Diseño y construcción de una máquina peletizadora de aserrín para la Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica

Abstract

This technical project addresses the design and construction of a sawdust pelletizing machine for the Faculty of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at the Technical University of Ambato. The research is based on the growing need for sustainable energy alternatives in the face of fossil fuel scarcity and the environmental impact of poorly managed biomass waste. The transformation of sawdust into pellets is proposed as an efficient, economical, and environmentally responsible solution. The theoretical framework outlines the importance of biomass as an energy resource, the critical parameters for pellet quality (moisture content, particle size, compaction pressure, and additives), as well as the processes of dosing, mixing, pressing, drying, and storage. The existing types of pelletizers (flat die and ring die) are also analyzed, justifying the choice of a machine with rotating rollers and a static die due to its efficiency and adaptability to academic environments. The machine's design was based on criteria of efficiency, ergonomics, safety, and sustainability. A configuration with rotating rollers and a static die was chosen, ensuring better heat dissipation and uniform pellet compaction. The system is structured into four subsystems: power transmission via bevel gears, material compression and extrusion with rollers and a die, controlled cutting to define the pellet length, and auxiliary dosing and sieving mechanisms. These elements ensure reliable operation, ease of maintenance, and adaptability to academic environments. In conclusion, the project successfully developed a functional pellet mill capable of transforming sawdust waste into high-energy-density pellets. In addition to its environmental and economic benefits, the machine serves as a pedagogical tool, strengthening students' practical training in mechanical design, heat transfer, and energy efficiency.