Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología
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Item Desarrollo de un estudio de estabilización de residuos peligrosos para los laboratorios de la Facultad de Ciencia en Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología (FCIAB)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-09) Tene Moyolema, Wilmer Edison; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThe current generation of waste has increased proportionally to population growth. Of these, the university sector is one of which generates waste from the use of laboratories, which by not treating it represents an imminent danger to the environment. Therefore, this project aims to carry out a study of stabilization-solidification of hazardous waste from the laboratories of the Faculty of Science and Engineering in Food and Biotechnology. Belonging to the Technical University of Ambato. Where an inventory was generated classifying waste into three large groups such as: waste from LACONAL laboratories, research, and academics. Additionally, it was estimated that the annual production of waste was 948 kg. Said residues were treated by means of a stabilization-solidification procedure based on pozzolanic portland cement and lime. With which 4 different treatments were elaborated with different proportions of cement, lime, and residue. Obtaining the following favorable treatments. For LACONAL waste, the fourth treatment, for academic laboratory waste, the second treatment, and for academic laboratory waste, the fourth treatment. Additionally, an advanced oxidation treatment was carried out with one of the residues, where favorable results were obtained, reducing the COD by 91 percent, however, when trying to scale this process and try to treat all the residues, a removal percentage of 65 was obtained percent, recommending the use of an additional treatment.Item Validación del método de limpieza aplicado a la ruta de fabricación de tabletas de matico en el Laboratorio NEOFÁRMACO del Ecuador Cía. Ltda.(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-09) Guevara Freire, Karen Adriana; Carrera Cevallos, Jeanette VerónicaThe Laboratory Neofármaco of Ecuador is a pharmaceutical company, which stands out for producing a wide variety of products, especially based on natural active ingredients, one of its natural products is the box of Matico tablets, made from Matico extract as API (Aristiguietia glutinosa), which, having flavonoids among its compounds, acts as an anti-inflammatory, antifungal and gastroprotective. However, Neofármaco, being a drug manufacturing company, must comply with good manufacturing practices (GMP) for its correct operation, standards established by the WHO, FDA and ARCSA. One of the many standards they must comply with is to validate their cleaning processes, mainly to avoid cross-contamination and microbiological contamination, especially if the same areas and equipment are used to manufacture different products. For the same reason, the cleaning validation of the Matico tablet manufacturing route has been carried out. It was demonstrated that the cleaning process does not leave soap residues, through the analysis of traces of detergent, and visual verification was also carried out. For sampling through the swabbing method, the characteristics of the swab were determined: absorption capacity (0.3401 mL), absence of swab interference, recovery test 96.54 percent, determination of the acceptance limit (75 ppm). On the other hand, in the analysis of samples, it was determined that the limit is not exceeded, in addition, no microbiological contamination was witnessed.Item Evaluación de riesgos químicos por Benceno, Tolueno y Xileno en los puestos críticos de los laboratorios de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2021-03) Peralta Álvarez, Katherine Alejandra; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderAn evaluation analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the different laboratories of the Technical University of Ambato was carried out using the Quality Norm for internal environments ISO 171330. Benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) were sampled using the Norm of UNE 689 Chemical Risk Assessment, measurement tests were carried out in the Physical-Chemical and Instrumental Analysis, General Chemistry, and Food Research Center laboratories for 90 working days. The BriD MX6 (direct-photoionized measurement) was used for the measurements. The exposure indices in parts per million (ppm) were: Instrumental Analysis: benzene 10.35, toluene 0.12, xylene: meta 0.08, ortho 0.07, para 0.08, General Chemistry: benzene 22.13, toluene 0.13, xylene: meta 0.17, ortho 0.17 and for 0.12; and the Food Research Center: benzene 17.74, toluene 0.14, xylene: meta 0.13, ortho 0.17 and for 0.15; determining a value of the total exposure index in ppm: Instrumental Analysis of 10.54, general chemistry of 22.71 and the Food Research Center 22.76. Exceeding the Recommended Environmental Limit Value (VLA). Finally, an attenuation system was developed calculating a total ventilation flow for each of the laboratories in cubic meters per hour. Laboratories use BTX in different concentrations, this causes its concentrations to vary. Finally, the total evaporation rate calculated in liters per hour was obtained. The parameters required by the Institute for Occupational Safety and Hygiene (INSHT) were used.by the Institute of Occupational Safety and Hygiene (INSHT) were used.Item Estudio de factibilidad para la implementación de un laboratorio de análisis de lixiviados de la Empresa Pública Municipal Gestión Integral de Desechos Sólidos de Ambato (EPM-GIDSA)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-09) Mera Tapia, Jéssica Carolina; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderIn the landfill is given the final process of the litter, its degradation produces a toxic liquid called Leachates, it is treated to be discharged and depending on the quality of the liquid, it can generate pollution in the Culapachán river, that is the reason why it has to be controlled and tested in order to check if the liquid gets the allowed limits, taking into account the rules of discharging liquids according to the TULAS. This investigation concluded with the idea of creating a laboratory where the Leached could be studied to control the liquid quality through technical and economic studies. In the technical study, the investigation was based on physical and chemical statements to start a deep analysis of the quality of liquids. From this investigation, the material, the equipment, the lab material and the necessary reagents. In addition, the structural design and basic lab services was created. In the economic research, the results provided financial rates that allowed to accept and reject the project, the Net present value (VAN) of dollars the Indoernal rate of return (VAN) of dollars 30.778,50, the Internal rate of return (TIR) del 35,73 percet, the Cost benefit relation of 1,18, the Period of Recuperation in the Investment of 2 years and 4 months and a rentability of 43,15 percent of the project. The results of the financial rates show that the implementation of a lab to analyze Leachates in the EPM- GIDSA is achievable and it will generate economical savings, at the moment of working by itself, trying not to hire external labs.Item Validación del método para la determinación de vitamina C (ácido ascórbico) en alimentos por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Eficacia (HPLC)en el laboratorio ECUACHEMLAB Cía. Ltda.(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-09) Aguirre Arias, Sofía Lizeth; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderValidation of a method is an important requirement to ensure reliable and reproducible results from test laboratories. Validation was performed using the methodology described by AOAC 967.21, supplemented with the methodology (Ledezma - Gairaud, 2004), under ISO / IEC 17025. The developed method produces a linear response with a correlation coefficient r = 0.999 for each curve Calibration, LD equal to 0.0002 mg / ml and LC equal to 0.007 mg / ml. The working range comprises values from 0.007 mg / ml to 0.1448 mg / ml for the concentration of ascorbic acid ranging from 7.25 mg to 142.73 mg of vitamin C per 100 g of sample. The coefficient of variation was less than 2 percent for repeatability and reproducibility. The percentage recoverability was found in the range established for HPLC with a value equal to 99.32 percent. The limits of repeatability and reproducibility with values of 2.16 mg / 100 g and 2.61 mg / 100 g of ascorbic acid, respectively. The combined uncertainty of the method for all concentration levels employed with a value equal to +/- 0.95 and the expanded uncertainty with a value equal to +/- 1.91 expressed in units of mg of vitamin C per 100 g shows; It was used as an acceptance criterion that the value of the uncertainty is less than 30 percent of the low range resulting in the uncertainty found 26.31 percent, thus fulfilling the objective of validation.Item Determinación de vitamina B2 (Riboflamina) por Cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia (HPLC) en el Laboratorio ECUACHEMLAB Cía. Ltda.(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2016-09) Semanate Bautista, Mario Fernando; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderThe validation of analytical methods is an essential process that laboratories must implement to ensure that the results of analyzes are reliable and reproducible with a basis and statistical analysis. Similarly, the methodology used for validation shows a great performance in working conditions of Ecuachemlab. For the determination of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the methodology described in the AOAC 970.65 Method modified and ISO / IEC 17025 were used. They describe the guidelines and parameters for validation of the method used to ensure the validity results. The analytical parameters determined for method validation are linearity, working range, detection and quantification limits, precision, accuracy and uncertainty. The results, for linearity show a coefficient of correlation higher than r = 0.999 for each calibration curve, LD is equal to 0.002 ug / ml and the LC is 0.08 ug / ml. The working range comprises a concentration of 0.008 mg / ml of riboflavin as a lower limit and 1,003 ug / ml of riboflavin as an upper limit. The coefficient of variation for repeatability and reproducibility is less than 3 and 5% respectively. To determine the accuracy, a Z-score within the limits for each MRC was considered. Finally it was identified a combined and expanded uncertainty for the first three levels set of +/- 0.04 and +/- 0.08 mg vitamin B2 per 100 g of sample respectively. For the last level value it was established an uncertainty value of 0.05 +/- combined and expanded uncertainty equal to +/- 0.09 mg vitamin B2 per 100 g of sample, working at a confidence interval of 95% with a coverage factor k = 2.Item Implementación del Método Kjeldahl para la determinación de proteína para diferentes matrices en el Laboratorio ECUACHEMLAB Cía. Ltda.(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2016-08) Salazar Moya, Andrea Margarita; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoThe validation of analytical methods is a very important task for the laboratories of analysis. Are performed with the aim of generating reliable results, based on documented evidence to support their veracity. Particularly, for the determination of nitrogen and protein in food, the Kjeldahl method is set, which one is currently used as official method by several national and international agencies. In the development of this work, the AOAC Official Method 2001.11 was used, which describes the procedure by Kjeldahl distillation for the measurement of crude protein. With the collection and processing of the data, working ranges were establishedwhich varied from 9 to 23%, 7 to 34% and 0.3 to 24% for matrices of meat, cereals, milk and its derivatives, respectively. The accuracy of the method was assessed by the value of the coefficient of variation (CVr) lower than 5%, which criterion was fulfilled at all points of each matrix. Additionally, the limits of repeatability and reproducibility were calculated, allowing to evaluate the absolute difference between duplicates in subsequent analysis, the appropriate values in repeatable conditions must be lower than or equal to 0.39 for Meat, 0.28 for cereals, and 0.24 for dairy products, 0.43 for meat, 0.32 for cereals and 0.22 for dairy products in reproducible conditions. On the other hand, the accuracy was verified by the statistic Z score for matrices of meat and cereals, analyzing certified reference materials (NIST) and intercomparisons requested to LGC. For the matrix of dairy products, it was found the recoverability of certified reference materials as well as that of the primary standard ammonium sulphate. Finally, the factors of uncertainty for meat, cereals and dairy products were established as 0.030, 0.021 and 0.014, respectively.Item Implementación del Sistema de gestión de calidad bajo norma NTE INEN-ISO/IEC 17025:2006 para la optimización de procesos en Ecuachemlab Cía. Ltda., laboratorio químico y microbiológico del Ecuador.(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2016-07) Zamora Ortiz, Lizeth Viviana; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderIn a competitive market a global scale. It offers a permanent quality in every product and service. It is essential to have a quality management system that can satisfy the demands of consumers for processes performed in ECUACHEMLAB Cía. Ltda. with the implementation of NTE INEN ISO / IEC 17025. 2006; that allows to establish their ability to compete as a chemical laboratory and microbiologist, which can provide customers with a guarantee that their product went through reliable tests, thus ensuring reliability of these. The Quality Management System was implemented according with the requirements established in NTE INEN ISO / IEC 17025, for the standardization of processes. 10% was satisfactory, but 90% are not adequately fulfilled. However they did related activities with the job and there was documentation or fulfill, with the generation of necessary documentation such as Quality Manual, procedures, records and other documents for application in Ecuachemlab Cia. Ltda. The system Quality Management was implemented, maintaining order, control and uniformity in all processes and possible actions to take in case of raising singularities in the development of activities and finally the compliance of the QMS was verified through an internal audit, which found that 96% of criteria meet the requirements of SAE, while 3% of the criteria are documented defined but have not been implemented efficiently, and only 1% have activities that allow resolve even if not documented in any way, thus demonstrating the high performance of the QMS.Item Evaluación del desempeño del método de ensayo de sulfatos en matrices de aguas claras en el Laboratorio de Control y Análisis de Alimentos LACONAL de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato.(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2016-05) Cáceres Núñez, Johanna Estefanía; Valencia Silva, Alex FabiánThe validation of analytical methods is part of a process of improving the quality of laboratories, which aims to demonstrate with substantiated evidence and statistical basis that both the method used and the result of this analysis is accurate and provides reliable data within a working range defined by careful control of conditions, materials and equipment, in order to adapt procedures to routine working environment. So this leads to a formal recognition of the competence of the laboratory, that is the accreditation. On the other hand, control of water quality is of increasing interest, because of the extended use and massive consumption of this resource. Based on these criteria, the analytical method for the determination of sulfates in drinking and bottled purified water matrices, based on the turbidimetric technique, was validated, using as reference the procedure established in 4500-SO42- E Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 22nd ed. The reliability of the method to produce the expected outcome was cheked, by assessing linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and by the calculation of its uncertainty. The developed method produces a linear response within the range of 5 to 50 mg/L with r2 of 0,9961and m of 0,0041, however, as the TULAS expose a maximum allowable limit of 250 mg SO42-/L, a working interval of 4,9 (LOQ) to 250 mg SO42-/L was established by dilution, with a percentage expanded uncertainty of 9,3% (p= 95.45%) and coefficients of variation of %CVr= 5,83 and %CVR= 5,85%, respectively, percentages accepted according to the criteria established by the coefficient of variation of Horwitz (%CVh), and with an average recovery percentage of 100 ± 6% (MRC: 25 mg/L).