Carrera de Biotecnología

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    Eficiencia del almidón de chonta (Bactris gasipaes) como agente encapsulante sobre la actividad antimicrobiana de la doxiciclina
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2025-02) Aponte Urrutia, Kerly Anais; López Hernández, Orestes Darío
    Doxycycline is an antibiotic of great interest in the health area, since it serves as a treatment for a variety of bacterial infections, but it has a drawback since it tends to degrade very easily at the time of its production, that is why new alternatives have been sought to preserve its bioactive components and protect it from contamination and even increase its bioavailability with the help of microencapsulation which is a technique that uses encapsulating materials such as natural polymers in order to generate greater effectiveness in encapsulation. For this, three suspensions were made with different proportions, using analysis techniques and verification of microencapsulation efficiency which were, performance analysis, statistical analysis, thermograms by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and antimicrobial evaluation, which was carried out by means of antibiograms of diffusion disks in Müller Hinton agar, to determine the inhibition of the microencapsulate against the E. coli bacteria. Through the different analyses carried out, it was obtained that the best performance and inhibition halos were given in the proportion 20:80, in addition to this, through the thermograms it was possible to observe the melting peaks where it was also represented that the best curve was that of the proportion 20:80. This is thanks to the fact that with a higher polymeric load, the percentage of microencapsulation efficiency increases. This could also be observed with the help of an-ANOVA analysis, which allowed the most significant performance to be seen through statistical graphs.
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    Elaboración de andamios biológicos mediante lixiviación de microesferas para aplicaciones biomédicas
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Freire Galarza, Melissa Belen; Núñez Villacís, Lorena de los Ángeles
    Bone defects are one of the main global health problems, and the scarcity of conventional substitutes to treat this deficiency is a clinical disadvantage. Thus, bone tissue engineering (BTE) through the combination of cells, growth factors and scaffolds has emerged as a promising alternative in the regeneration of functional tissues. In this study, chitosan and polycaprolactone (PCL) biological scaffolds (ABs) were prepared by leaching gelatin microspheres at different concentrations of 25, 50 and 75 percent in order to evaluate their impact on morphological, mechanical and biological properties. Macroporous and microporous scaffolds (90 to 600 micrometers) were obtained, the scaffolds with a higher concentration of microspheres presented a porosity of 85.29 percent, proving to be more favorable on the other properties of the ABs, with a water vapor transmission rate of 117. 18 grams per square meter per-24 hours, a water absorption capacity of 249.02 percent and a biodegradability of 31.09 and 54.41 percent in simulated body fluid (SBF), and blood plasma respectively, differing only in mechanical properties with a modulus of elasticity of 386.70 kilopascals, which indicated a lower stiffness of the material. The resulting ABs demonstrated suitable properties that can be applied in ITO, depending on the characteristics, scaffolds with higher porosity for spongy bones and rapid cell integration, and scaffolds with lower porosity for dense bones requiring higher mechanical strength.
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    Caracterización de la nanoestructura superficial, la absorción espectrofotométrica y las propiedades elásticas macroscópicas de películas compuestas de almidón de maíz (Zea mays L.) y colágeno
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Caluña Panimboza, Erika Estefania; Casado Rojo, Santiago
    In view of the growing global concern about plastic pollution, the United Nations seeks to significantly reduce waste generation by 2030 by promoting the production of bioplastics as a highly viable solution. The objective of this research was to characterize the surface nanostructure and physicochemical properties of films composed of corn starch (Zea mays L.) and collagen. For this purpose, films composed of corn starch and collagen were prepared at different concentrations. The addition of 1 percent (mass over volume) collagen to films composed of 5 percent starch and 1 percent glycerol significantly improved the mechanical and optical properties. ATR-FTIR tests revealed good molecular integration, and UV Visible spectrophotometry indicated a decrease in opacity in films with higher collagen content. Optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images demonstrated a dense, structured and homogeneous fibrous network in the collagen-containing films. Moisture and solubility analysis showed an increase at higher collagen concentrations, due to its hygroscopic nature. Elastic properties indicated that the formulation with 1 percent collagen offered the best balance between tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EB) and elastic modulus (EM). The improvement in mechanical properties, coupled with nanoscopic characterization, offers an in-depth understanding of how components and structure affect material performance, opening new possibilities for designing bioplastics with specific properties
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    Caracterización nanoscópica superficial y fisicoquímica de películas de almidón extraído de zanahoria blanca (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), con arcillas de caolín y bentonita como aditivos
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Andachi Haro, Andrea Monserrath; Casado Rojo, Santiago
    On a global scale, millions of tons of plastic are produced, mostly for single-use purposes with limited recyclability. Almost all raw materials used in plastic manufacturing come from petroleum-derived resources. Tons of these residues end up deposited in lakes, rivers, and seas, breaking down into microplastics and nanoplastics present in the environment. This pollution directly impacts all forms of life. Therefore, replacing synthetic polymers with starch-based bioplastic films represents a beneficial alternative. This research study focuses on the analysis of the surface nanoscopic structure and physicochemical characterization of starch films derived from white carrot (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), with additives of bentonite and kaolin. These clay additives induce changes in the films' properties at both microscopic and physicochemical levels. To effectively apply these composite films, understanding their properties is essential, and many influencing factors can be explained by phenomena observed at the nanoscopic level. Characterization revealed significant differences between the two types of additives, contrasting their physicochemical properties such as moisture content, total soluble matter, mechanical properties, opacity, and visual and color appearance. This comparison was based on analyses supplemented with topography images obtained through tapping mode atomic force microscopy. Results indicate that films with bentonite exhibit irregular topography, whereas those with kaolin show a more homogeneous structure.
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    Caracterización in vitro de andamios biológicos elaborados a partir de biopolímeros naturales para aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Ramírez Manzano, Víctor Xavier; Núñez Villacís, Lorena de los Ángeles
    The shortage of organ donors and the lack of techniques to regenerate injured tissues pose a challenge worldwide, making tissue engineering a promising alternative. In this discipline, cells, biological scaffolds, and factors are combined to generate functional tissues. This study focused on the development and characterization of scaffolds made from natural biopolymers, as these provide the basis for cell adhesion and proliferation. Collagen, chitosan, and collagen - chitosan (hybrid) scaffolds were prepared by lyophilization. Their morphology was evaluated by SEM (porosity) and ethanol infiltration (porosity percentage). In addition, hemocompatibility was characterized by swelling, clotting index, hemolysis, and red blood cell and platelet adhesion tests. The results showed that the hybrid scaffold has the best properties and is the most suitable for future research. However, it is proposed to use the collagen scaffold for epithelial tissue studies, the chitosan scaffold for bone and cartilage tissues, and the hybrid scaffold for bone, cartilage, and connective tissues. Future studies will evaluate the bioactivity of the scaffolds with cells, therefore, to ensure sterility of the scaffolds for cell culture, two sterilization methods were investigated: ultraviolet irradiation and ethanol (65-70 percent). UV light proved to be the best method due to the time required and ease of use. In conclusion, the characterization carried out on the ABs suggests that they possess adequate characteristics for future investigations related to tissue development; however, the collagen - chitosan scaffold presents better morphological characteristics. These ABs will be used in future evaluations of cell growth and proliferation.
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    Caracterización in vitro de andamios biológicos elaborados a partir de biopolímeros naturales para aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Piñaloza Vásconez, Leslie de los Ángeles; Núñez Villacís, Lorena de los Ángeles
    The shortage of organ donors and the lack of techniques to regenerate injured tissues pose a challenge worldwide, making tissue engineering a promising alternative. In this discipline, cells, biological scaffolds, and factors are combined to generate functional tissues. This study focused on the development and characterization of scaffolds made from natural biopolymers, as these provide the basis for cell adhesion and proliferation. Collagen, chitosan, and collagen - chitosan (hybrid) scaffolds were prepared by lyophilization. Their morphology was evaluated by SEM (porosity) and ethanol infiltration (porosity percentage). In addition, hemocompatibility was characterized by swelling, clotting index, hemolysis, and red blood cell and platelet adhesion tests. The results showed that the hybrid scaffold has the best properties and is the most suitable for future research. However, it is proposed to use the collagen scaffold for epithelial tissue studies, the chitosan scaffold for bone and cartilage tissues, and the hybrid scaffold for bone, cartilage, and connective tissues. Future studies will evaluate the bioactivity of the scaffolds with cells, therefore, to ensure sterility of the scaffolds for cell culture, two sterilization methods were investigated: ultraviolet irradiation and ethanol (65-70 percent). UV light proved to be the best method due to the time required and ease of use. In conclusion, the characterization carried out on the ABs suggests that they possess adequate characteristics for future investigations related to tissue development; however, the collagen - chitosan scaffold presents better morphological characteristics. These ABs will be used in future evaluations of cell growth and proliferation.
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    Elaboración de andamios biológicos a partir de polímeros naturales recubiertos con extracto de Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Carrera Fonseca, Geovanna Noemí; Tubón Usca, Irvin Ricardo
    The skin, being the largest organ in the body, is highly susceptible to damage from accidents and injuries, leading to tissue compromise. In certain cases, cell regeneration necessitates transplantation. In this context, tissue engineering and advancements in regenerative medicine have explored the potential of biological scaffolds. However, in Ecuador, the use of herbal extracts is limited due to unexplored knowledge and underutilization of the country's rich diversity of plant species. Among these valuable resources lies Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth), an endemic species with antioxidant and angiogenic properties, holding promise for wound healing applications. The focus of this study was on the fabrication of scaffolds containing C. tomentosum (Kunth) extract at concentrations of 50 and 100 micrograms per milliliter, with collagen-chitosan hybrid scaffolds serving as controls. The extract underwent qualitative and microbiological tests to ensure its quality. The lyophilization technique preserved the 3D structure of the scaffolds while retaining the secondary metabolites of the extract, a finding corroborated through scanning electron microscopy images. Comprehensive evaluations of morphological, physical, and biological properties were conducted. Among the tested scaffolds, the one with 50 micrograms per milliliter of extract exhibited the most promising characteristics in terms of percentage and pore size. Moreover, it demonstrated favorable mechanical properties that ensure support after transplantation. Additionally, its biodegradability and antimicrobial properties against S. aureus make it a compelling candidate for application in epithelial wound healing.
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    Elaboración de andamios biológicos a partir de biopolímeros naturales mediante métodos manuales y bioimpresión 3D para aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Guáitara Martínez, Sandro Daniel; Núñez Villacís, Lorena de los Ángeles
    There are thousands of patients with injuries that cannot be adequately treated, making tissue engineering a great alternative. Although it is not limited only to this because it can also be suitable for the development of drugs and the study of diseases. The aim of this research is to elaborate different scaffolds with potential applications in tissue engineering, using natural polymers. For this purpose, freeze-drying as a manual method and 3D bioprinting were used. The solutions for the scaffolds were elaborated by dissolving chitosan and collagen in acetic acid and mixing them with an agarose solution in PBS; these solutions were freeze-dried to obtain dry and porous scaffolds. For the 3D bioprinter, the solutions were printed in the form of 4 cm square squares, with a mesh inside. They were evaluated by SEM in order to measure the pore size and analyze their surface area. Using the ethanol infiltration method, a better understanding of the pores was obtained. Water absorption capacity tests were performed. Due to the importance of biodegradability, it was evaluated by immersion in blood plasma for 2, 4 and 7 days. Finally, the biomineralization of the scaffolds was also evaluated in the same way as biodegradability, i.e., incubating in blood plasma. With the evaluation of the characteristics, it was analyzed for which tissues the scaffolds could be useful, which was mainly bone and dermal tissue.