Ciencias Agropecuarias

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    Caracterización patogénica de aislados de Cladosporium fulvum Cooke. Procedentes de invernadero del sector Izamba cantón Ambato
    (2023-09) Velasco López, Andrés Gabriel; Leiva Mora, Michel
    The gray mold of the leaf or also called Cladosporium fulvum was described by Cooke in 1883, the same one that develops in different crops, but attacks especially in the tomato crop since it has favorable conditions for its dissemination. For the present investigation, the objective was to evaluate the pathogenicity of monosporic isolates of Cladosporium fulvum Cooke from samples of Solanum lycopersicum L. from the Izamba sector, Tungurahua, Ecuador. To evaluate the pathogenicity, the isolates from the C. fulvum culture collection deposited in the Microbiology laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Technical University of Ambato were activated in PDA culture media to be able to count with the neubauer, for the sowing of differential cultivars we proceeded to use substrates, llama manure that were deposited in one-liter tubs to later be inoculated with C. fulvum, obtaining as results a different concentration for each cultivar (Cf0 -77 ml-1, Cf2 -96 ml-1, Cf4-90.9 ml-1, Cf5-65 ml-1 and Cf6-68 ml-1), in addition to a higher percentage of infection in the Cf5 cultivar with 58% while the Cf0 cultivars , Cf2, Cf4 and Cf6 maintain an average between 20-30% in terms of the study factor in which it was determined that the first signs and symptoms of the disease caused by C. fulvum are chlorotic spots on the upper part of the leaves
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    Identificación molecular de aislados bacterianos contaminantes de carne de pollo (Gallus gallus) expendida en puntos de venta del cantón Ambato
    (2023-03) Escobar Aguilar, Solange Belén; Cruz Quintana, Sandra
    Food of animal origin is exposed to several contamination factors in the production chain. Based on this argument, the objective of this research was the molecular identification of bacterial isolates contaminating chicken meat (Gallus gallus) sold in points of sale in the Ambato canton. The methodology started with 130 bacterial isolates, continued with the extraction of DNA, evaluating its quality by means of spectrophotometry with absorbance of 260/280 nm, determining its purity. For PCR using the 16S ribosomal DNA region, the universal primers 27F and 1492 R were used, and then electrophoresis was performed. The size of the bands was 1 500 base pairs (bp), the samples were sequenced and the identity of the processed bacteria was obtained, which were: Proteus mirabilis (36.09%), Escherichia coli (30.83%), Shigella sonnei (7.52%), Shigella flexneri (3.76%), Shigella dysenteriae (1.5%), Shigella sp. (0. 75%), Salmonella enterica (1.5%), Escherichia fergusonni (5.26%), Mammaliicoccus sciuri (2.26%), Enterobacter cloacae (1.5%), Proteus vulgaris (1.5%), Pseudescherichia vulneris (1.5%), Kurthia gibsonii (1.5%), Proteus sp. (0.75%), Comamonas kerstersii (0.75%), Cronobacter sakazakii (0.75%), Vagococcus lutrae (0.75%), Escherichia marmotae (0.75%) and Klebsiella variicola (0.75%). Finally, to compare the sequences deposited in the GenBank database, the content of Guanines + Cytokines, which are related to pathogenic islands, was taken into account; the bacterium with the highest content was Cronobacter sakazakii with 59.6%. In conclusion, the raw chicken meat sold in this territory contains a high index of microbiological contamination, demonstrating that one of the causes for the development of foodborne diseases (FBD) is the inadequate handling of the product, thus representing a serious problem for public health.
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    Perfiles fenotípicos de resistencia a antibióticos en aislados de Escherichia coli de origen canino de la ciudad de Ambato
    (2021-03) Robalino Proaño, David Guillermo; Calero Cáceres, William Ricardo
    Currently, antibiotic resistance crisis is a global concern, both in human and veterinary medicine. The uncontrolled evolution of the resistance mechanisms in bacteria has had a negative influence on effective therapeutic options. This research has focused on the enterobacterium Escherichia coli, focused on the detection of the extended espectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC type beta-lactamases, which represent variants with resistance mechanisms of great clinical impact in Gram negative bacteria. In Ecuador, few epidemiological data are available on E. coli producing ESBL and AmpC in animals. In the present study, the phenotypic profiles of resistance to antibiotics were evaluated in a collection of isolates of E. coli of canine origin from the city of Ambato, using the Kirby & Bauer disk diffusion method, detecting that 72.2% (57/79) of isolates have an ESBL phenotype and 81% (64/79) of isolates with manifestation of the AmpC phenotype. The percentages of resistance for the evaluated antibiotics was: Ampicillin 100% (79/79), Vancomycin 100% (79/79), Cefotaxime 98.7% (78/79), Erythromycin 98.7% (78/79), Ceftriaxone 97.5% (77 / 79); and phenotypic sensitivity patterns for antimicrobials such as: Meropenem 98.7% (78/79), Imipenem 96.2% (76/79) Piperacillin / Tazobactam 84.8% (67/79), Cefoxitin 83.5% (66/79), and Amikacin 82.3% (65/79). The patterns of bacterial resistance detected and the differences between the origin of the isolates will allow to use this background information for retrospective studies of antimicrobial resistance.
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    Determinación de la presencia de genes de resistencia a betalactámicos y evaluación de diversidad clonal en aislados de Escherichia coli de origen canino de la ciudad de Ambato
    (2020-03-19) Garcés Arias, Xiomara Sthefanny; Calero Cáceres, William Ricardo
    The evolution and spread of multiresistant bacteria is considered prioritary, considering their impact in public health and animal safety worldwide. Therefore, the detection of reservoirs, routes of dissemination and evolution of these bacteria is aimed in order to limit their negative effects on public and animal health. Extended-spectrum-betalactamase Escherichia coli producer is considered an emerging health problem. In Ecuador, there are few available data on the molecular epidemiology of those of ESBL- E. coli producing bacteria in animals and environment. In the present study, the presence of beta-lactam resistance genes was evaluated as well as the clonal diversity of E. coli isolates of canine origin from the city of Ambato. The highest presence of beta-lactam resistance genes occurred in dogs with owners, in contrast to stray dogs. The most frequently detected genes were blaCTX-M and blaTEM. The blaSHV and blaCMY genes had a lower detection rate, however, these were found in combination with the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes, indicating that they are isolates with considerable virulence. The analysis of clonal relatedness through the amplification of palindromic repetitive regions (GTG5) detected that the isolates comes from different lineages, discarding the hypothesis that suggest the presence of multi-resistant clones with a common ancestor, suggesting that their genotypes were acquired through recent horizontal genetic transmission. Dogs can act as a silent reservoir of microorganisms with antibiotic multiresistance genotypes. It is necessary an extended review of waste management procedures is necessary, as well as interactions with humans and animals under certain circumstances like immunological disorders.