Tesis Ingeniería Agronómica
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Item Caracterización patogénica de aislados de Cladosporium fulvum Cooke. Procedentes de invernadero del sector Izamba cantón Ambato(2023-09) Velasco López, Andrés Gabriel; Leiva Mora, MichelThe gray mold of the leaf or also called Cladosporium fulvum was described by Cooke in 1883, the same one that develops in different crops, but attacks especially in the tomato crop since it has favorable conditions for its dissemination. For the present investigation, the objective was to evaluate the pathogenicity of monosporic isolates of Cladosporium fulvum Cooke from samples of Solanum lycopersicum L. from the Izamba sector, Tungurahua, Ecuador. To evaluate the pathogenicity, the isolates from the C. fulvum culture collection deposited in the Microbiology laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Technical University of Ambato were activated in PDA culture media to be able to count with the neubauer, for the sowing of differential cultivars we proceeded to use substrates, llama manure that were deposited in one-liter tubs to later be inoculated with C. fulvum, obtaining as results a different concentration for each cultivar (Cf0 -77 ml-1, Cf2 -96 ml-1, Cf4-90.9 ml-1, Cf5-65 ml-1 and Cf6-68 ml-1), in addition to a higher percentage of infection in the Cf5 cultivar with 58% while the Cf0 cultivars , Cf2, Cf4 and Cf6 maintain an average between 20-30% in terms of the study factor in which it was determined that the first signs and symptoms of the disease caused by C. fulvum are chlorotic spots on the upper part of the leavesItem Evaluación de alternativas de control de (Bactericera Cockerelli Sulc) en el cultivo de tomate de árbol (Solanum Betaceum Cav.) En el cantón Píllaro, provincia de Tungurahua(2023-09) Quinde Morocho, Diana Carolina; Valle Velástegui, Edgar LucianoThe present research project was carried out at the INIAP experimental farm in the canton of Píllaro located in the province of Tungurahua, the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the different alternatives for the control of Bactericera Cockerelli Sulc in the cultivation of Solanum tree tomato. Betaceum Cav. together with two different plant materials with possible resistance to the incidence of the insect, for the fulfillment of the purpose of this investigation, a divided plot design was developed where three plants were selected from which three leaves located in the upper part were taken, middle and lower part of the plant, the count of eggs, nymphs and adults was carried out in order to carry out the monitoring, the count was carried out visually with the help of a magnifying glass, the data was recorded in an Excel spreadsheet, After monitoring the insect, the different control alternatives were applied depending on the date, the treatments were alternative B1 (chemical control) applied every 10 days, alternative B2 (agricultural oil) applied every 5 days, alternative B3 (kaolin) was applied every 10 days and B4 (control) without application. The results were analyzed in the Infostat statistical program, the Tukey test was applied at 5% and the following results were obtained: the alternative B2 (agricultural oil) and B3 (kaolin), are effective for the population decrease of the insect, obtaining the following means: 13.25 and 10.29 in eggs, 5.14 and 5.18 in nymphs and 0.84 and 0.60 in adults of Bactericera cockerelli, respectively; Based on these results, it is considered that the two alternatives were effective; However, he considers that the best control alternative is B2 with agricultural oil since the plant obtains a population reduction and a good development, contrary to what happens with alternative B3 where kaolin reduces the good development of the plant, which which may be due to different factors that should be studied in a better way so that the use of this product is used in the cropItem Evaluación de tres tiempos de pinzado en la formación de plantas de rosas (Rosa sp), para exportación bajo cubierta en la Granja Experimental Querochaca(2023-09) Ortiz López, Christian Arnulfo; León Gordón, Olguer AlfredoThe rose crop (Rosa sp.) is one of the main flower producers cut in Ecuador, and its production depends largely on techniques of specialized handling such as clamping, which is used to encourage generation of shoots and, consequently, increase production. This research set out to evaluate the impact of three different moments of pinched in the development of rose plants. Three treatments were implemented: clamped at 5 weeks of culture (soft pinch in basals), at 8 weeks of cultivation (chickpea point) and after 12 weeks of cultivation (with the formation full of flowers). In relation to the development of the plant, the treatment of clamping at 12 weeks proved to be the most effective, achieving a height of 83 centimeters, a stem thickness of 1 centimeter, 7 degrees Brix and 2.4 basal with 4.8 arms per basal. The evaluation of the flower production index confirmed these findings: clamping at 12 weeks achieved the highest production rate high (0.81), followed by clamping at 5 weeks (0.71) and, finally, clamped at 8 weeks (0.64). From the economic point of view, the third treatment turned out to be the most profitable, generating the greatest income due to its high percentage of basals. In contrast, the second treatment generated the lower income, since the expected number of baselines was not reached.Item Evaluación de cuatro tipos de abonos orgánicos en el rendimiento del cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) variedad tusilla(2023-09) Mendieta Andy, Verónica Jackeline; Velástegui Espín, Giovanny PatricioOne of the most important crops in the Amazon is corn, in this case the Tusilla variety was used because it is the one that most farmers work with in the Nueva Aurora location of the Shushufindi canton. The research work was carried out with the purpose of evaluating four organic fertilizers on corn yield using four replications, four treatments plus a control, the statistical method was a completely randomized experimental design. With the results it was obtained that the application of organic fertilizers in the corn crop (Zea mays) tusilla variety improves the yield level having in T1 a yield of 6411.25 kg/ha in relation to the yield of the control treatment which was 5170.25 kg/ha, that is, there is a significant difference statistically speaking with a coefficient of variation of 8, 14%, in the variable days to flowering the coefficient of variation was 1.6% being at 50 days after planting, 4.75% the coefficient of variation in the variable number of ear per plant, 3.14% and 5.15% respectively for ear size and number of grains per ear. While the variables height, number of cob, size of the cob, number of grains did not show significant differences, there was a significant difference in the yield variable, which was the main objective to know if the organic fertilizers affect the development and growth of corn. The cost-benefit relationship is related to the benefits that associations make by working with this variety of corn in the Shushufindi canton.Item Evaluación de sustratos para la producción de plántulas de tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum B.)(2023-09) Marcalla Yanchaguano, Erika Alexandra; León Gordón, Olguer AlfredoThe deterioration of the capacity of the land has led to the replacement of direct sowing by the use of seedbeds, with the use of substrates so that in this way they provide us with the production of quality plants. The substrate is one of the main means used for the seed to germinate properly. The objective of this research was to evaluate different substrates for the production of tree tomato seedlings (Solanum betaceum B). The research was carried out in the Research building, acclimatization area of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, a completely randomized block experimental design (DBCA) was carried out, with three treatments and 4 repetitions (each). The substrates used were T1 (Compost50 % plus Gravel 50 %), T2 (Peat) and T3 (Coal - Husk 50 % plus Black Earth 50 %). For the data analysis, the Tukey test was carried out at 5%, at the end of the first phenological phase, which is 30 days after it began to germinate and 45 days after sowing. The germination percentage, plant height, root volume, number of true leaves, root length and stem diameter were evaluated; Carrying out the statistical analysis, it was prolonged that in the six variables prevailed in T2 (Peat), we obtained an average percentage of germination (80.8%) plant height of (8.57cm), root volume of (0. 57cc), number of true leaves (4), root length (4.38cm) and stem diameter (0.5cm), similar results were obtained with T3 (Carbon - Cascarilla plus Tierra Negra). While the compost plus gravel substrate (T1) was the one with the lowest germination percentage (2.83%), so it would not be advisable to use it for tree tomato seed germination.Item Análisis de costos de producción en tres variedades del cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) En la asociación Agropapa de la provincia de Tungurahua(2023-09) Lagua Chimborazo, María Fernanda; Guerrero Cando, David AníbalIn this research, the elements that make up the costs in the production of potato crop in three varieties: superchola, fripapa and unique, in the Association of Agricultural Producers of the potato crop CONPAPA Tungurahua "AGROPAPA" were analyzed. To estimate the production costs per hectare of crop and per sack of potato, a field investigation was carried out through the collection of direct information by means of interviews with the producers of the association and bibliographic research was used to establish the cost structure. The results obtained from the interviews were analyzed and interpreted, and finally the production costs were constructed for the different stages of potato cultivation. The results show that the Fripapa variety obtained an average production cost of $ 2470.29 per hectare and the cost per bag $ 12.25; in the Única variety $ 2327.9 per hectare and the cost per bag $ 11.92. For the Superchola variety, the cost of production per hectare is $ 2703.6 and the cost per sack is $ 14.16. The results obtained vary because each potato producer has different means of production, applies different production technology and is located in different ecological zones. The cost-benefit ratio (CBR) for the Fripapa variety is 1.18, 1.26 for the Única variety and 1.58 for the Superchola variety. The CBR depends on the market reference price, since this is not fixed but depends on the behavior of the markets based on supply and demand.Item Evaluación del comportamiento agronómico de 4 líneas promisorias de triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) generado por el INIAP, bajo condiciones agroecológicas de Querochaca(2023-09) Barrera Villena, Mayra Alexandra; Santana Mayorga, Rita CumandáTriticale is a genetically improved cereal obtained by crossing wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale) and was created for desert locations with poor soils and acidic pH. In Ecuador there are no triticale crops for commercialization due to the varieties released in the 80s that were not accepted, that is why this research has been carried out to identify its productivity and yield to reach the producers and motivate production, the which was carried out at the Technical University of Ambato, on the Querochaca Campus, whose purpose was the evaluation of the agroecological behavior of 4 promising lines of triticale and 1 control released by INIAP, to identify the material with the highest yield and best adaptability in said area, for which a completely random design was used with 3 repetitions for each of the promising lines and the control, generating a total of 15 experimental units with an area of 3m2 per plot. The variables to be evaluated were: plant vigor, growth habit, days to heading, plant height, type of straw, size of spike, number of grains per spike, yield, hectoliter or specific weight, weight of a thousand grains, type and grain color and diseases. The results were analyzed using tables and graphs obtained by the INFOSTAT software. It was shown that the 4 promising lines of Triticale and the control adapted to the agroecological conditions and no significant differences were found in the variables evaluated.Item Diagnóstico de la situación actual del cultivo de tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum) por el ataque de (Bactericera cockerelli)(2023-08) Tustón Jara, Juan Gabriel; León Gordon, Olguer AlfredoThis research was carried out in the San Cristóbal de Patate canton in the province of Tungurahua with the purpose of identifying the current situation of the tree tomato crop (Solanum betaceum) due to its affectation by the attack of Paratrioza (Bactericera cockerelli). Different agronomic, economic and social variables were determined in order to identify the relationship between the tree tomato (S. Betaceum) crop and the development conditions of farmers. It was identified that since the affectation by Paratrioza (B. cockerelli), the cultivation of this solanaceous crop was reduced by 46% and its production cost increased, reducing farmers' income. According to the survey conducted, technical assistance is provided to 50% of fruit growers. It is also determined that the areas to be cultivated have decreased by 46%, so their economic losses according to the surveys conducted are around 60%, this may be due to the excessive use of pesticides and increased labor, which makes production costs more expensive. This research showed that there is a lack of technical support to producers, so that their economic losses increase and their socioeconomic level decreases in most of the population of Patate, which is why in the surveys determined that farmers have chosen to change their cropping pattern, having death of their tomato plantations by affecting Bactericera cockerelli.Item Aplicación de Yodo (I) como activador fisiológico en el cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.) en sistema Nutrient Film Technique(2023-03) Cerón Viana, Alex David; Zurita Vásquez, José HernánA lettuce crop was grown in a hydroponic system using the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) to which iodine compounds in different concentrations were added to the substrate in order to identify a dose and frequency of administration that would allow better plant development, To identify the treatment with the best results, the following parameters were measured: root length at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days, leaf weight at harvest, number of developed leaves, leaf length at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days, and chlorophyll A, B and total chlorophyll concentration. It was obtained that the treatment with the highest values in the measurement factors was treatment A3B2 corresponding to a dose of 1.5 cc/L of iodine at an application frequency of 15 days.Item Determinación de la eficiencia del riego casero por goteo en la producción de acelga (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) en agricultura urbana(2023-03) Mora Córdova, Christian Mauricio; Santana Mayorga, Rita CumandáThe present research work focused on the application of home drip irrigationtechniques through cord and pipe for the production of chard considered a vegetableof great importance. The irrigation methods are based on the application of water to the plant, for whichthere are different ways, in this investigation recycled plastic bottles were used, which served as containers for the plants. In this research, plastic bottles from recycling were used, which served as pots andalso as water containers for the project. The substrate that was used in the pots wasina proportion of 15% guinea pig manure, 15% cattle manure, 10%rice husks and60%soil from the area. 0.5 liter bottles were used as water containers according toeachofthe treatments, in which one and two bottles were used respectively. Regarding fertilization, it was carried out in an edaphic way in a relationshipof 5grams per plant using 8-20-20 to improve the soil structure, organic matter of animal origin was incorporated into the substrate. In each of the water containers, a cord or wick was placed for the M1R1 andM1R2treatment and for the M2R1 and M2R2 treatment, a plastic tube was placedasacatheter, regulated by a clamp to produce the dripping effect. The daily consumption of water by the plant and evaporation was replaced everydaywith the purpose at the end of the test to determine the efficiency of the methodused, the same one that was better in the treatment M2R2 irrigation by plastic tube withabottle with a value of 22.8% efficiency.