Carrera Ingeniería Bioquímica
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/handle/123456789/809
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Item Evaluación del contenido de Isotiocianatos de los extractos vegetales de mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum), mostaza (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) y mastuerzo (Tropaeolum majus) y su actividad nematicida in vitro para el control de Meloidogyne(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Lara Moya, Luis Marcelo; Pomboza Tamaquiza, Pedro PabloThe amount of isothiocyanates present in alcoholic and aqueous plant extracts of Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum), Mustard (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) and Mastuerzo (Tropaeolum majus) was quantified. The solvents used for extraction were 96 percent ethanol and distilled water. The statistical analysis used was an AXB factorial design. The hydroalcoholic extract of Raphanus raphanistrum L. obtained the highest concentration of isothiocyanate (535,410 ug for ml) and percentage yield (30.67 percent). Same as its in vitro nematicide capacity was assessed against nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne at stage J2 at different concentrations (100, 50, 75, 50, 25, 15, 10, and 5 percent v / v), an absolute control (water distilled) and a chemical control (Metam sodium 1µl for 1L of distilled water) for 48 hours. The concentration with the greatest effect and the shortest time was 100 percent, which reduced the population by 93.33 more less 2.89 percent in the first two hours of exposure and 100 percent mortality at four hours. The assessment of the damage caused to the nematodes was carried out by optical microscopy, observing the internal damages (black-colored bulges) and external damages (detachment of its epidermis). The results obtained in the experimentation were satisfactory, demonstrating that there are new alternatives for the creation of nematicides of organic origin that do not cause damage to the environment and have the same effect as a nematicide of synthetic origin.Item Evaluación de diferentes combinaciones de polímeros en la microencapsulación de licopeno de tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Pazmiño Eugenio, Damaris Abigail; Fernández Rivero, DanaeThe concentrate of lycopene of tree tomato (Solanum betaceum) was microencapsulated using four differents combinations whose were evaluated through the antioxidant capacity. The combinations consisted of varying the load, with respect to the polymers used that were maltodextrin and gum arabic with modifications in the entry and exit temperature in the microencapsulation. The evaluation of antioxidant activity in vitro was developed using the DPPH test. On the other hand, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a cellular model to analyze the activity in vivo comparing the growth rate it presents against high and low stress levels with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. It was determined that the microencapsulated with 30% lycopene, 35 percent gum arabic and 35 percent maltodextrin at an inlet temperature (Te) of 120 Celsius degrees and outlet (Ts) of 80 Celsius degrees showed greater antioxidant capacity when using the DPPH free radical method obtaining 81,84 percent inhibition equivalent to trolox concentration of 333,78 more less 4,53 µmol of trolox for gram sample, also recorded a percentage of microencapsulation efficiency of 64,42 percent, which was comprobated with the analysis in the far infrared spectrum taking into account that 83,76 percent transmittance was obtained. The antioxidant activity in vivo corroborated the previous results, because when using the microencapsulation at a concentration of 700 mg/mL, Saccharomyces cervisiae showed a growth rate greater than 1 in the presence of NaOCl and H2O2 exceeding the antioxidant capacity of vitamin C.Item Evaluación in situ del riesgo toxicológico por inhalación de Butanol, Ciclohexanona y Metilacetato de los trabajadores en el proceso de acabado de productos de un taller de maderas(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Villagrán Guerrero, Jéssica del Lourdes; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderAn assessment study of volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) generated in the process of a company's wood products finishing workshop was conducted using the Quality Standard for environments ISO 171330. Cyclohexanone (C6OH10), Methylacetate (C6H12O3) and Butanol (C4H10O) using the UNE 689 Chemical Risk Assessment Standard considering several 983 tests under environmental conditions of: temperature (T) 21 Celsius degrees: 50 percent relative humidity (HR) and atmospheric pressure (Pa) of 1 atm. For concentration measurement, direct measurement equipment with iBRiD MX6 photoionization sensor that meets NIOSH 1300 standards was used. As a result, the most likely value for; cyclohexanone was 21,00 ppm, for methylacetate: 268,74 ppm and for butanol: 311,65 ppm. Exposure rates were: 1.00, 1.34 and 15.58 respectively; determining a value of the total exposure rate of 17.92 that exceeds 1692 percent the Recommended Environmental Limit Value (VLA). To complete the study, an attenuation system was determined by determining a total ventilation flow rate of 18.697 m3 for h; the speed of generation (G) was 0.25 m3 for h, 0.11 m3 for h and 0.14 m3 for h respectively; the total evaporation rate (Et) calculated is 1.9 l for h and the safety factor (K): 1; for this purpose the parameters required by the Institute for Occupational Safety and Hygiene (INSHT) were used.Item Cuantificación de indicadores de contaminación fecal en ríos y canales de agua de riego de cinco provincias del Ecuador(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Quingaluisa Parra, Romelia Elizabeth; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoIn Latin American countries, the coverage of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) is deficient, causing an increment of chemical and biological pollutants in aquatic natural ecosystems. Thus, the sanitary risks related to unsafe water for the inhabitants is considerable. In Ecuador, it is estimated that 70 percent of superficial water below 2.800 meters-above-sea-level cannot be used for human purposes. Nowadays, few studies about water quality in this country have been made. This investigation was focused on the detection of microbial indicators of fecal pollution (Escherichia coli, coliforms, somatic coliphages, ceftriaxone-resistant-mesophilic bacteria) in selected rivers and irrigation channels of five provinces of Ecuador. The anthropogenically impacted points Machángara river (Pichincha) and Ambato-Huachi-Pelileo irrigation channel (Tungurahua) presents the highest levels of biological pollution. In addition, the irrigation channels Ambato-Huachi-Pelileo (Tungurahua) and Latacunga-Salcedo-Ambato (Cotopaxi) shown increased ratios of microorganisms with resistance phenotype to a clinically relevant antibiotic. These findings are worrying because demonstrates the high influence of human activities in the biological quality of the rivers and irrigation channels in Ecuador. Complementary studies are needed to take opportune measures aimed to improve the sanitary conditions of water in Ecuador.Item Validación de técnicas de PCR cuantitativa (qPCR) para la cuantificación de genes de resistencia a antibióticos(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Valle Ramos, María Judith; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoThe increment in the usage of genomic techniques applied to diagnosis and research demands to have validated techniques, in order to obtain reliable and reproducible results during the experimental tests. This work aimed to validate real-time PCR (qPCR) techniques, using both TaqMan and Sybr Green methods. The applied equipment was 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System thermal cycler. Pure standards of the different recombinant plasmids (blaTEM, sul1, qnrS, ermB, and 16S rDNA) were used. Additionally, a synthetic plasmid standard was designed for tetW gene. The results indicate that the standard curves presented high efficiencies (between 97.4 to 109. 8 percent), as well as linear correlations greater than 0.99 and limits of quantification between Ct 34.4 to 34.8. Therefore, it was demonstrated that the qPCR techniques have acceptable performances since the values obtained are within the optimal ranges. These validated qPCR techniques will be used as a control tool to evaluate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes from environmental samples, obtaining truthful data in a short time.Item Caracterización del proceso fermentativo de Aspergillus niger P.E.L. Van Tiegghem utilizando como sustrato cáscara de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) para el enriquecimiento proteico(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Fonseca Balseca, Lilibeth Berenize; Fernández Rivero, DanaePotato (Solanum tuberosum L) is one of the most frequent tubers in Ecuadorian’s basic food basket; it has a high demand in the market and its main use is in the food industry, however, the accumulation of its waste has become a problem, even though, biotechnological advances allow using this type of waste and generate other improvements through fermentation processes giving changes in its final composition. It has been shown that some fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, which are able to modify their metabolic pathway and increase in their final percentage of macronutrients The objective of this study was to characterize the fermentation process of Aspergillus niger using potato’s peel (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a substrate to the protein increase in the medium. In the initial phase, the fermentation time (5-8 days), the agitation speed (0-60 rpm) and the inoculum concentration (5000 and 50,000 conidia for gram of medium) were evaluated through a factorial design (23), these factors were important for the fermentation process; subsequently, fermentation was optimized and kinetic parameters were determined. Optimization resulted in a protein concentration of 16.3092 mg for ml and a biomass concentration of 0.9422 g for ml. Finally, the kinetic parameters of the microorganism in the optimized medium were determined obtaining a specific growth rate 𝑢= 0.005708 ℎ-1, a doubling time T = 121.42 ℎ and a yield 𝑌𝑥/𝑠 = 0.5074 g of biomass for mg of substrate consumed. The results obtained confirmed that there was an increase in the final protein level of the medium.Item Evaluación de la diseminación de genes de resistencia a antibióticos en muestras de aguas superficiales, sedimentos de río y canales de agua de riego en cinco provincias del Ecuador(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Guijarro Portero, Violeta Jeannette; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoIn Ecuador, it is estimated that 88 percent of wastewater is discharged into rivers, which present contamination with pathogenic microorganisms and toxic chemicals, which is notable in the rivers of the cities of Quito, Guayaquil, Cuenca, Riobamba, Ambato, Latacunga and Esmeraldas; waters that feed irrigation canals and ditches These points could represent a potential reactor of resistance genotypes that could easily spread through food to bacteria in the human microbiota. In the present research project the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in water samples, river sediments and irrigation canals in five provinces of Ecuador was evaluated. In a higher frequency, the sulphonamide sul1 and beta-lactam blaTEM resistance genes in waters and sediments were detected and quantified using the qPCR technique, genes with resistance to carbapenems (blaOXA-48, blaKPC, blaCMY) and beta-lactams (blaCTX- M and blaSHV) were detected in the channel derived from the Naranjito-Guayas collection point using the PCR technique (conventional). The points mostly affected with ARGs in the province of Tungurahua were: the Ambato-Huachi-Pelileo water channel and the Ambato river sediment; in the province of Pichincha, the water of the Pita river and water and sediment of the Machángara river; in the province of Manabí, in the sediment of the Portoviejo canal. It is therefore established that the rivers and irrigation canals evaluated in Ecuador have a high anthropogenic level, which could act as reservoirs and contribute to the dissemination of ARGs in the environment.Item Externalidad negativa en el transporte urbano de Ambato por emisiones de ruido(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Altamirano Freire, Kimberly Estefanía; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderA study of economic losses caused by the ambient noise generated by urban buses that circulate in the 5 platforms of the city of Ambato was carried out. The equivalent sound pressure level (NPSE) was determined, according to ISO 1996-2: 2007 considering a period of 15 weeks from 12:00 - 13:00h under environmental conditions of temperature of 17 Celsius degrees, humidity 59 percent and atmospheric pressure of 1 atm, using an integrating, averaging type I sound level meter. For the calculation of the noise affectation, the econometric models that estimate the willingness to pay (DAP), Costs for medical expenses and the assessment of fatalities established in INFRAS for IWW, 2004 were considered. In the 156 points distributed in an area of 1200 km2 NPSE values were recorded between 58.8 dB, and 75.3 dB. 90.38 percent of the measurement points exceeded the limit established according to the Unified Text of the Secondary Legislation of the Ministry of Environment (TULSMA) of 65 dB. The total cost of noise was valued at 1,081,433.84 dollars per year, which compared to similar jobs (Euskadi- Spain) has a low value considering urban transport as the only source of pollution.Item Obtención de un extracto rico en carotenoides con capacidad antioxidante a escala de banco a partir de residuos agroindustriales del tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Urbina Calero, Walter Ramiro; Fernández Rivero, DanaeThe research project had to objective obtain an extract rich in carotenoids up to a scale of a bench, from the agroindustrial waste of the tree tomato (Solanum betaceum). The extraction of the carotenoids was conducted the dry vegetable residue and as solvent ethanol with a residue waste/solvent of 1/70, 50 Celsius degrees and 30 minutes on laboratory scales (0.5 L) and bench (3 and 5 L). The chemical physical characterization of the extract was performed, determining the humidity percentage equal to 99,90 percent, pH of 5,69, refractive index of 1,36, kinematic viscosity of 2,09 cSt.s-1, lycopenes concentration of 0.51 mg.L-1 and yield extraction of 34.34 mg.kg-1. In the microencapsulation the higher scale extract (5 L) was used, concentrating the sample until get 13.45 percent solids, determining the percentage yield in the microencapsulation process equal to 79.02 percent and the percentage of efficiency of microencapsulation of 99.39 percent, also an infrared spectroscopy analysis that corroborated these results considered to be favorable for higher scaling of the process. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH radical method by doing a Trolox calibration curve, obtaining 50.80 percent DPPH inhibition in the extract without concentrating, increasing by 200 percent in the concentrated extract. In the microencapsulated extract was obtained an 21.72 percent inhibition of DPPH equivalent to 142.72 µmol.L-1 with a decrease in antioxidant activity of 34.27 percent compared to the concentrated extract doing a dilution of 1/200.Item Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria de antocianinas microencapsuladas a partir de cáscaras de berenjena (Solanum melongena)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Telenchana Pérez, Erika Vanessa; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoThe instability of natural pigments makes it difficult to use, so the study of their extraction and conservation process will increase their stability, maintaining their properties. This research was based on the extraction, microencapsulation and evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of anthocyanins from eggplant shells (Solanum melongena). An experimental design 22 was carried out, which was determined that the optimal conditions of the extraction are with a plant material/solvent volume ratio of 1:25, a temperature of 70 more less 2 Celsius degrees and extraction time of 60 min. The microencapsulation of the bioactive compound was performed by spray drying, using two polymeric matrices (maltodextrin and gum arabic), an efficiency of 91.28 percent was obtained for microencapsulation with the mixture of these two polymers, while for maltodextrin it was 79.85 percent. To evaluate the antioxidant properties, the DPPH method was used, a maximum percentage of 257,88 and 307,19 µmol equivalents of Trolox for every gram of microencapsulated was obtained, for the case of maltodextrin and mixture respectively, the curve was also evaluated of growth of yeast S. cerevisiae subjected to oxidative stress and it was shown that microencapsulates protect the microorganism from the oxidative agent. The erythrocyte membrane stabilization method it was determined that at a concentration of 2 mg for ml for the microencapsulation with maltodextrin and 2,5 mg for ml for the case of the polymer mixture, an anti-inflammatory activity of 89,61 percent is obtained and 77,17 percent respectively, exceeding the activity of the commercial drug.