Laboratorio Clínico
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Item DETERMINACIÓN DE BIOMARCADORES PARA LA DETECCIÓN DE SÍNDROME METABÓLICO EN CHOFERES DE TAXI DE AMBATO(2026-07-01) Meneses Frutos, Melanie Elizabeth; Galárraga Pérez, Edison Arturo; Universidad Técnica de Ambato / Facultad de Ciencias de Salud / Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoMetabolic syndrome is one of the major public health problems worldwide due to its close association with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and other metabolic disorders. Taxi drivers are a particularly vulnerable group, as their work is sedentary and they are frequently exposed to risk factors related to unhealthy lifestyles. A quantitative, non-experimental, analytical, case-control study was conducted. The sample consisted of 80 participants (40 cases and 40 controls). Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical variables were studied, including lipid profile, glucose, insulin, HOMA index, and AST and ALT levels. Statistical analysis included comparison of means, chi-square tests, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The results revealed statistically significant differences between cases and controls. Significant correlations were also found between triglycerides and HDL cholesterol in the control group, and between glucose and insulin, and between AST and ALT in the case group. In conclusion, drivers with metabolic syndrome have a significantly more unfavorable biochemical profile than the control group. Changes in the lipid profile, insulin resistance assessed by insulin and HOMA index, and elevated AST levels were useful biomarkers for the early detection of metabolic syndrome in the studied population.Item EVALUACIÓN DE LOS NIVELES DE LIPOPROTEÍNA(A) Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL PERFIL LIPÍDICO EN MUJERES DE 45 A 60 AÑOS(2026-06-30) Fernández Anrango, Joselyn Zulay; Guangasig Toapanta, Víctor Hernán; Universidad Técnica de Ambato / Facultad de Ciencias de Salud / Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoCardiovascular diseases constitute one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. In women, this risk increases considerably during menopause due to hormonal and metabolic changes associated with decreased estrogen levels, which promote alterations in lipid metabolism and increase susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. In this context, lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) has gained considerable clinical relevance as an independent cardiovascular biomarker predominantly determined by genetic factors. The study, framed within the line of non-communicable chronic diseases, aimed to evaluate serum Lp(a) levels and their relationship with the lipid profile in postmenopausal women attending the Casco Valenzuela Health Dispensary. A quantitative, observational, correlational, cross-sectional study was conducted in 60 women aged 45 to 60 years. Lp(a) was determined by automated immunoturbidimetry, while the lipid profile was assessed using enzymatic-colorimetric methods. The results showed a median Lp(a) level of 7.04 mg/dL, with 13.3% of the study population presenting levels >30 mg/dL, considered indicative of high cardiovascular risk. The most frequent lipid alteration was decreased HDL cholesterol (93.3%), followed by hypertriglyceridemia (33.3%). Statistical analysis performed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient showed no significant correlation between Lp(a) and lipid profile parameters (p>0.05). In the study population, some participants with lipid parameters within reference ranges presented elevated Lp(a) concentrations.Item BIOMARCADORES PARA MONITOREO DEL DAÑO RENAL POR EXPOSICIÓN OCUPACIONAL AL CROMO(2026-02-04) Millán Carrera, Jeremy Alexander; Pacha Jara, Ana Gabriela; Universidad Técnica de Ambato / Facultad de Ciencias de Salud / Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoA descriptive literature review was conducted, focusing on analyzing the effects of occupational chromium exposure on renal function in exposed workers. Scientific articles published from 2016 onward were collected from recognized databases such as PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, and Web of Science. The results indicate that the most studied glomerular biomarkers were serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Proximal tubular biomarkers included β2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein (RBP), α1- microglobulin, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and kidney injury molecule- 1 (KIM-1). Distal and mixed tubular biomarkers included albuminuria, total urinary protein, and neutrophil gelatinase- associated lipocalin (NGAL). Studies in tannery workers in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Ethiopia demonstrated significant elevations in urinary KIM-1 (>24 times reference levels), total protein, and urinary chromium (2.89 ± 4.23 μg/g creatinine vs. <0.12 μg/g in the general population). A significant correlation was found between airborne chromium levels (0.05–15 mg/m³), urinary chromium, and biomarkers of tubular damage. The occupational reference values established by the ACGIH for urinary hexavalent chromium are: an increase >9.9 μg/L between pre- and post-shift (daily exposure) and >24.9 μg/L at the end of the workweek (cumulative exposure). It was concluded that KIM-1, NAG, β2-microglobulin, and RBP are sensitive biomarkers for the early detection of proximal tubular damage caused by chromium. Albuminuria and serum creatinine detect more advanced damage. Occupational health surveillance programs need to be implemented that include periodic biological monitoring (urinary chromium) combined with biomarkers of renal effect (KIM-1, NAG) to prevent chronic nephropathy in workers exposed to chromium, especially in tanning industriesItem RELEVANCIA DEL GEN MACC1 COMO BIOMARCADOR PRONÓSTICO EN LA PROGRESIÓN METASTÁSICA DEL CÁNCER COLORRECTAL(2026-02-03) Carrasco Hidalgo, Jeremy Sebastian; Ron Mora, Álvaro Sebastian; Universidad Técnica de Ambato / Facultad de Ciencias de Salud / Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoColorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and metastatic progression remains one of the factors with the greatest negative impact on patient prognosis. In this context, the Metastasis Associated in Colon Cancer 1 (MACC1) gene has emerged as a potential biomarker of interest due to its involvement in the activation of the HGF/MET axis and signaling pathways associated with tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and dissemination. Limitations in conventional markers have driven the evaluation of the clinical potential of MACC1 as a complementary tool for metastatic risk stratification. In-depth analysis of this gene indicates that its overexpression is associated with reduced overall survival, higher recurrence rates, and a more aggressive tumor phenotype. Likewise, its prognostic value has been explored in early stages of the disease, allowing the identification of patients with a high likelihood of metastasis even before evident clinical manifestations. However, challenges remain regarding the standardization of quantification methods, variability among analytical platforms, and its applicability across different healthcare settings. The reviewed findings show that MACC1 represents a promising biomarker for improving prognostic precision in CRC, reinforcing the need to incorporate its assessment into future diagnostic frameworks and clinical research to optimize the identification and management of patients at increased metastatic risk.Item Actualización de biomarcadores clínicos en el diagnóstico de tuberculosis(2025-07-01) Yanchaliquin Paucar, Nelcy Mabel; Pacha Jara, Ana Gabriela, BqF. Mg; Universidad Técnica de Ambato / Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud / Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoTuberculosis remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases worldwide. Although it is a preventable condition, timely diagnosis continues to be a major public health challenge, particularly in developing countries. This review is based on a descriptive and retrospective analysis of bibliographic sources. A meticulous literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, BVS, ScienceDirect, and epidemiological bulletins from the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador. The article provides a comparative analysis between conventional laboratory diagnostic methods and the usefulness and reliability of biomarkers derived from both the host and the pathogen. In response to current diagnostic limitations, omics-based approaches such as proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics have emerged as promising alternatives for identifying diagnostic biomarkers in accessible biological fluids such as blood, serum, plasma, and urine. It is concluded that the detection of multiple biomarkers, including metabolites, microRNAs, lncRNA, and proteins, shows promising potential for achieving a minimally invasive diagnosis. However, further research is needed to confirm and validate relevant biosignatures in clinical practice.Item Avances en biomarcadores para la detección de carcinoma hepatocelular(2025-07-01) Campaña Arcos Donato Fernando; Guangasig Toapanta, Victor Hernán, Bq, F, Mg.; Universidad Técnica de Ambato / Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud / Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicaThe most recurrent liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma, a type of cancer characterized by a poor prognosis due to its detection at advanced stages. Each year, the number of people diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma increases, along with the mortality rate. The main barrier to overcome is the lack of early diagnosis, which would improve survival rates. This literature review article aims to compile advances in biomarkers for the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. The research followed a narrative methodology to select the most recent original articles investigating emerging biomarkers that contribute to clinical decision-making, particularly in the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, through bibliographic research using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from 2020 to 2025. Upon concluding the literature review, multiple emerging biomarkers were identified that may be used to achieve early diagnosis. However, further studies with larger cohorts are needed to corroborate the results and improve the understanding of hepatocellular carcinomaItem USO CLÍNICO DE BIOMARCADORES EN LÍQUIDOS BIOLÓGICOS: UN ENFOQUE INTEGRAL(2025-02-25) Sánchez Ortíz, Mercy Tatiana; Yauli Flores, Carlos Fernando; Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoIntroduction: The different biomarkers in biological fluids are considered an indispensable tool in the diagnosis and subsequent treatment of different pathologies. This review analyzed four important fluids in the medical field, cerebrospinal and serous fluids, and analyzed various scientific articles that allow us to understand the diagnostic applications of the different biomarkers against any type of disease. Methods: An exhaustive review was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, Latindex, and Scielo databases. Terms were used to facilitate the search, as well as Boolean operators, such as (Biomarkers) AND (Cerebrospinal Fluid) AND (Human) AND (Laboratory Tests), (Biomarkers) AND (Pleural Fluid) AND (Human) AND (Laboratory Tests), (Biomarkers) AND (Pericardial Fluid) AND (Human) AND (Laboratory Tests), (Biomarkers) AND (Ascitic Fluid) AND (Human) AND (Laboratory Tests). Development: The characteristics of the four fluids were described in detail, as well as the main biomarkers used in their study, among which are total proteins, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose, albumin, amylase and in the case of cerebrospinal fluid, β-amyloid and Tau protein, specific in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's. The laboratory study and the interpretation of the physical examination, biochemical, cytological and microbiological study were essential for a reliable result. Conclusion: The clinical use of biomarkers in this type of biological fluids represents an important advance in the health field, its high sensitivity and specificity constitute a tool to reduce false positives and negatives, as well as to optimize clinical and therapeutic resources.Item SENSIBILIDAD Y ESPECIFICIDAD DE LAS PRUEBAS DE LABORATORIO CLÍNICO EN LA DETECCIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD DE LA ENFERMEDAD INFLAMATORIA INTESTINAL DEL COLON(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, 2024-08-13) Padilla Padilla, Diana Ximena; Cevallos Bonilla, Victoria MaritzaInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestine, primarily Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Characterized by periods of inflammation and remission, it manifests with symptoms such as diarrhea and abdomi n a l pain. Biomarkers play a crucial role in its clinical management, facilitating non-invas i v e evaluations and guiding therapeutic decisions. Although erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are widely used due to their accessibility, fecal biomarkers, such as calprotectin and lactoferrin, offer greater reliability and specificity. ESR, which indicates the rate of red blood cell sedimentation, increases in the presenc e of inflammation, but is nonspecific. CRP, sensitive to inflammation, shows signific a n t values in IBD. In contrast, fecal calprotectin and fecal lactoferrin, released by neutroph il s in the inflamed intestinal mucosa, are highly sensitive and specific. Calprotectin values greater than 100ug/g suggest IBD, and high lactoferrin values support the different i a l diagnosis. Serologic markers, such as anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), aid in the distinction betwee n Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, but lack specificity.Item CISTATINA C COMO MARCADOR DE DAÑO RENAL EN PACIENTES CON DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO II(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, 2024-08-13) Gutiérrez Lara, Angela Guadalupe; De la Torre Fiallos, Ana VerónicaIntroduction: Type II diabetes is a growing chronic disease, which is associated with the risk of kidney damage, a complication that can lead to kidney failure. Therefore, early detection and monitoring of kidney damage is essential in this type of patient. In this context, cystatin C is a reliable endogenous marker to evaluate kidney function, since its concentration is not influenced by external factors unlike other endogenous markers. Objective: To analyze cystatin C as a marker of kidney damage in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Methods: An exhaustive investigation was carried out in different databases to identify studies related to the topic of interest. The PRISMA method was used. Results: The studies reviewed demonstrated an association between high cystatin C concentration and a risk of kidney damage in patients with diabetes. In addition , cystatin C suggests being a more sensitive marker than creatinine for detecting kidney problems in early stages. Conclusions: Cystatin C is a promising marker for the evaluation of kidney damage in patients with type II diabetes, due to its sensitivity to detect early changes and determine disease progression.Item APLICACIÓN DE LA PROTEÓMICA EN EL DIAGNÓSTICO DE CÁNCER DE MAMA: AVANCES Y LIMITACIONES(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, 2024-08-13) Condo Paredes, Katheryn Nathaly; Ron Mora, Álvaro SebastiánIntroduction. Breast cancer is an extremely complex and heterogeneous disease that is characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells belonging to the breast tissue. It is essential to identify more sensitive biomarkers. A recent response has been the use of proteomics technology, which has provided excellent help in the characterization of new molecular biomarkers by measuring protein profiles. Objetive. Analyze the application of proteomics in the diagnosis of breast cancer, its Advances and Limitations. Methodology. To prepare the article, a bibliographic review was used based on research in highly relevant scientific journals, repositories and health databases such as Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, ProQuest, PubMed, Scielo, Medline. Results. The reviewed documents provide information about the application of different proteomic techniques in the diagnosis of breast cancer, many of their advances, but also the limitations that arise throughout this study. Many of the laboratory tests that can be performed for the diagnosis and management of breast cancer are highlighted. Conclusion. The application of proteomics in the diagnosis of breast cancer has represented a promising advance towards the early and personalized detection of this disease.