Laboratorio Clínico
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Item IMPACTO DEL DESARROLLO TECNOLÓGICO EN LOS SERVICIOS DE LABORATORIO CLÍNICO(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, 2024-08-20) Aquieta Masapanta, Diana Gabriela; Guangasig Toapanta, Víctor HernánTechnological advancements in recent years have significantly transformed clinica l laboratory services, enhancing the quality, efficiency, and accuracy of results. Clinica l laboratories play a crucial role in healthcare by providing valuable information to physicians. Automation frees up resources and time that can be dedicated to more specialized tasks, such as result analysis and interpretation, enabling laborat or y professionals to deliver a higher level of precision in their service. However, the implementation of automation must be carefully planned, taking into considera t io n factors such as costs, staff training, and the availability of suitable technolog i es. Furthermore, it is important to recognize that automation is not applicable in all scenarios and its introduction should be rigorously evaluated. On the other hand, clinical laboratories must stay updated and improve their methods as technol og y progresses, leveraging the opportunities offered by automation to optimize operati o na l efficiency and quality standards. It is proposed that educational programs be updated to include the handling of new technological equipment in the training of health c ar e professionals.Item CARACTERIZACIÓN DE SALMONELLA SPP. Y ESCHERICHIA COLI BLEE EN EL PROCESAMIENTO DE CARNE BOVINA EN UN CENTRO DE FAENAMIENTO EN AMBATO(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, 2024-08-20) Morales Morales, Evelyn Alexandra; Jaramillo Ruales, Evelyn KatherineThe objective of this investigation was to characterize the isolates of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli ESBL in the processing of beef in a slaughtering center in Ambato; for which a total of 120 samples (swabs) were analyzed, distributed as follows: surfaces of the bed and means of transport (n=22), uniforms (n=20), boots (n=20), hands (n =20), feces (n=20) and meat (n=18). In the isolation process, it was possible to identify Salmonella spp. and E. coli producing extended spectrum betalactamases (ESBL). The results of the present investigation have confirmed the presence of Enterobacterales (E. coli ESBL in a meat sample, Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli in a human feces sample) and Salmonella spp. in the beef production chain. Although they are not found in a high proportion, a significant range is estimated that shows cross contamination in various stages of the process, specifically, Salmonella spp was detected. in 33.3% of the samples and Escherichia coli ESBL in 6.6%. These findings highlight the need to implement and reinforce hygiene control and microbiolog i c al surveillance measures at the slaughter center to minimize public health risks and ensure the safety of the final product.Item RESISTENCIA BACTERIANA A LOS ANTIMICROBIANOS EN PERSONAS POST COVID-19. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, 2024-08-19) Rovayo Ojeda, Erika Elizabeth; Vilcacundo Córdova, Mario FernandoAntimicrobial resistance is a serious health problem affecting the global population because medicines are becoming ineffective against pathogens. The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused chaos in health systems, and in an effort to eradicate the virus, the inappropriate and unnecessary use of these medicines spread, worsening the problem. Although some progress was seen in the fight against antimicro b i al resistance at the beginning of the pandemic, the health emergency interrupted this advance. Health organizations recommend implementing systems to monitor and control the use of antibiotics, as it is essenti al to prevent the potential rise of the next pandemic, called "Antimicrobial Resistance." Despite these measur es, the results have been insufficient, with the development and strengthening of pathogens resistant to multipl e drugs being observed. This literature review has gathered information about the microorganisms that have shown higher levels of antimicrobial resistance during and after the pandemic, and the antimicrobials used for their treatment.Item OPTIMIZACIÓN DE LA RESPUESTA EN EMERGENCIAS: INTEGRACIÓN ESTRATÉGICA DE LA TOXICOLOGÍA FORENSE EN LOS PROTOCOLOS DE LABORATORIO CLÍNICO(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, 2024-08-13) Yaguargos Daza, Anthony Javier; Moina Veloz, Alvaro PaúlThe integration of forensic toxicology into clinical laboratory protocols proved crucial in improving emergency response, as it examined the harmful effects of chemical substances and their interaction with the body. Identifying the causative agent of poisoning was complicated by non-specific symptoms and the emergence of new psychoactive substances. These substances, designed to mimic the effects of drugs of abuse, were regulated internationally. According to Alza and Hancco, the use of illicit substances such as marijuana and cocaine was common in cases of domestic violence in Peru. Ponce Renata reported an increase in the use of these substances and alcohol in crimes in Riobamba, Ecuador. For a rapid and reliable response in emergencies, toxicological studies were needed to identify the causative agents and to collaborate with health workers. The timely availability of tests was limited, so this study was essential to establish cause-effect relationships and improve response protocols and the recognition and handling of toxic substances.Item COMPARACIÓN ENTRE LAS TÉCNICAS DE SEDIMENTACIÓN, FLOTACIÓN Y COPROPARASITARIO SERIADO PARA EL DIAGNÓSTICO DE GEOHELMINTIASIS INTESTINAL(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, 2024-08-13) Vega Vega, Wilmer Geovanny; De la Torre Fiallos, Ana VerónicaIntestinal Geohelminthiasis is a parasitic disease caused by helminths that require contac t with the soil to host the individual. This type of condition has a higher incidence in developing countries where there are inadequate sanitation habits and geograp hical areas that help the process of infection. Furthermore, intestinal infections caused by parasite s are a serious health problem worldwide, therefore, early and timely diagnosis of this type of pathology is necessary. However, the coprological techniques used in the clinic a l laboratory are inefficient in some cases, therefore, it is recommended to implem e n t sedimentation or flotation techniques, since they increase the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the different types of parasitosis. The objective of this research is to compare the different sedimentation, flotation and serial coproparasitic techniques for the diagnosis of Intestinal Geohelminthiasis. Through the research carried out in the differen t databases related to the topic of interest, it is concluded that the qualitative Baermann and Kato technique helps to identify Geohelminths, due to the specificity and procedure of the technique, however, the other techniques are useful for other types of parasites or the same but less specific.Item DETERMINACIÓN DE NIVELES DE ANTÍG E NO PROSTÁTICO TOTAL Y LIBRE Y SU RELACIÓ N CON LOS FACTOR ES DE RIESGO EN VARONES MAYORES DE 40 AÑOS DE LA PARROQUIA SAN ANDRÉS DEL CANTÓN SANTIAGO DE PÍLLARO(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, 2024-08-13) Maldonado Tandalla, Vanesa Jasmina; Galárraga Pérez, Edison ArturoThe tumor markers total PSA and free PSA serve as an aid in the early diagnosis of prostate pathologies. The present research work sought to determine the levels of total and free prostate antigen and relate the data obtained with the risk factors in men over 40 years of age from the San Andrés Parish of the Santiago de Píllaro Canton. The study was of a transvers al descriptive type, where first a general talk was given to all residents who belong to the Parish of San Andrés, all types of doubts were cleared and then 45 participants were chosen and a date was agreed for the delivery of the with informed opinion, the survey and sample collection. The Chi square statistical test was carried out using the SPSS statistical program. This is a non-param etric comparison test that will allow us to observe the level of significance that exists between the variables. To develop the statistical test, the values of the prostate antigens measured and the surveys that were carried out by the participants in the area were used, where the risk factors (data obtained from the survey) were related to the levels obtained of total PSA and Free PSA. Using the chemiluminescence method, the serum levels of total PSA and free PSA were determined, in order to fulfill the general objecti v e, obtaining as results that 93% of the total samples have values within the reference ranges while the 7% have high levels. The verification of the hypothesis was carried out through the Chi Square statistical test where the values obtained accept the null hypothesis, since the results were greater than the value p = 0.05 proposed, this indicates that statistically there is no correlation between the variables studied.Item RELACIÓN ENTRE LAS CONCENTRACIONES SÉRICAS DE HORMONAS TIROIDEAS Y EL PESO CORPORAL(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, 2024-08-13) Sani Nuñez, Viviana Lizeth; Ron Mora, Álvaro SebastiánThis study investigated the relationship between serum thyroid hormone concentrations and body weight. Thyroids as well hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH, including thyroxine known as T4 and triiodothyronine known as T3, are essential for regulating energy metabolism and body weight. A detailed bibliographic search was used in scientific databases, selecting articles with greater relevance and methodological quality. Hypothyroidism, which is characterized by a lack of thyroid hormones, was associated with weight gain, while hyperthyroidism, which is characterized by an excess of thyroid hormones, was associated with weight loss. The findings support the existence of this complex connection and underscore the importance of considering both clinical experience and scientific evidence for an accurate diagnosis. In conclusion, alterations or modifications in thyroid function could have a significant impact on energy metabolism and weight management, as this field continues to evolve. These results could aid in the development of more effective public health plans to manage overweight and obesity.Item FRECUENCIA FENOTÍPICA DEL SISTEMA ABO Y RHESUS EN LOS ESTUDIANTES DE LA CARRERA DE LABORATORIO CLÍNICO(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, 2024-08-13) Reina Flores, Alison Gabriela; Pérez Laborde, Elena JohannaThe determination of the blood phenotypic frequency is conceptualized as a process in which, on the erythrocyte surface, antigens are detected, some being the exclusi v e property of the erythrocytes such as the D antigen and others such as the antigens of the ABO system, that in addition to being present in the red blood cells, establis h themselves in various organs, tissues and body fluids. The ABO system and the Rh factor have great clinical relevance in the transfusion field since they are used as markers to differentiate the different blood types, mainly group A, B, O and AB and Rh factor with its D antigen. The identification of the blood group allows us to know the incidence of erythrocyte antigens of the ABO and Rh system in a population and thus establish a reserve in blood banks that allows rapid action in emergency situati ons . The purpose of the research project is to know the prevalence of the blood hemoty p e of the student population of the Clinical Laboratory degree, as well as the frequen c y of both ethnicity, gender and the province where the blood types have been distribu t ed . With a total of 198 samples, it was possible to obtain results in which it was evident that 75% of the participants presented the O Rh+ phenotype, 17% the A Rh+ phenoty p e and 7% the B Rh+ phenotype and in a lesser proportion the O Rh- phenotype with only 1%. No patients with AB phenotype were found due to the difference in sample size. The results were verified by two routine direct plate and tube methods.Item SENSIBILIDAD Y ESPECIFICIDAD DE LAS PRUEBAS DE LABORATORIO CLÍNICO EN LA DETECCIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD DE LA ENFERMEDAD INFLAMATORIA INTESTINAL DEL COLON(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, 2024-08-13) Padilla Padilla, Diana Ximena; Cevallos Bonilla, Victoria MaritzaInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestine, primarily Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Characterized by periods of inflammation and remission, it manifests with symptoms such as diarrhea and abdomi n a l pain. Biomarkers play a crucial role in its clinical management, facilitating non-invas i v e evaluations and guiding therapeutic decisions. Although erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are widely used due to their accessibility, fecal biomarkers, such as calprotectin and lactoferrin, offer greater reliability and specificity. ESR, which indicates the rate of red blood cell sedimentation, increases in the presenc e of inflammation, but is nonspecific. CRP, sensitive to inflammation, shows signific a n t values in IBD. In contrast, fecal calprotectin and fecal lactoferrin, released by neutroph il s in the inflamed intestinal mucosa, are highly sensitive and specific. Calprotectin values greater than 100ug/g suggest IBD, and high lactoferrin values support the different i a l diagnosis. Serologic markers, such as anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), aid in the distinction betwee n Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, but lack specificity.Item RELACIÓN ENTRE PERFIL LIPÍDICO Y RESISTENCIA A LA INSULINA EN ADULTOS MAYORES DE CENTROS GERONTOLÓGICOS DEL CANTÓN AMBATO(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, 2024-08-13) Endara Calderón, Juan Diego; Pacha Jara, Ana GabrielaThe present cross-sectional and descriptive research aimed to determine the relationship between lipid profile alterations and insulin resistance in elderly adults from gerontological centers in the Ambato canton. A blood sample was taken from 80 elderly adults for subsequent laboratory analysis, which included measurements of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin. The HOMA-IR index was used to evaluate insulin resistance. Additional l y, the weight and height of the participants were recorded to calculate their body mass index (BMI), and a survey was conducted to gather information about their lifestyl es and possible risk factors. The results showed that, of the 80 study participants, 27 individuals (34%) were of normal weight, 45 individuals (56%) were overweight, and 8 individuals (10%) were obese, according to the MSP of Ecuador and the WHO table for adult men and women. No statistically significant relationship was found between BMI and insulin resistanc e (p-value of 0.874), nor between the lipid profile and insulin resistance (p-value of 0.487). However, obesity remains an important risk factor for insulin resistance in the geriatric population. The study suggests that insulin resistance is influenced by multiple factors such as genetics, physical activity, and diet, and that BMI alone may not be sufficient to predict insulin resistance. Differences in body composition, lifestyles, and genetic factors can affect this relationship.