Carrera de Biotecnología
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Item Evaluación de la efectividad del carbón de hueso de animales bovinos (Bos taurus) en la disminución de la concentración de Flúor en el agua potable de consumo humano del Cantón San Pedro de Pelileo(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2025-02) Sánchez Aldaz, Erick Fabricio; Pérez Aldás, Lander VinicioThe excess of fluoride in drinking water for human consumption that is distributed in some sectors of the San Pedro de Pelileo Canton from the Jun Jun watershed, is the main cause of the appearance of dental fluorosis in those who consume it; Dental fluorosis is an abnormality that affects the enamel of the teeth, causing them to yellow or wear out; In the worst case, partial or total loss of teeth can occur. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of bone charcoal of B. taurus in reducing the concentration of fluorides, the temperature and time of bone carbonization is essential to obtain adequate hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate particles, hydroxyapatites and calcium carbonate are responsible for trapping fluoride ions; with a concentration of 5g per liter of bone charcoal, it was possible to reduce the concentration from 1.98 mg per liter to an average value of 0.742 mg per liter in the evaluation of jug tests without altering the water quality. The design of a bio-filter for domestic use can be used as an alternative to reduce contact with fluorine ions present in water; The bio-filter can be a tool used to improve the quality of dental life in children, young people, young women and adults.Item Bioprospección de microorganismos autóctonos productores de biosurfactantes aislados de suelos contaminados con aceites de lubricadoras en Ambato. Articulado al Proyecto de Investigación aprobado mediante Resolución Nro. UTA-CONIN-2023-0294-R(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2025-02) Guerrero Carranza, Yadira Lizbeth; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoHydrocarbon contamination represents a global issue due to its high toxicity and recalcitrance. This is mainly attributed to the indiscriminate use of oils of various types, ranging from edible oils to motor lubricants. In particular, motor oils have a significant impact on soil, as their heavy nature and low dispersion in water reduce the bioavailability of hydrocarbons for microorganisms. This phenomenon deteriorates soil structure over time. In this study, bacteria present in soils contaminated with oils from lubricant workshops in the city of Ambato were isolated, identified, and characterized. It is essential to highlight that biosurfactants, surfactant compounds of microbial origin, play a key role in this context. To identify biosurfactant-producing bacteria, various tests were performed, including the drop collapse test, oil spreading, hemolytic activity, emulsification, and the use of CTAB agar. Subsequently, biosurfactant-producing strains were identified using the MALDI-TOF technique to determine their genus and species. The results revealed that the bacteria belonged to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, known for producing rhamnolipids, a type of biosurfactant. Additionally, their antimicrobial activity was evaluated, and the phylogenetic similarity of these strains was investigated using the ERIC-PCR technique. Finally, an oil biodegradation study was conducted, comparing conditions with and without substrate enrichment to analyze process differences.Item Evaluación de la capacidad fitorremediadora de Chrysopogon zizanioides y Eichhornia crassipes en efluentes secundarios de una curtiembre de la provincia de Tungurahua. Articulado al Proyecto de Investigación aprobado mediante Resolución Nro. UTA-CONIN-2023-0194-R(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2025-02) Escobar Jumbo, Bruno Manuel; Flores Tapia, Nelly EstherSince the 20th century, the increasing global demand for leather has driven the tanning industry to boost its production in Ecuador. However, this industry is one of the most polluting due to the generation of untreated waste, creating an environmental issue on a global scale. This study aims to evaluate the capacity of a phytoremediation process using Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and C. zizanioides (Vetiver) to treat a contaminated effluent in the city of Ambato, Tungurahua province. To achieve this, three treatments were formulated in artificial wetlands, with a control and three replicates: T1-E. crassipes, T2-C. zizanioides, and T3-Combination (50:50). Over 45 days, physicochemical analyses were conducted on 14 parameters following TULSMA standards, using Hach, Hanna Instruments, and Velp Scientifica reagents. The results show a significant reduction of contaminants in treatment T3 with the following data: BOD5 84 percent, Cr6+ 75 percent, TSS 61 percent, Nitrogen 71 percent, Ammonium 60 percent, Turbidity 99 percent, Color 79 percent, and Phosphorus 60 percent. Additionally, an initial and final characterization encompassing 34 physicochemical parameters was performed. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment with the combination of both plant species in an artificial wetland. This provides a starting point for studying the interaction of E. crassipes and C. zizanioides in tannery effluents and formulating treatments that help mitigate the environmental impact of the leather and dyeing industry.Item Determinación del ph y temperatura óptimos de la enzima xilanasa de Trichoderma reesei (TrXynIV) empleando xilano de haya como sustrato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Morales Valencia, Karla Pamela; Cerda Mejía, Liliana AlexandraIn recent years, the global population has doubled, leading to an increased demand for resources and environmental pollution due to the indiscriminate extraction of raw materials. This has generated the need to use more sustainable alternatives, such as lignocellulose, which is one of the most abundant sources of biomass. However, its complex structure requires costly and polluting pretreatments, making it less profitable. Despite this, alternative pretreatments have been developed, such as the use of enzymes capable of degrading lignocellulose. The fungus Trichoderma reesei is known for producing enzymes effective in the decomposition of biomass, such as xylanases from the GH30 family. Among these enzymes, XynVI stands out for its efficiency in lignocellulose degradation. In this project, the activity of xylanase XynVI was analyzed, from plasmid construction to its expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and purification by affinity chromatography (IMAC). Additionally, the optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme were evaluated using beechwood xylan as a substrate. As a result, deficient expression of the enzyme and low concentration after purification were observed. Nonetheless, XynVI showed an enzymatic activity of approximately 5 units per milligram of protein at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius and pH of 5.1, with a difference of 10 degrees above the optimal temperature reported in the literature.Item Evaluación de la capacidad fitorremediadora del Eichhornia crassipes y Salvinia natans en aguas residuales de la PTAR Artezón -Píllaro(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Chiriboga Villagomez, Viviana Nataly; Flores Tapia, Nelly EstherThis study examines water pollution exacerbated by industrial and urban discharges, affecting the quality of water essential for agricultural irrigation and health. Therefore, the phytoremediation capacity of the species S. natans and E. crassipes in the wastewater of the Artezón Píllaro WWTP was evaluated. During the acclimatization process, both plants demonstrated their suitability for phytoremediation, achieving a reduction in COD with S. natans and E. crassipes. Treatments with different masses were applied: for E. crassipes, M1 0-500 g, M2 501-700 g, and M3 (701-800 g); and for S. natans, M1 (0-400 g), M2 (401-800 g), and M3 (801-900 g). Physicochemical and microbiological parameter analyses were performed at intervals of 0, 7, 15, 30, and 45 days, following the protocols of the Hanna manual and the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The results showed that both plants reduce the levels of organic pollutants and heavy metals in the wastewater, varying according to the mass used and the type of plant. For E. crassipes, the M1 treatment showed high removal percentages in surfactants, total solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, COD, BOD, turbidity, color, chromium VI, copper, aluminum, total nitrogen, fecal coliforms, and total phosphorus. On the other hand, S. natans with the M3 treatment also showed efficient removal percentages in surfactants, total solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, COD, BOD, turbidity, color, chromium VI, copper, aluminum, total nitrogen, fecal coliforms, and total phosphorus.Item Extracción de celulosa a partir de estiércol de vaca y conejo mediante procesos fisicoquímicos y mecánicos para la elaboración de filtros(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Paredes Cruz, Eder Ariel; Garcés Moncayo, María DanielaCellulose, a highly bioavailable polymer, is primarily obtained from wood species, with a projected global demand of 142 billion tons by 2030. This increase in consumption, driven by various industries, poses risks to biodiversity due to forest expansion. To address this issue, the feasibility of extracting cellulose from manure generated by the livestock and rabbit farming sector was explored. The cellulose recovery from manure was carried out using the alkaline pulping method with sodium hydroxide; a pressing process was employed for the production of cellulose filters. Additionally, the filters underwent various feasibility tests to demonstrate their efficiency. Despite the challenges of the process, cellulose extraction yields of 45.07 percent, 32.18 percent, and 40 percent were achieved from rabbit, cow, and a mixture of both manures, respectively. The cellulose pulp exhibited optimal pH values between 7.9 and 8.20, with alpha cellulose contents exceeding 75 percent in all three treatments. The filters-maintained sterility with optimal levels of moisture (less than 1 percent) and ashes (less than 4.5 percent) over time. IR spectra indicated similarities with commercial cellulose, with variations attributable to the animal diet and intestinal microbiota. Ultimately, the filters demonstrated an efficiency exceeding 81 percent in retaining particles larger than 0.0625 mm.Item Evaluación del tratamiento de electrocoagulación seguido del proceso de fitorremediación de Eichhornia crassipes en aguas residuales de curtiembre de la provincia de Tungurahua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Ortiz Tibán, Pamela Alejandra; Flores Tapia, Nelly EstherTannery wastewater, with its complex mixture of organic compounds, salts and heavy metals, constitutes a serious environmental threat when released without adequate treatment, negatively affecting water quality and aquatic life. This project focuses on the evaluation of a combined treatment of electrocoagulation and phytoremediation with Eichhornia crassipes in wastewater from a tannery in Tungurahua. The methodology used involved the initial characterization of physicochemical parameters with Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater using the HANNA equipment. The treatment was divided into two phases: electrocoagulation as pretreatment and phytoremediation with different masses of E. crassipes (138, 217 and 520) grams. For two months, a detailed monitoring of the decontamination was carried out, evaluating the parameters according to the TULSMA regulations. Preliminary results revealed that electrocoagulation achieved significant reductions of 60 to 80 percent in several contaminants. Phytoremediation, especially with E. crassipes M3, proved to be highly effective in the absorption and accumulation of heavy metals, achieving notable removals of 90 to 100 percent. This combined approach emerges as a promising solution for tannery wastewater treatment, highlighting the importance of technology integration to address the complexity of these industrial effluents. The project not only contributes to environmental mitigation but also to the implementation of sustainable strategies in industrial wastewater management.Item Evaluación del proceso de conservación de la grasa proveniente de los residuos de carnaza de una curtiembre en Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Maliza Valdospin, Natalia Carolina; Flores Tapia, Nelly EstherIn Ecuador, tannery industries actively participate in the circular economy; however, they have also raised environmental concerns due to the significant amounts of solid waste generated, including fat from residual leather trimmings, which is typically sent to landfills. Therefore, evaluating a conservation method is crucial for waste management. Under the research line of Agri-food Production and the Environment, the initial characterization of the fat was carried out, and a conservation method was developed using three concentrations of an essential oil. Its antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity was assessed through physicochemical and microbiological parameters, along with oxidative stability tests. The initial results showed values for moisture, acidity index, peroxide index, and saponification index within the parameters of the INEN 1313:2012 standard. Regarding the established method, the analysis of variance results revealed that both storage time and the concentration of rosemary essential oil are factors affecting fat quality. The results of the oxidative stability test confirmed that the optimal conservation time is at 700 ppm with a shelf-life of 2397 days, but with a higher cost-benefit compared to Luctanox LG. Finally, the microbiological test results indicated values below the limits set by national and international standards.Item Caracterización de una enzima celulasa obtenida mediante reconstrucción ancestral de secuencias(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) León Gaibor, Dania Sarahí; Cerda Mejía, Liliana AlexandraModern enzymes are biological alternatives to the degradation of cellulosic biomass derived from agro-industrial waste, facilitating the production of high value-added products such as biofuels. However, the properties of current enzymes are not always suitable for their application in industrial environments. Ancestral sequence reconstruction is an in-silico technique that allows the deduction of ancient protein sequences from existing ones, based on the premise that on the primitive earth enzymes were more stable. We proceeded to the reconstruction of an ancestral enzyme from representative cellulases of family 6 of glycosyl hydrolases, with the expectation of obtaining improved properties and proceeding to their characterization. For the prediction of optimal conditions, the statistical method known as response surface methodology was used, considering pH and reaction temperature as variables. The results revealed that ancestral cellulase acts on the crystalline structure of cellulose. In addition, the determination of optimum conditions showed that cellulase exhibits higher activity at pH 8.6, compared to its current counterparts, which exhibit higher catalysis under acidic conditions. Also, the predicted temperature exceeds 76 degrees Celsius, which when compared to its counterparts that present temperatures up to a maximum of 60 degrees Celsius, suggesting a higher thermostability.Item Estandarización de procesos de control de calidad para análisis fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos de las grasas de una curtiduría de Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Larcos Castro, Carla Michelle; Flores Tapia, Nelly EstherIn Ecuador, the leather industry plays a crucial role in the economy, being a strategic sector that significantly contributes to the country's development. During the processing of bovine hides, between 70 and 230 kg of waste is generated from the fleshing process, including fats. This type of solid waste is deposited in landfills, reaching between 5 and 7 tons per day, generating unpleasant odors, attracting unwanted animals, and increasing respiratory and dermatological diseases. To reduce the pollution caused by these fats, the present work aims to standardize quality control processes for physicochemical and microbiological analyses of this raw material. The applied procedures have been based on recognized standards such as INEN Standard 1313:2012 and AOAC Standard 920.39. Guidelines have been extracted from other current standards such as ISO 11133:2014 and ARCSA. These methodologies have been adapted to bovine fat samples for the subsequent implementation of a manual of operational procedures. This will enable them to have proper quality control before entering the market, reduce environmental impact, and allow tannery industries to save on additional costs associated with waste disposal. In conclusion, proper management of bovine fat, supported by robust quality control, offers the possibility of efficiently utilizing this resource. To achieve this, methodological and economic parameters necessary for implementing a quality control laboratory are proposed.