Estudio retrospectivo de la presentación clínica, diagnóstica y tratamiento de las dermatosis autoinmunes en perros (Canis lupus familiaris), en el centro de especialidades veterinarias (CEVET) — Quito.

Abstract

The study of canine autoimmune dermatological diseases is of great importance due to the high number of cases presented in our geographical area. The general objective of this research focused on a retrospective analysis of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of autormmune dermatoses in 110 dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), at the Center for Veterinary Specialties (CEVET) in Quito, Ecuador. The used methodology was a mixed-methods descriptive approach, which identified that this group of dermatopathies represents 7.63% of all dermatological cases from a total of 1442 patients seen between 2020 and 2024. Identifying Pemphigus with 58 (53%) cases diagnosed by: cytopathology with the presence of acantholytic cells 36 (32.7%), clinical diagnosis by description and location of the lesions with cytopathology 19 (17.2%), and 3 (2.7%) were diagnosed through histopathology. In the case of Lupus with 52 (47%) cases: 44 (40%) had a clinical diagnosis by description and location of the lesions with ytopathology, and the remaining 8 (7.2%) were confirmed through histopathology. The most common clinical sign was depigmentation on the muzzle in 41 cases (37%), ulcers 22 (20%) and scabs 13 (12%), ear scabs 7 (6.3%) and ulcers 4 (3.6%), pustules on the abdomen 3 (2.7%), scabs on the back 3 (2.7%) and the remaining in scabs on the nasal plane and abdomen, erythema on the legs, among others. Otitis occurred in 30 cases (27.2%), affecting the right ear 29 (26.4%) and the left ear 30 (27.3%) respectively. It was evident that most dogs are within the adult age range 72 (65%) and seniors 38 (35%), whose lifestyles with greater environmental exposure (countryside, house with a yard, lawn or terrace) indicated more than 76 (69%) of the cases. According to the results obtained among the variables of autoimmune dermatosis diagnoses based on lifestyle, it was observed that more than half of the dogs (54.1%) lived in houses with lawns, followed by homes without gardens (28%). All of these were located in urban areas (89%) and rural areas (11%). It was also determined that the majority of dogs with these dermatoses are of mixed breed 61 (55%), followed by breeds: Akita 8 (7.2%), Siberian Husky 5 (5%), Golden Retriever 4 (4%), Border Collie 3 (2.7%), Labrador Retriever 3 (2.7%), German Shepherd 3 (2.7%), Pomeranian 3 (2.7%), Samoyed 2 (2%), French Bulldog 2 (2%), Cocker Spaniel 2 (2%), Collie 2 (2%), Dachshund 2 (2%), Schnauzer 2 (2%), Chow Chow 1 (1%), Pitbull 1 (1%), Poodle 1 (1%), Sharpei 1 (1%), Shih Tzu 1 (1%), Springer Spaniel 1 (1%), Newfoundland 1 (1%) and Weimaraner 1 (1%).