Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica
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Item Diseño y simulación de una cubierta en estructura metálica para ser usada en estacionamientos vehiculares en base a la normativa NTE INEN 2248(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica, 2025-02) Dueñas Beltrán, Justin Leonardo; Yunapanta Velastegui, José LuisTo obtain normalized information about the cantilevered roof, the main objective of this technical project is to design and simulate a metal roof intended for vehicle parking, in compliance with the Ecuadorian standard NTE INEN 2248, which establishes the minimum dimensions required for vehicle parking spaces. Additionally, the types of loads affecting the roof were determined based on Ecuadorian construction regulations. To achieve this, an analysis of different metal roof alternatives was carried out, selecting the one that offers the most efficient design in terms of stability, strength, and cost. The design was based on preliminary analyses with different structural elements and variations in load analysis. The evaluation included a detailed assessment of the various load conditions acting on the structure, such as dead loads, live loads, seismic loads, and wind loads, according to the specifications of Ecuadorian construction standards. The values corresponding to these loads were determined through precise calculations, ensuring the structure maintains adequate stability and safety. For the structure, A36 steel profiles were selected due to their wide availability in the market and excellent mechanical properties. The modeling and simulation of the design were conducted using specialized structural design software, which made it possible to evaluate the roof's behavior under various load conditions. This analysis ensured that stresses and deformations remain within the ranges allowed by the standards, minimizing the risk of structural failures. This comprehensive approach ensured a safe, efficient design fully aligned with the current technical standards in Ecuador.Item Estudio del proceso de soldadura del sistema de anclaje placa base-varilla, y su incidencia en las propiedades mecánicas de una edificación de cuatro plantas de una estructura metálica(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas, 2024-05) Mayanza Balla, Janneth Alexandra; Paredes Salinas, Juan GilbertoIn the national context of Ecuador, where construction and urban development are fundamental for economic and social growth, the need arises to investigate and understand in depth the welding process of the base plate - rod anchorage system and its impact on the mechanical properties of metal structure buildings. The safety and durability of buildings are essential aspects to ensure the protection of lives and property, as well as to boost confidence in the country's infrastructure. The methodology applied in this research included linear static and spectral modal design, using standards such as AISC 360-16 and NEC 2015 to obtain reactions that would allow the adequate design of the base plate. In addition, the macrograph visual inspection test was used to evaluate the weld quality and its effects on the mechanical properties. The results obtained were satisfactory in terms of the geometry of the base plate and the anchor-rod welding process and tests performed, indicating adequate structural integrity, which is capable of adequately resisting the load generated in the columns of a 4-story building, adequately transmitting the forces and moments to the concrete pedestal and the foundation structure. This study highlights the importance of guaranteeing the quality of the welding process in metallic structures, especially in critical elements such as the base plate - rod anchorage system. As a continuation of this research, it is suggested the implementation of more detailed analyses on the mechanical behavior of welds under real load conditions, as well as the periodic evaluation of the structural integrity in similar buildings. The influence of additional variables, such as the operating environment and the quality of materials, remains to be studied in order to further strengthen the safety and reliability of metallic constructions in Ecuador.Item Estudio y análisis del proceso de fabricación de cerchas de acero tipo HOWE para fortalecer la productividad de la empresa FYMSA, del cantón Salcedo–Ecuador(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica, 2024-02) Redrobán Amores, Luis Alfredo; Yunapanta Velastegui, José LuisIn the search for new design alternatives for the construction industry, it is crucial for mechanical engineers to understand improvement criteria for a thorough analysis of metal structures. Interpreting regulations is a challenge that generates problems in the development of these projects, leading to non-compliance with standards, arbitrary actions, and erroneous decisions that have, in some cases, resulted in damage to infrastructure and compromised safety. Therefore, this research is experimental in nature, and the following hypothesis was proposed: the use of Howe-type trusses in FYMSA company is feasible as an alternative in the construction of industrial warehouses, considering their design, fabrication, and assembly. A comparative analysis was conducted with the trusses commonly used in the construction of industrial warehouses. Through qualitative analysis, the situation in the company was described, and deficiencies in the manufacturing process were identified. To determine the effectiveness of using Howe trusses, a non-linear Pushover analysis was performed, determining the ductility of the structure. It was found that the elements, when subjected to critical seismic loads, did not experience rupture, and the ultimate strength (Sut) limit reflected in the performance curves was extended by 80 percent less than Warren-type trusses. As a result, it was determined that the use of Howe-type trusses is feasible.Item Evaluación de vulnerabilidad sísmica de edificaciones de estructuras metálicas en la parroquia Santa Rosa zona 2, Ambato, Ecuador: propuesta de reforzamiento estructural de una edificación representativa(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas, 2023-03) Carranza Calero, Diego Mauricio; Caiza Sánchez, Pablo EnriqueSeismic vulnerability is a magnitude that allows quantifying structural damage, failure modes and resistant capacity under the action of an earthquake, which is based on the characteristics of the structure. The present work was framed in the vulnerability analysis of metallic structures of the Santa Rosa parish, Zone 2, which has a high level of seismic hazard due to its location and proximity to several geological faults. It was found that most of the metal structure buildings analyzed present a high vulnerability index that indicates that they would suffer great damage in the event of an earthquake. The evaluation criteria used were based on three methodologies: NEC 15, FEMA P-154 and FUNVISIS: perform a more exhaustive analysis, draw vulnerability and seismic risk maps and identify a representative building to perform a detailed analysis and propose a reinforcement proposal, in this building three types of analysis were performed: static, spectral modal and Pushover to identify the critical points of the structure that should be reinforced.Item Estudio comparativo de la incidencia de la mampostería aislada y confinada en el comportamiento de edificios de estructura metálica de mediana altura(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas, 2022-09) Lagos Saltos, Paola Nathaly; Guerra Avendaño, Oswaldo MarceloBeing masonry a non-structural element widely used in buildings in our country, it is necessary to analyze it in order to optimize its use, therefore, a comparison of the incidence isolated masonry versus confined masonry on the seismic behavior in medium height metal frame buildings is presented, based on seismic design standards of Ecuador, trying to obtain safe designs by means of dynamic analysis of the structure, also by considering the effects that may be caused by seismic events associated to the design spectrum of the area, depending on the building configuration, since in the present study 3 buildings of similar configuration and different importance (4, 6 and 7 stories) were considered; the purpose of this research is to evaluate the influence of the effects of masonry with which it is intended to recommend the fact of considering the effects produced by the masonry, with the intention of recommending these effects consideration in order to have designed buildings according to a closer reality according to the materials of the area, considering preliminary experimental investigations carried out in the capital city, combining them with theories developed over the years by authors from several countries, who have made increasingly accurate proposals to consider masonry in the macro modeling of buildings; The inelastic modeling of masonry through the simplified macro model proposed by Rodrigues, Varum and Costa, in combination with data from tests carried out on steel frames filled with block masonry, was used in this research, obtaining favorable results in displacements and ductility with the proposed modeling of masonry, concluding that by considering the effects of masonry, a better behavior of steel structure buildings can be admitted, depending on their configuration, and having as a result that the models that consider the contribution of the masonry generally have an optimum performance in terms of drift reduction of the buildings, a criterion with which, in many cases, designers could create projects with more economical sections and that comply with the requirements of the current regulations.Item Evaluación probabilística del riesgo sísmico en edificios patrimoniales para reforzamiento con estructuras metálicas en la ciudad de Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas, 2022-09) Cevallos Torres, Elisa Mariela; Guerra Avendaño, Oswaldo MarceloThe conservation of heritage assets is necessary for the preservation of the integrity and identity of our city. The degree of seismic vulnerability of heritage buildings in the urban parishes of Ambato canton requires the reinforcement of their structural elements or, in turn, non-invasive interventions to ensure the safety of their inhabitants and the memories they keep. It was determined that 92 percent of the buildings belonging to the Historic Center are made of stone supporting elements, which require the application of techniques to reinforce their structural system to resist seismic stresses. By observing through field activities it was verified that these structures are built with typical materials of the time, mostly pishilata stone, bahareque and adobe; in addition, their vulnerability was analyzed by applying mathematical models, artifices were used to model the characteristics of the materials, finding that their behavior under high level seismic stresses is unfavorable, due to the great weight caused by the large dimensions of the supporting elements, mainly walls, but which present a very small resistant capacity against tensile stresses. The technique that most favors the improvement of the structural performance corresponds to the recovery and reconstruction of the elements with materials similar to the original ones, with a minimum addition of structural profiles because the presence of humidity can accelerate the corrosion processes and cause more damage to the patrimonial goods. In the present case, as a reinforcement alternative, the addition of an upper confining beam has been proposed as a collar beam, known as a sill beam, placed in the upper part of the wall, which is built in the form of a box, in the central area of the wall; the idea is to confine the wall and increase its resistance to lateral loads, for which reason at least 3 courses of stone are used so that the structural behavior is adequate.Item Diseño por capacidad partiendo de un análisis comparativo entre el método modal espectral y el método tiempo historia con el uso de acelerogramas sintéticos y la Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción 2015; de un edificio de 9 pisos en estructura metálica(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas, 2022-09) Cevallos Cabrera, Jorge Washington; Medina Robalino, Wilson SantiagoNational and international regulations are being updated based on the lessons learned from seismic events; having buildings designed in some cases with regulations that were not very demanding in the dynamic part and in other cases built without any technical procedure; it is necessary to improve the analysis of the behavior of the structure subjected to lateral forces produced by earthquakes in a controlled manner, leading to a theoretical collapse of the structure. This variation is achieved by progressively increasing the amplitudes of the accelerograms used as dynamic excitation. In this work, this numerical procedure for the evaluation of the seismic behavior of structures is applied in order to evaluate the values of the behavior factor postulated in the Ecuadorian Standard for the seismic-resistant design of special steel moment-resisting frames. However, due to the non-linear behavior of the soil, the solution is limited to a set of activities inherent to the correct structural modeling and use of properly filtered seismic records. Regarding the generation of synthetic accelerograms, they must be adjusted to an objective spectrum involving the non-linear behavior of the soil; although it is true that spectral adjustments in the time domain, due to the existence of public domain software, are relatively simple procedures to execute, it is necessary to have a wide knowledge in this type of procedure. In the process of verifying the compatibility of the responses of the vibration period of the structure by placing it as a percentage of the distance and moving the center of masses according to the Ecuadorian standard, it was evidenced that the period of the structures does not affect, due to the fact that the static eccentricity between the center of masses and the center of stiffness can increase more or less; being noticeable the more irregular the structure. By scaling the accelerograms with the response spectrum provided by the NEC; to make synthetic accelerograms, the pseudo-spectral acceleration tends to be similar to the acceleration of the target spectrum, so it could be more productive to work with accelerograms of low magnitude earthquakes, being indispensable to take into consideration the parameters of focal depth, type of fault, soil conditions, etc. For capacity analysis, it is possible to choose only the structural elements that could have some suspicion of failure, concentrating all our effort in solving these elements; it should be clear that the design by capacity does not provide design data, the results obtained serve to analyze the possible complications that could occur in the structure during a seismic movement; it is important to emphasize that they are not totally real data, taking into account that an earthquake has many variables that are not taken into account during the nonlinear analysis.Item Incidencia y eficiencia del uso de conexiones no precalificadas, ni ensayadas experimentalmente, en el desempeño de estructuras metálicas en el Ecuador; tipos y pseudo - criterios(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas, 2022-09) Toapanta Molina, Álvaro Santiago; López Villacís, Gonzalo EduardoStructural engineering has undergone major changes as a result of the need to innovate and create new building methods, likewise, changing from conventional materials to materials with better structural behavior in the face of seismic events as a starting point, which several professionals prioritize in their designs. So, currently Home Boulding, buildings, bridges and others are built with structural steel elements, a material that has been very popular in the industry in recent years. However, several of the systems used lack design criteria or do not obey the demands for load request and seismic effects, which are established in international and national standards (AISC, FEMA and NEC). This research work analyzes the use of A36 steel in Beam-column Connection for buildings, made of tubular sections, with dimensions taken from a real structural system (SMF). The type of connection is also evaluated, using for this a welding cord with E6011 electrodes, which does not meet design criteria for qualified connections, since the filler material and type of welding are not those recommended by the reference standards in this research. Connections that are very often used in steel structures in our environment. The connection proposed in this work is then prioritized to determine if it meets the requirements of the AISC 341-16 and AISC 358-16 standard, for prequalified connections, by analyzing the behavior of 5 full-scale connection prototypes subjected to load cycles. By controlling the drift angle produced between the beam and the column, as recommended by FEMA 350 for loading protocols. One of the prototypes or specimens is used to determine the ultimate strength before connection failure occurs, what is known as a monotonic laterally loaded testing. The hysteresis curves of the prototypes tested relative to the moment vs the angle of drift or rotation (0.04 rad) defined in the loading protocol should be at least 80% of the probable moment, calculated according to the mechanical properties of the material of the elements. With the data obtained experimentally and verifying compliance with the prequalification parameters of the beam-column connection, the comparative analysis of results is carried out, with a mathematical model that uses finite elements for its development (ANSYS), likewise the unitary deformations reached are shown., by means of the software mentioned and the data thrown by the strain gauges, located near the welding cord in the connection. Conclusions, this type of connections in Ecuador have not been tested and are not prequalified either, leaving a precedent on their efficiency and impact on construction, for those professionals who use them.Item Desarrollo de un software para el diseño de vigas y columnas metálicas de acero conforme a la normativa AISC 360-16(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica. Maestría en Ingeniería Civil con Mención en Estructuras Metálicas, 2022-03) Zambrano Salazar, Luis Leonardo; Peñafiel Valla, Lourdes GabrielaIn the present research project, the graphical interface and the coding of a calculation software for the pre-design and design of steel beams and columns were carried out in accordance with the AISC 360-16 standard, through the use of a programming software and its tool guide. The software allows us to obtain pre-design sections for both beams and columns, which were verified in the design process, proven that they resist the requests to which they are exposed to the structure under analysis, all this is done by entering data such as: geometric configuration of the structure, load states and properties of the steel to be used. For the development of the software, it has been necessary to carry out a bibliographical investigation where the LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) method is extended, for the design of steel beams and columns, which is approved by the American Institute of Steel Construction. (AISC 360-16) and the Ecuadorian Construction Standard (NEC 2015). Once the calculation method was determined, the algorithms necessary for the software coding were developed, once defined, the graphical interface of the same was elaborated. Once the development of the software was completed, a debugging of the programming code was carried out where the calculation algorithms were optimized to achieve a better and faster operation of the software. The validity of the developed program will be verified through a comparison of the results obtained through the software, manual calculations and a commercial program, obtaining an error rate of less than 0.8 percent, with which it was possible to verify that the calculation values obtained through the software developed in this research they are valid and reliable, thus achieving an optimization in the calculation time and precision in them, since being an automated software the human factor capable of committing involuntary errors during the manual process is eliminated. of calculation.Item Análisis de metodologías de rehabilitación sísmica de estructuras metálicas con aplicación en una edificación de tipo industrial ubicada en el cantón Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Carrera de Ingeniería Civil, 2020-09) Guerrero Flores, Héctor Octavio; Suquillo Ronquillo, Betzabeth JesseniaFor the development of this research project, the structural plans of a representative industrial type metal structure were obtained, from these plans extracted information about loads, soil properties, material and structural configuration. The structure in the linear analysis complies with the provisions of the AISC 360-10 and NEC-SE-DS 15 standards, but the demand / capacity ratio of the structural elements in the truss-column and column-base joints are at the limit of their resistance. The nonlinear static analysis identifies the elements where the plastic hinges will be generated, corroborating that the critical elements are the same as in the linear analysis they have a high demand / capacity ratio, the real displacement that the structure can reach in the initial state is 14, 26 centimeters with a basal shear of 91.17 Tons - force in the X direction and in the Y direction, the displacement is 23.12 centimeters with a shear of 47.46 Tons - force. Seismic rehabilitation proposals were selected to accordance NEC-SE-RE 2015 and ASCE 41-17 standards, the selection of the rehabilitation methodology is based on the parameters of structural diagnosis, cost, time, architectural conditions / operational, material and labor available on the site, according to the behavior of each of the elements. The rehabilitation proposals applied are placement of steel plates, placement of diagonals and change of section, which represented an average reduction of 27 percent of the demand / capacity ratio, these rehabilitations are considered as the optimal seismic rehabilitation methodologies for this type of structures The total cost of the seismic rehabilitation applied is USD 1.751,94 (One thousand seven hundred fifty - one with 94/100 United States dollars).