Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica
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Item Determinación de las características físicas de sustancias reactivas: carbón activado, piedra caliza, turba, de origen ecuatoriano para el tratamiento de agua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2021-04) Cabezas Tobar, Daniel Eduardo; Mayacela Rojas, Celia MargaritaThe present technical work has the purpose of provide information on the physical and chemical properties of substances of Ecuadorian origin for water treatment and the presentation of plans for a permeability measurement system. In the first place, a bibliographic research of the properties of actived carbon, limestone and peat because of these substances have been used for the water treatmet by filtration thanks their efficiency and lower cost in relation to conventional treatment systems such as screening and sedimentation. Laboratory tests were carried out following their respective regulations, which helped us to determine the granulometry, maximum nominal size of particles, coefficient of uniformity, coefficient of curvature, coefficient of compactness, porosity, sphericity and permeability. For the preparation of the permeameter plans, the AASHTO T 215 – 70 standard was followed, wich refers to permeability of granular soils, and the Autocad 2019 program was used both for presentation of plans and 3D modeling.Item Determinación de las características físicas de sustancias reactivas: piroclastos volcánicos, zeolita clinoptilolita, zeolita modernita, de origen ecuatoriano para el tratamiento de agua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2021-04) Amaya Díaz, Ana María; Morales Fiallos, Fabián RodrigoFor the elaboration of the research work, it began with the identification of the problem, in which currently the bad treatment, misuse and waste of water have caused great environmental damage on our planet. Despite this, in our society it has not been possible to raise awareness about the possible future environmental consequences. For this reason, the determination of the physical characteristics of reactive substances was proposed: Volcanic Pyroclasts, Clinoptilolite Zeolite, Mordenite Zeolite of Ecuadorian origin for water treatment. For the methodological execution of the work, the bibliographic analysis of the origin and the main physicochemical characteristics of the reactive substances was carried out. Likewise, a hydraulic permeability and porosity measurement system was designed and implemented. The efficiency of a biofilter is increased with the application of microorganisms from porous media, to decompose pollutants obtained in wastewater. Its effectiveness is obtained due to the properties and characteristics of the material such as: porosity, water retention capacity and degree of compaction. The more porosity characteristics the material has, the greater the retention of contaminants in the effluents. It is worth mentioning the use of AASHTO, ASTM, SUCS standards depending on the desired physical characteristics: gravity, specific size, unit weight, granulometry, compactness of the material, porosity, sphericity. Using equipment such as Scanning Microscope, Clemex Vision Software, Electric Sieve, Sieves, Permeameter.Item Diseño de una planta de depuración de aguas residuales de lavadoras de carros en el cantón Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2019) Acosta Medina, Iván Andrés; Morales Fiallos, Fabián RodrigoThe purpose of this work is to design a system to improve the conditions of wastewater from car washers in Ambato City. There is currently a cadastre of 61 establishments dedicated to the washing and lubrication of cars for which a field and experimental research of 10 washing machines is carried out to determine the volume of entry and exit (generated in the washing process), of three types of vehicles (cars, trucks, 4 * 4); a design flow rate of 3 l / min was obtained. Wastewater from car washers was analyzed in the laboratory of the Faculty of Civil and Mechanical Engineering of the Technical University of Ambato, and the result is that the contaminated effluents exceed the maximum permissible limits of the Unified Text of the Secondary Legislation of the Ministry of the Environment (TULSMA), with the exception of settleable solids, with average values of 864 mg / l for COD, 432 mg / l for BOD5, 1533.34 mg / l for oils and grease, 2355.56 mg / l for total solids. Through bibliographic research, it was determined that the treatment processes with the most efficient in reducing contamination, are the implementation of screening or grids, primary sedimentation, grease trap and filtration. The filtering materials were chosen according to theses made by students of the Faculty of Civil and Mechanical Engineering of the Technical University of Ambato, with the best conditions for filtering, peat, volcanic pyroclastic and activated carbon were used as optimal materials. The construction of the treatment system in simple concrete and masonry is proposed with a cost of 2578.88 US dollars.Item Determinación de procesos de tratamiento de efluentes de lavadoras de carros en el cantón Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2018) Castro Mejía, Christian Santiago; Morales Fiallos, Fabián RodrigoThe following research study is aimed at determining the processes that allow the improvement in the residual waters coming from the car washing machines of Ambato, province of Tungurahua. Thus, a field and experimental investigation is carried out that allowed to know the current state that present the washing machines that work in the city. The flow rates of 10 washing machines under study were determined as well as and the volume they occupy in the washing of three types of cars (cars, trucks, 4x4) From the field study of the ten washing machines, the volumes used in the washing of the three types of study for the determination of flow rates were obtained. The average output flow was 6.98 L / min, the average volume of water used in the car wash, truck and 4x4 is 88.52 L, 122.49 L and 113.90 L respectively. The physico - chemical parameters of the waste water coming from the washing of cars were analyzed in the laboratory of the Faculty of Civil and Mechanical Engineering of the Technical University of Ambato, obtaining results that exceed the maximum permissible limits of the TULSMA except for the sedimentable solids. Through an analysis of studies reported in the literature, it was determined that the efficient wastewater treatment processes from car washers are the implementation of screening, sedimentation, aeration, moringa seeds, secondary sedimentation, duckweed and filtration. For the selection of the appropriate filtering material, the thesis data made by students of the Faculty of Civil and Mechanical Engineering of the Technical University of Ambato is taken, being the gravel and activated carbon the optimal materials.Item Análisis de la cama de turba como filtro en el tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales provenientes de la lavadora tinturadora de jeans “Dayantex”, ubicada en el cantón Pelileo, provincia de Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2018) Pérez Freire, Verónica Lizbeth; Paredes Cabezas, Geovanny AnibalThe present experimental investigation was analyzed the residual water of the DAYANTEX washing and dyeing industry, located in the El Tambo neighborhood of Pelileo canton in Tungurahua province. Based on a field observation during two weeks on the days of productivity, it was determined that Friday is the day of highest production in the DAYANTEX industry, since more pollution was generated on that day, and an inflow of 6.6 l / sec and an output flow rate of 5.6 lt / sec with these data, it was based on analyzes that were carried out on Fridays in which physical and chemical parameters were analyzed, such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and color with the purpose of evaluating the efficiency of the peat in the treatment of wastewater from the washing and dyeing industry of jeans with an experimentation time of 30 days. The filtration by peat in the residual water of the washing and dyeing industry of jeans in the realized studies is determined an efficiency of 21.2% in the removal of the parameter COD, for the decrease of biochemical demand of oxygen it has an efficiency of 21.19% and in the color with an efficiency of 47.43% during the 30 days of analysis arriving as conclusion that the peat at 14 days has better filtration with an efficiency of 48.73% in the removal of COD, in the decrease of the DBO5 is 48.79% and in the color parameter it has an efficiency of 55.47%. Determining that the peat works as filtering material helping to remove the pollution generated by the industry of washing and dyeing jeansItem Análisis del aserrín como filtro en el tratamiento de aguas residuales provenientes de la lavadora de autos Monster Wash ubicada en el cantón Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2018) Guamán Quinaloa, Daniel Patricio; Maldonado Narvaez, Lenin RafaelTo evaluate the effectiveness of the filtering material in the experimental project, different types of physical-chemical analysis were considered in three parameters: Oxygen Biochemical Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Oils & Greases (A & G). The efficiency of the filter is verified during a period of 90 days of operation, within this period samples of raw water and filtered water were taken every 10 days, to be later analyzed in a specialized laboratory (accredited), which guarantees good results. The structure that makes up the filter is made of metal, with a height of 1.60 m, on which the 55-gallon tank rests, which will contain the residual water from the car washer. The tank must be filled daily during its period of operation. The filtering material formed of sawdust will be inside a plastic container which will receive the residual water from the tank through a pipe, and thus be able to obtain the treated liquid. The values obtained indicate that the filtering material decreases the contamination of the parameters analyzed, and in turn verify that the filtering material used in the filtration process shows a high level of effectiveness in the filter.Item Análisis de la cáscara de cacao como filtro en el tratamiento de aguas residuales provenientes de las industrias de lácteos Salinerito de la ciudad de Guaranda(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2018) Maya Monar, Karen Rosangela; Moya Medina, Dilon GermánThe present experimental work has a purpose design and build a bio filter prototype with cocoa shell, for the treatment of sewage water coming of the dairy industry. The bio filter was built with metallic structure and plastic containers and biodegradable material as cocoa shell. The general scheme of filtration was to use a container of 55 gal for the storage of sewage water and that remains functional until its later filling with a height difference of the container with the filtrant material of 1m that contained a 55 lt of cocoa shell, with similar properties of the activated coal, absorption, that helped to the depuration of sewage water coming from the dairy industry. The experimentation process was done during a lapse of 90 days with a ten analyzed samples. The data collection was done before and after of the filtration for stablish the changes. For the analysis of the chemical changes it was proceeded to take samples and carry those to the laboratory with a maximum of two hours for not disturb the results In base the results, we have the following: DBO5 is of 86.70%, DQO is of 85.27% and the oils and grease 33.54%, that allowed to determine design criteria and determine that the cocoa shell has and high depuration efficiency of sewage water coming from the dairy industry Salinerito, moreover that the biodegradability index is 0.47 that shows that the spill is totally organicItem Análisis de la fibra de coco como filtro en el tratamiento de aguas residuales provenientes del Centro de Faenamiento Latacunga(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2018) Gallardo Sinchiguano, Luis Antonio; Paredes Cabezas, Geovanny AnibalThe problem of wastewater is due to the inefficient management where its main problem is how to return these waters to their natural channel. Therefore, the research is based on assembling system of the filter which consists on obtaining the coconut’s processed material in an artisanal way for obtaining the fiber and later to get into a drying process. Once the fiber is obtained it is made in a manual way. The filter which has a metallic structure has a height of 2m x 1m of base where a 55 gallon tank is supported, a plastic recipient of 35 liters where filtering material is set, in this case the coconuts fiber, and its calibration period is from 20 to 25 days, using the INEN 21691-21761 where the management and the sampling are done with the objective of obtaining reliable results. Through its functioning it is proceeded to analyze the biological demand of oxygen in five days, the chemical demand of oxygen and total solids, for this, it will be taken 1 raw sample, this one will let to obtain a data base to start the filtration process, later it will continue with the sampling process during a period of 90 days with 9 samples each 10 days; these results will let us to determine the effectiveness of the filtering material comparing with Tulsma validation. Once fulfilled all stages of the filtering process and according to the results obtained it is concluded that the filtering material reduces in a great percentage the contamination of total solids (35.09%)) of the wastewater as well as in a minor percentage the DBO5 (94.30%)) and DQO (87.76%), taken into a count as a base line the allowed parameters.Item Análisis de la cama de turba como filtro en el tratamiento de aguas residuales provenientes de la lavadora y lubricadora de autos “Lavauto” ubicada en la ciudad de Latacunga provincia de Cotopaxi(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2018) Sánchez Ruales, José Andrés; Paredes Beltrán, Bolívar EduardoThis research was done to evaluate the efficiecy of the peat as a filtering material of the effluent produced in the carwash “LAVAUTO” located in Latacunga. For the designing of the pattern the concept of hydaulic residence time was taken HRT. The time of the test was 90 days with a flow rate of 0.105 liters/sec. The material used was the Canadian sphagnum peat. The average of flow rate in LAVAUTO industry is 1320 liters/day, using 120 liters to wash each car. An unfiltered sample and 9 filtered sample was taken, one each 10 days approximatly to analyze them based on BOD5, COD, Oil and Grease parameters. Since the first days, the peat has an instant efficiency, that result was almost the same during the 90 days of analysis. About 80 days of operation, the peat filter has the maximus efficiency of remotion, reaching abuot the 100%. The efficiency of Canadian sphagnum peat for the removal of BOD5, COD and oils and grease in the effluent in this industry was notorious, reaching levels of contamination below the established in the TULSMA regulation, even getting the removal of almost all of the contaminants. To determine the useful life of the material with accuracy, a larger study with a longer period of operation is necessary.Item Estudio y diseño de la captación, conducción, planta de tratamiento y distribución del sistema de abastecimiento de agua potable de la parroquia Lligua del cantón Baños de Agua Santa, provincia de Tungurahua y la modelación de un filtro lento de arena para la purificación del agua, a través de un prototipo a escala(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2018) Pérez Silva, Maribel del Rocío; Maldonado Narvaez, Lenin RafaelA topographic study was realized to define the conditions of the area, location, total area of project, lengths, earrings, the important points where taking the line of conduction. There was realized in addition the installation of provisional meters for capture of readings, across which there decided a volume of daily consumption for each of the users. To know the characteristics physicist - chemistry and microbiological of the water to being distributed, one took water samples directly from the slope to send it to analyze, giving like proved a liquid in suitable conditions to consume, with the only need to disinfect it using chlorine to eliminate the small percentage of pathogenic present microorganisms. In the stage of design they needed besides the information before mentioned, information as population of design, period of design and population density, to determine dimensions of pipelines, calculation of pressures and volume of storage. This project possesses the analysis of unitary prices to determine the referential budget and the chronogram valued of work with his respective curve of investment, determining the expectations by which the project was realized.