Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología
Permanent URI for this communityhttp://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/handle/123456789/412
Browse
9 results
Search Results
Item Elaboración de andamios biológicos mediante lixiviación de microesferas para aplicaciones biomédicas(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Freire Galarza, Melissa Belen; Núñez Villacís, Lorena de los ÁngelesBone defects are one of the main global health problems, and the scarcity of conventional substitutes to treat this deficiency is a clinical disadvantage. Thus, bone tissue engineering (BTE) through the combination of cells, growth factors and scaffolds has emerged as a promising alternative in the regeneration of functional tissues. In this study, chitosan and polycaprolactone (PCL) biological scaffolds (ABs) were prepared by leaching gelatin microspheres at different concentrations of 25, 50 and 75 percent in order to evaluate their impact on morphological, mechanical and biological properties. Macroporous and microporous scaffolds (90 to 600 micrometers) were obtained, the scaffolds with a higher concentration of microspheres presented a porosity of 85.29 percent, proving to be more favorable on the other properties of the ABs, with a water vapor transmission rate of 117. 18 grams per square meter per-24 hours, a water absorption capacity of 249.02 percent and a biodegradability of 31.09 and 54.41 percent in simulated body fluid (SBF), and blood plasma respectively, differing only in mechanical properties with a modulus of elasticity of 386.70 kilopascals, which indicated a lower stiffness of the material. The resulting ABs demonstrated suitable properties that can be applied in ITO, depending on the characteristics, scaffolds with higher porosity for spongy bones and rapid cell integration, and scaffolds with lower porosity for dense bones requiring higher mechanical strength.Item Extracción de celulosa a partir de estiércol de vaca y conejo mediante procesos fisicoquímicos y mecánicos para la elaboración de filtros(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Paredes Cruz, Eder Ariel; Garcés Moncayo, María DanielaCellulose, a highly bioavailable polymer, is primarily obtained from wood species, with a projected global demand of 142 billion tons by 2030. This increase in consumption, driven by various industries, poses risks to biodiversity due to forest expansion. To address this issue, the feasibility of extracting cellulose from manure generated by the livestock and rabbit farming sector was explored. The cellulose recovery from manure was carried out using the alkaline pulping method with sodium hydroxide; a pressing process was employed for the production of cellulose filters. Additionally, the filters underwent various feasibility tests to demonstrate their efficiency. Despite the challenges of the process, cellulose extraction yields of 45.07 percent, 32.18 percent, and 40 percent were achieved from rabbit, cow, and a mixture of both manures, respectively. The cellulose pulp exhibited optimal pH values between 7.9 and 8.20, with alpha cellulose contents exceeding 75 percent in all three treatments. The filters-maintained sterility with optimal levels of moisture (less than 1 percent) and ashes (less than 4.5 percent) over time. IR spectra indicated similarities with commercial cellulose, with variations attributable to the animal diet and intestinal microbiota. Ultimately, the filters demonstrated an efficiency exceeding 81 percent in retaining particles larger than 0.0625 mm.Item Extracción de nanocelulosa vegetal a partir de residuos de banano (Musa paradisiaca) y su aplicación en andamios biológicos(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Núñez Martínez, Kimberlyn Carolina; Núñez Villacís, Lorena de los ÁngelesThe wound healing process is highly complex and alterations in its pathway can cause severe scenarios with high economic cost. Tissue Engineering (TE) combines cells, scaffolds, and growth factors to give rise to new tissue. Scaffolds function as a support for cell growth and are fabricated with synthetic or natural biopolymers. Nanocellulose is a natural polymer that can be obtained from renewable sources, such as banana waste. This study focused on the extraction of nanocellulose from banana waste and its subsequent application in the fabrication of biological scaffolds for future research in the healing of chronic wounds. Banana nanocellulose was extracted by hydrolysis with sulfuric acid and ultrasound. Its morphology was evaluated by inverted light microscopy and SEM. In addition, the main functional groups present in nanocellulose were analyzed by FTIR. Subsequently, nanocellulose, chitosan, and nanocellulose whit chitosan scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying in order to evaluate the characteristics of nanocellulose versus other biopolymers. Scaffolds were then evaluated by SEM, porosity tests, water absorption capacity and biodegradability tests. A yield of 23.8 percent of extracted nanocellulose was obtained. The scaffolds composite of nanocellulose and chitosan showed the best results with an average pore size of 110.13 micrometers with 88.94 percent. porosity, 2418.32 percent of water adsorption and an ability to degrade in 16 days. The results, suggest that these scaffold have potential to be applied in TE research related to wound healing and tissue regeneration.Item Desarrollo de biopelículas degradables a partir de harina de fruta de pan (Artocarpus altilis)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Alimentos, 2024-02) Galarza Sanabria, Inés Abigail; Moreno Toasa, Gabriel AlejandroResearch on the development of degradable biofilms from breadfruit flour (Artocarpus altilis) is of crucial importance in the current context of environmental concern and sustainability. With the growing problem of plastic pollution, biofilms offer a promising and eco-friendly alternative. Breadfruit flour, an abundant natural source, is presented as a valuable resource for the manufacture of these biodegradable films, providing a sustainable solution to mitigate the negative environmental impact of conventional plastics. Regarding the methodology, the process of developing biofilms from breadfruit flour involves the extraction and processing of the flour to obtain the appropriate components. The resulting mixture is used to form biodegradable films using specific techniques. The research addresses the optimization of these processes with the use of glycerol as a natural plasticizer, evaluating properties such as mechanical resistance, degradability and barrier capacity of biofilms. The research highlights the success in obtaining degradable biofilms using breadfruit flour and glycerol that exhibit adequate mechanical and barrier properties, suggesting their potential application in packaging and similar products. Furthermore, the degradability of biofilms opens the door to more sustainable solutions to the problem of plastic waste. Taken together, the results support the feasibility and importance of using breadfruit flour in biofilm manufacturing as a promising alternative in the fight against plastic pollution.Item Caracterización in vitro de andamios biológicos elaborados a partir de biopolímeros naturales para aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Ramírez Manzano, Víctor Xavier; Núñez Villacís, Lorena de los ÁngelesThe shortage of organ donors and the lack of techniques to regenerate injured tissues pose a challenge worldwide, making tissue engineering a promising alternative. In this discipline, cells, biological scaffolds, and factors are combined to generate functional tissues. This study focused on the development and characterization of scaffolds made from natural biopolymers, as these provide the basis for cell adhesion and proliferation. Collagen, chitosan, and collagen - chitosan (hybrid) scaffolds were prepared by lyophilization. Their morphology was evaluated by SEM (porosity) and ethanol infiltration (porosity percentage). In addition, hemocompatibility was characterized by swelling, clotting index, hemolysis, and red blood cell and platelet adhesion tests. The results showed that the hybrid scaffold has the best properties and is the most suitable for future research. However, it is proposed to use the collagen scaffold for epithelial tissue studies, the chitosan scaffold for bone and cartilage tissues, and the hybrid scaffold for bone, cartilage, and connective tissues. Future studies will evaluate the bioactivity of the scaffolds with cells, therefore, to ensure sterility of the scaffolds for cell culture, two sterilization methods were investigated: ultraviolet irradiation and ethanol (65-70 percent). UV light proved to be the best method due to the time required and ease of use. In conclusion, the characterization carried out on the ABs suggests that they possess adequate characteristics for future investigations related to tissue development; however, the collagen - chitosan scaffold presents better morphological characteristics. These ABs will be used in future evaluations of cell growth and proliferation.Item Caracterización in vitro de andamios biológicos elaborados a partir de biopolímeros naturales para aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-09) Piñaloza Vásconez, Leslie de los Ángeles; Núñez Villacís, Lorena de los ÁngelesThe shortage of organ donors and the lack of techniques to regenerate injured tissues pose a challenge worldwide, making tissue engineering a promising alternative. In this discipline, cells, biological scaffolds, and factors are combined to generate functional tissues. This study focused on the development and characterization of scaffolds made from natural biopolymers, as these provide the basis for cell adhesion and proliferation. Collagen, chitosan, and collagen - chitosan (hybrid) scaffolds were prepared by lyophilization. Their morphology was evaluated by SEM (porosity) and ethanol infiltration (porosity percentage). In addition, hemocompatibility was characterized by swelling, clotting index, hemolysis, and red blood cell and platelet adhesion tests. The results showed that the hybrid scaffold has the best properties and is the most suitable for future research. However, it is proposed to use the collagen scaffold for epithelial tissue studies, the chitosan scaffold for bone and cartilage tissues, and the hybrid scaffold for bone, cartilage, and connective tissues. Future studies will evaluate the bioactivity of the scaffolds with cells, therefore, to ensure sterility of the scaffolds for cell culture, two sterilization methods were investigated: ultraviolet irradiation and ethanol (65-70 percent). UV light proved to be the best method due to the time required and ease of use. In conclusion, the characterization carried out on the ABs suggests that they possess adequate characteristics for future investigations related to tissue development; however, the collagen - chitosan scaffold presents better morphological characteristics. These ABs will be used in future evaluations of cell growth and proliferation.Item Elaboración de andamios biológicos a partir de biopolímeros naturales mediante métodos manuales y bioimpresión 3D para aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2022-09) Guáitara Martínez, Sandro Daniel; Núñez Villacís, Lorena de los ÁngelesThere are thousands of patients with injuries that cannot be adequately treated, making tissue engineering a great alternative. Although it is not limited only to this because it can also be suitable for the development of drugs and the study of diseases. The aim of this research is to elaborate different scaffolds with potential applications in tissue engineering, using natural polymers. For this purpose, freeze-drying as a manual method and 3D bioprinting were used. The solutions for the scaffolds were elaborated by dissolving chitosan and collagen in acetic acid and mixing them with an agarose solution in PBS; these solutions were freeze-dried to obtain dry and porous scaffolds. For the 3D bioprinter, the solutions were printed in the form of 4 cm square squares, with a mesh inside. They were evaluated by SEM in order to measure the pore size and analyze their surface area. Using the ethanol infiltration method, a better understanding of the pores was obtained. Water absorption capacity tests were performed. Due to the importance of biodegradability, it was evaluated by immersion in blood plasma for 2, 4 and 7 days. Finally, the biomineralization of the scaffolds was also evaluated in the same way as biodegradability, i.e., incubating in blood plasma. With the evaluation of the characteristics, it was analyzed for which tissues the scaffolds could be useful, which was mainly bone and dermal tissue.Item Evaluación de la actividad nematicida in-vivo de compuestos activos difundidos en una matriz polimérica frente a Meloidogyne(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2020-01) Salinas Pérez, Ximena Estefanía; Arancibia Soria, Mirari YosuneKidney tomatoes in Ecuador are of the utmost importance, however, profitability has been declining due to different factors, including the presence of the Meloidogyne nematode causing the phytosanitary problem "radical nodules." Faced with this problem, it is necessary to seek less polluting alternatives with low environmental impact, among which the use of natural plant compounds is included, since the antimicrobial and insecticidal activity of many of its volatile compounds, especially essential oils, has been demonstrated. The present investigation was based on evaluating in vivo the nematicidal effect of three essential oils: Bursera graveolens, Minthostachys mollis, Origanum vulgare diffused in a polymer matrix (biodegradable agricultural bags), the same which were made using the bilayer molding or casting technique, with 1.5 percent w / v glycerol in the first layer and 4 percent v / v of each essential oil in the second layer. The best results for nematicidal activity were obtained between week 2 and 3 after sowing. The essential oil that presented the greatest nematicidal activity was palo santo, followed by oregano, while muña type was the least effective against Meloidogyne, it was also observed that the distance at which the sampling was performed was not a significant factor. Although the nematicidal effect of the oils was observed during week 4, this was lower. Based on the results obtained, the use of polymeric matrices could be an alternative for the management of Meloidogyne instead of synthetic nematicides.Item Aplicación de Quitosano como material bioabsorbente en el proceso de coagulación - floculación durante el tratamiento de agua para consumo humano(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Maestría en Producción más Limpia, 2011) Arancibia Soria, Mirari Yosune; Alvarado, Juan de DiosEl quitosano en un biopolímero natural, polielectrolito catiónico, no tóxico y biodegradable. Se obtiene por desacetilación alcalina de la quitina, ésta última es el segundo polímero natural. más abundante después de la celulosa. El quitosano difiere de la quitina por la presencia de grupos amino (-NH2) en su cadena polimérica. En condiciones acídicas, el quitosano adquiere carácter catiónico el cual es responsable de su actividad floculante. En la presente investigación, se estudió la eficacia del quitosano como agente coagulante y floculante en el tratamiento de aguas crudas para consumo humano. Los análisis se llevaron a cabo a nivel de laboratorio con dos tipos de quitosano, uno obtenido a partir de quitina (GD: 80%, Mv: 2410 KDa.) y otro por desacetilación directa de caparazones de camarón (GD: 84%, Mv: 700 KDa.). Se estudiaron dos concentraciones de polímero (1 y 2% p/v en HCl 0.1M) a tres pH diferentes pH 3, pH 4 y pH 5. El rendimiento del proceso de coagulación/floculación se determinó a partir de los valores de turbiedad del sobrenadante (NTU) al aplicar diferentes dosis de quitosano. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la capacidad del biopolímero fue mayor cuanto mayor el grado de desacetilación y menor el peso molecular. Dosis de entre 3-8 mg/L de quitosano fueron suficiente para que el proceso sea óptimo. La efectividad del quitosano como agente floculante está altamente influenciada por el pH de la disolución y la concentración del polímero.