higher (0.0009) in T1 (106.93) and T2 (109.66) for T0 (79.65); in MO it was higher (0.0013) for T1 (102.03) and T2 (104.23) compared to T0 (76.67); in FDN and FDA in T2 were significantly different for (<0.0001) being (38.20 and 7.81 respectively). It was concluded that the use of Acacia melanoxylon plus fibrolytic enzymes improves the productive performance and digestibility in sheep.Item Efecto de forraje de moringa, de semilla de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) Y Acacia mearnsii en la fermentación y ecología microbiana ruminal(2021-08) Paucar Manjarres, Evelyn Katherine; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos AntonioThe effect of the inclusion of the seed of Sacha Inchi, forage of Moringa oleifera and Acacia mearnsii in the diet of sheep on fermentation and rumen microbial ecology was determined. The research was developed at the Querocha campus of the Universidad Tecnica de Ambato. Five treatments were evaluated: T1; (Moringa 40%- 60% fodder), T2; (sacha inchi 40%- fodder 60%), T3; (Acacia 40%- fodder 60%), T4; (Moringa 30%, Sacha inchi 30%, Acacia 30% y fodder 10%), under a Latin square design (5x5). The rumen degradation of the Dry Matter, Apparent digestibility of the Dry Matter and Production of gas, methane and carbon dioxide were evaluated. The soluble fraction (A) was higher (P = 0.0001) in the T2 treatment (41.2%), in the insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (B) no differences were observed between the evaluated treatments (P = 0.1602). The degradation rate in% per hour (c) was higher (P = 0.0001) in T1. The potential for A + B degradation was higher (P = 0.0006) in T2 (77.6%). The effective degradation at the different passage rates 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 k was higher (P = 0.0001) in T1 (65.1, 56.8 and 52.3% respectively). DM digestibility was higher (P = 0.0001) in T5 (53.7). The production of gas, CH4 and CO2 was lower (P = 0.0001) in treatments T1 and T2. Holotric and Entodinomorphic protozoa populations at 12 hours did not show significant differences between treatments (P = 0.9438 and P = 0.1242 respectively). At 24 hours, the Holotric protozoa population was lower (P=0.0010) in T3 and T5. However, the population of Entodinomorphic protozoa did not show differences (P=0.1082) between treatments. Under the conditions of this study, it can be concluded that the inclusion of Moringa oleifera, Plukenetia volubilis and Acacia mearnsii forage in the diet of ruminants, reduces the production of greenhouse gases and the population of rumen protozoa.Item Evaluación de hojas de tres especies de Musas spp. con adición de Saccharomyces cerevisiae y enzimas fibrolíticas exógenas sobre la función ruminal in vitro.(2019) Morales Camacho, Héctor Daniel; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos AThe aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in forages of Musa spp. on in vitro rumen function. The work was carried out in the experimental farm Querochaca of the UTA. The research was conducted under a completely randomized design with a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement. The data was analyzed according to the model used. The evaluated forages were added additives: S. cerevisiae and fibrolytic enzymes. To conform the following treatments: TO: M. acuminata without additives, TOE: M. acuminata with enzymes (0.002 mg/kg), TOS: M. acuminata with S. cerevisiae (0.002 mg/kg), TOES: M. acuminata with enzymes (0.002 mg/kg) and S. cerevisiae (0.002 mg/kg). TP: M. balbisiana without additives, TPE: M. balbisiana with enzymes (0.002 mg/kg), TPS: M. balbisiana with S. cerevisiae (0.002 mg/kg), TPES: M. balbisiana with enzymes (0.002 mg/kg) and S. cerevisiae (0.002 mg/kg) and TG: M. paradisiaca without additives, TGE: M. paradisiaca with enzymes (0.002 mg/kg), TGS: M. paradisiaca with S. cerevisiae (0.002 mg/kg), TGES: M. paradisiaca with enzymes (0.002 mg/kg) and S. cerevisiae (0.002 mg/kg). The production of total gas, CH4 and CO2, pH and digestibility and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were determined. The total gas production was lower in the treatment TPE (265.5 mLgas/0.5g Fermented DM) compared to other treatments (P<.0001). The lowest (P=0.0001) CH4 production was observed in the treatment TO (36.3 mLCH4/0.5g Fermented DM), with respect to CO2 production was lower in the treatment TOS (71.3 mLCO2/0.5g Fermented DM). The pH showed significant differences (P<.0001) between treatments. The rumen digestibility of DM and OM was higher (P=0.0001) in the treatment TPS (45.6 and 45.1% respectively). The proportion (mol/100mol) of volatile fatty acids, no showed significant differences between treatments evaluated (P>0.05). It can be concluded that the incorporation of additives such as enzymes and S. cerevisiae in fibrous forages of Musa spp can benefit the rumen functions, increasing digestion and mitigating the production of greenhouse gases in ruminants.Item Efecto de la harina de azolla (Azolla caroliniana), sobre los parámetros productivos en pollos cobb 500(2018) Villacís Cabascango, Hernán Xavier; Aragadvay, GonzaloEXECUTIVE SUMMARY The present investigation was carried out in the San Alfonso neighborhood, Huachi Grande parish of Ambato canton, province of Tungurahua, with geographical coordinates 1º 19' 0 "south latitude and 78º 38'52" west longitude, at an altitude of 2900 meters above sea level, an assay was carried out with 200 chickens of Cobb 500 line of one day of age and continued until day 49 of age, with the purpose of evaluating the effect of different levels of inclusion of Azolla flour (Azolla caroliniana) in the diet , about the productive parameters. The chickens were assigned to 4 dietary treatments; T1 (2% azolla flour), T2 (4% azolla flour), T3 (6% azolla flour) and T0 (control, without addition of azolla flour). The experimental design was used completely at random, with four treatments and five repetitions. The analysis of variance, Tukey significance test at 5%, was carried out to differentiate between treatments. The economic analysis was carried out by calculating the cost benefit ratio (RBC). The best results were obtained in the treatments that were supplied with the diet consisting of 6% inclusion of azolla flour (T3) with a greater gain in weight, both in the initial stage (265.61g), and in the growth stage (1393.07g), and in the fattening stage (1212.09g), also reporting better feed conversion in the initial stage (1.74), as in the growth stage (1.75), and in the fattening stage (2.11). The evaluation of the mortality allowed to establish that an acceptable mortality was presented during the trial; so that Azolla flour levels did not cause problems of digestibility and palatability, being the feeding of the birds in the stages of growth and fattening the most appropriate. With respect to food consumption, it is concluded that the total amount of food consumed by each bird during the development of the trial was 5448.73 g in treatment T1, 5425.55 g in treatment T2, 5416.44 g in treatment T3 and 5401.76 g in the control treatment. The best European efficiency index was for the T3 with a value of 283.73. From the economic analysis it is deduced that, the treatment that was administered 6% azolla flour (T3), reached the highest benefit-cost ratio of 0.20, where the benefits net obtained were 0.20 times what was invested, being from the economic point of view the most profitable treatment.Item Influencia de extractos vegetales y aceite de sacha inchi sobre la fermentación ruminal in vitro.(2018) Agualongo Chango, Angel Daniel; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos A.The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of the addition of vegetable extracts and oil of Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) on in vitro ruminal fermentation, to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, according to a completely randomized design, with twenty-two treatments: Albizia lophanta (AL), Acacia hayesii (AH), Acacia melanoxylon (AM), Baba de Teobroma cacao (BC), Sacha inchi oil ( ASI), a mixture of plant extracts (MSA) and a mixture of vegetable extracts with Sacha inchi oil (MCA) at doses of 0, 1, 3, 5 μl / 0.5g MS. The production of total gas, methane, CO2, in vitro digestibility, pH and Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) was determined. The in vitro fermentation was carried out in the laboratory with 132 bottles of 100 ml (6 bottles per treatment including the control treatment). Gas production was performed by the technique described by Theodorou et al. (1994), which consists in placing 0.500 mg of MS of sample in glass bottles with a capacity of 100 ml. In the bottles, 60 ml of inoculum (70:30, artificial saliva: ruminal content) was incubated at 39.5 ºC in an oven. The measurement of gas pressure and volume was measured manually at the following times 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96 hours. For in vitro digestibility, the same procedure was used, but it was only incubated until 48 hours, the pH and the AGVs were incubated until 24 hours. With respect to total gas production and production of methane gas, the diets with AL 1% and ASI 1% showed the lowest results (P <.0001) in the total production of gas 506.28 and 538.87 ml / 0.5g MS (Vfi) respectively, in the production of methane gas 54,908 and 51,312 ml / 0.5 g MS respectively, while in the production of CO2 the lowest value was obtained only for AL 1% (160.45 ml / 0.5g MS). The in vitro digestibility of DM and MO showed differences (P = 0001) between treatments, with greater digestibility observed in ASI 1% (514. 27 g / Kg MS and 505.83 g / Kg MO). The pH shows difference (P = 0001) among the treatments presenting the most optimal value ASI 1% (6.95 - 6.99). In conclusion, the addition of oil of Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) 1% and extract of Albizia lophanta 1%, improves the digestibility, stabilizes the pH and reduces the emission of greenhouse gases.Item Evaluación de la preferencia de consumo de leguminosas arbóreas con potencial forrajero en rumiantes menores(2018) Tituaña Pulluquitín, Mayra Cecilia; Aragadvay, GonzaloEl objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la preferencia de consumo de leguminosas arbóreas con potencial forrajero: Acacia melanoxylon (AM1), Acacia mearnssi (AM2), Acacia hayesii (AH), Senna multiglandulosa (SM), Caesalpinia spinosa (CE) y Genista monspessulana (GM) en rumiantes menores, desarrollándose dos etapas. En el desarrollo de la primera etapa se utilizaron 7 ovinos machos merino con un peso promedio de 60,44 kg donde se evaluó las seis especies de leguminosas arbóreas. Se desarrolló dos fases para determinar el consumo de alimento mediante una prueba de cafetería. En la primera fase se mostró un comportamiento variable en las diferentes especies, con el mayor consumo voluntario (P≤0.0002) de nutrientes las GM, AH y CE (130.52 g/kg MS, 129.07 g/kg MS y 122.53 g/kg MS respectivamente). En la segunda fase se evaluaron las tres especies que obtuvieron el menor consumo en la primera fase: AM2, SM y CE, se observó el mayor consumo voluntario (P≤0.0005) en la AM2 (272,50 g/kg MS; 12,60 g/kg MS PV0.75). Para el desarrollo de la segunda etapa se utilizaron 7 caprinos machos Anglo-Nubian con un peso promedio de 23 kg donde se evaluó las seis especies de leguminosas arbóreas. Se determinó el consumo voluntario de alimento en dos fases mediante una prueba de cafetería. En la primera fase mostró resultados variables obteniéndose un mayor consumo (P≤0.0002) en AM2, AH y GM (112.43 g/kg MS, 99.54 g/kg MS y 72.94 g/kg MS respectivamente). En la segunda fase se evaluaron las tres especies que obtuvieron el menor consumo en la primera fase: AM1, SM y CE, observándose el mayor consumo voluntario (P<.0001) de nutrientes en la AM1 (211,07 g/kg MS; 20,155 g/kg MS PV0.75). Al realizar la comparación de consumo entre ovinos y caprinos se observó una mayor preferencia (P=0.0002) para los ovinos en GM (130.52 g/kg MS; 6,017 g/kg MS PV0.75) y para los caprinos (P<.0001) en AM2 (112,43 g/kg MS; 10,914 g/kg MS PV0.75). Por otro lado, la preferencia de consumo fue menor (P<.0001) en SM (18,00 g/kg MS en ovinos y 5,99 g/kg MS en caprinos). En conclusión las leguminosas arbóreas con mayor preferencia de consumo en rumiantes menores fueron AM2 y GM por lo que se recomienda utilizarlas en dietas para rumiantes menores por sus altos índices de preferencia de consumo.Item Efecto de polen, lactosa y su combinación sobre la digestibilidad e integridad de la mucosa en pollos Broiler(2018) Escobar Aguilar, Pablo Milton; Rosero Peñaherrera, MarcoThe objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of pollen, lactose and its combination on the digestibility and integrity of the mucosa in broiler chickens (Cobb 500 of 1 day of age), up to 15 days of age. The variables evaluated were digestibility of nutrients and impact on the integrity of the intestinal mucosa. The treatments used were the following: T1: (control) 0% without the inclusion of pollen and lactose compared with T2: 0.5% pollen, T3: 2.5% lactose and T4: 0.5% pollen plus 2.5% of lactose in the diet. A randomized block design with four treatments and four repetitions was used, as well as an analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5%, with the statistical program SAS 2000. The results obtained for dry matter digestibility (DMS) and Organic matter digestibility (BMD) did not show significant differences between treatments (P = 0.0978 and P = 0.6031). The Digestibility of Crude Protein and Fat were higher (P = 0.0261 and (P = <0001) for T3 with related values of (74.40, 97.31) respectively, as for the determination of the height of the intestinal villi (A ), showed significant differences between treatments (P = 0.0115), where the treatment T2 and T3 had a longer length with values of (0.95 and 0.98 respectively), however the T4 presented a similar behavior in relation to the rest of treatments with a value of 0.76 In reference to the width of the villi and the depth of the crypts, all the treatments did not show differences (P = 0.4026) .The relationship between the length, width and depth of the intestinal villi gave as greater significance (P = 0.0049) for T2 and T3 with a similar value of 0.56, therefore it is concluded that the inclusion of 0.5% pollen and 2.5% lactose in diets is viable for better digestibility and impact on the intestinal mucosa in Broiler chickens, as an alternative to reduce or eliminate the use of antibiotics as growth promoters.Item Influencia de la adición de enzimas exógenas y Saccharomyces cervisiae en las dietas de ovinos sobre la fermentación ruminal in vivo E in vitro de forrajes fibrosos(2018) Barona Calderón, María Gabriela; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos A.The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of exogenous enzymes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in four fibrous forages (barley, oats, corn panca, quinoa panca) on ruminal fermentation in vivo and in vitro in sheep. For this, 4 male crossbred (whole) male sheep were used (Bar Diamond branded cannula, Parma, Idaho, USA) of 2 inches of internal diameter and 5 inches of external diameter). The animals were housed in individual cubicles and fed a diet based on barley that met the nutritional requirements, this diet was included exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and Saccharomyces cervisiae under the following doses or treatments: T1: 0% (enzymes or yeasts ), T2: diet with 0.2% enzymes, T3: diet with 0.09% yeast, T4: diet with 0.2% enzyme + 0.09% yeast. The ruminal functions evaluated were in vitro digestibility, kinetics of ruminal degradation in vivo and in vitro gas production. It was observed that the in vitro digestibility of MS and MO showed difference (P <0.05) between the treatments. In barley, greater digestibility index was obtained in treatments T4, and T3 (P = 0.0242 and 0.0204 respectively). In the oats in T2, and T4 (P = 0.0098 and 0.0060). In the corn pan in T1 and T4 (P = 0.0111 and 0.0128) and in the quinoa panca in T2 and T3 (P = 0.0061 and 0.0052). The production of in vitro gas in MS and MO shows statistical differences between rumen liquids. Obtaining as a result that in barley and corn pan the treatments that have less index of accumulated gas production ml / 0.5g MS fermentable (GV) is T1 and T4 (P = <.0001). However, in oats the most effective were T1 and T2 (P = <.0001) and finally in the quinoa pancake T1 (<.0001). In barley the treatments that have less production of methane gas (PM) is T2 and T1(P = <.0001). In oats T2, T3 and T4 (P = 0.0003). In the corn pan T3 and T4 (P = 0.0009) and in the quinoa panca T2 and T3 (<.00460).