Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología
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Item Cuantificación de indicadores de contaminación fecal en ríos y canales de agua de riego de cinco provincias del Ecuador(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Quingaluisa Parra, Romelia Elizabeth; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoIn Latin American countries, the coverage of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) is deficient, causing an increment of chemical and biological pollutants in aquatic natural ecosystems. Thus, the sanitary risks related to unsafe water for the inhabitants is considerable. In Ecuador, it is estimated that 70 percent of superficial water below 2.800 meters-above-sea-level cannot be used for human purposes. Nowadays, few studies about water quality in this country have been made. This investigation was focused on the detection of microbial indicators of fecal pollution (Escherichia coli, coliforms, somatic coliphages, ceftriaxone-resistant-mesophilic bacteria) in selected rivers and irrigation channels of five provinces of Ecuador. The anthropogenically impacted points Machángara river (Pichincha) and Ambato-Huachi-Pelileo irrigation channel (Tungurahua) presents the highest levels of biological pollution. In addition, the irrigation channels Ambato-Huachi-Pelileo (Tungurahua) and Latacunga-Salcedo-Ambato (Cotopaxi) shown increased ratios of microorganisms with resistance phenotype to a clinically relevant antibiotic. These findings are worrying because demonstrates the high influence of human activities in the biological quality of the rivers and irrigation channels in Ecuador. Complementary studies are needed to take opportune measures aimed to improve the sanitary conditions of water in Ecuador.Item Evaluación de la diseminación de genes de resistencia a antibióticos en muestras de aguas superficiales, sedimentos de río y canales de agua de riego en cinco provincias del Ecuador(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Guijarro Portero, Violeta Jeannette; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoIn Ecuador, it is estimated that 88 percent of wastewater is discharged into rivers, which present contamination with pathogenic microorganisms and toxic chemicals, which is notable in the rivers of the cities of Quito, Guayaquil, Cuenca, Riobamba, Ambato, Latacunga and Esmeraldas; waters that feed irrigation canals and ditches These points could represent a potential reactor of resistance genotypes that could easily spread through food to bacteria in the human microbiota. In the present research project the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in water samples, river sediments and irrigation canals in five provinces of Ecuador was evaluated. In a higher frequency, the sulphonamide sul1 and beta-lactam blaTEM resistance genes in waters and sediments were detected and quantified using the qPCR technique, genes with resistance to carbapenems (blaOXA-48, blaKPC, blaCMY) and beta-lactams (blaCTX- M and blaSHV) were detected in the channel derived from the Naranjito-Guayas collection point using the PCR technique (conventional). The points mostly affected with ARGs in the province of Tungurahua were: the Ambato-Huachi-Pelileo water channel and the Ambato river sediment; in the province of Pichincha, the water of the Pita river and water and sediment of the Machángara river; in the province of Manabí, in the sediment of the Portoviejo canal. It is therefore established that the rivers and irrigation canals evaluated in Ecuador have a high anthropogenic level, which could act as reservoirs and contribute to the dissemination of ARGs in the environment.Item Externalidad negativa en el transporte urbano de Ambato por emisiones de ruido(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Altamirano Freire, Kimberly Estefanía; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderA study of economic losses caused by the ambient noise generated by urban buses that circulate in the 5 platforms of the city of Ambato was carried out. The equivalent sound pressure level (NPSE) was determined, according to ISO 1996-2: 2007 considering a period of 15 weeks from 12:00 - 13:00h under environmental conditions of temperature of 17 Celsius degrees, humidity 59 percent and atmospheric pressure of 1 atm, using an integrating, averaging type I sound level meter. For the calculation of the noise affectation, the econometric models that estimate the willingness to pay (DAP), Costs for medical expenses and the assessment of fatalities established in INFRAS for IWW, 2004 were considered. In the 156 points distributed in an area of 1200 km2 NPSE values were recorded between 58.8 dB, and 75.3 dB. 90.38 percent of the measurement points exceeded the limit established according to the Unified Text of the Secondary Legislation of the Ministry of Environment (TULSMA) of 65 dB. The total cost of noise was valued at 1,081,433.84 dollars per year, which compared to similar jobs (Euskadi- Spain) has a low value considering urban transport as the only source of pollution.Item Cuantificación de metales pesados de muestras de lixiviado provenientes de residuos sólidos urbanos del relleno sanitario del cantón Baños de Agua Santa(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-06) Guevara Naranjo, Grace Valeria; Alvarez Calvache, Fernando CayetanoIn Baños de Agua Santa the solid waste management had an open-air dump in which there was no recycling, a serious environmental contamination, that is why by the end of 2017 the municipality sought alternatives that significantly improved the fate of garbage, going from having a dump without a technical management of waste and in the open, to a landfill with emerging cells, leachate management and technical closure; since then, no physical-chemical analysis was carried out to verify its operation. Therefore, the present work of Titulación carried out some analyzes to determine its operation. The heavy metals were quantified from leachate samples; in which 3 samples were collected with 1 replicate each, for three months, one day per month each, giving a total of 18 intakes, the intakes were made in well 1 settler, well 2 inlet to artificial wetland and well 3 final discharge that would be after the leachate treatment and before being discharged into the creek adjacent to the sanitary landfill. Physical chemical analyzes were performed such as pH, conductivity, COD, BOD_5, temperature, total solids, zinc, copper, arsenic and mercury determination. Verify the results obtained comply with the maximum permissible range established by the Environmental Quality standard for discharge of effluent to the water resource.Item Externalidad negativa en el transporte urbano de Ambato por emisiones directas de CO₂, Noₓ y SO₂(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-05) Vasco Carrasco, Daniel Alejandro; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderThe carbon price in dollars was determined for each ton of CO2 equivalent (tonCO2eq) generated by the public transport network of Ambato for the year 2018, resulting in 647.73 dollars for each bus, while for the entire transport network it gave 257241.17 dollars. The carbon tax was 15 dollars taken from the neighboring country Colombia, because in Ecuador there is no record of expenditures on health damages, infrastructure and agriculture caused by greenhouse gases. For the calculation, a sample of 117 of the 392 buses that circulate the city with the help of the ISO 14064-1 standard and the GHG protocol were analyzed, showing that there are buses with EURO II and III technology, but they do not differ in their emissions to Cause of the amount of sulfur contained in the Premium day, as well as clandestine adaptations at the level of exhaust pipe and bad driving habits. In spite of the ineffectiveness of the technology, the emission factors are within the range stipulated by the IPCC, this way we have 41911.30 kg for each TJ of CO2 and 0.0655 kg for each TJ of N2O, this is due to the The buses do not have a maximum of three years of use and the fuel has been reduced to 110 ppm since 2017. The telephone number does not have a carbon price, but is mainly responsible for the damage to the car the increase in GHG, for the public transport network, it had an emission factor of 0.0063 kg for each TJ of SO2.Item Validación del método para la determinación de material particulado PM-10 y PM-2,5 en aire ambiente(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-01) Tituaña Quillupangui, Carlos Andrés; Pérez Aldas, Lánder VinicioAt present, particulate matter (PM) air pollution is caused by industrial processes; as well as, by the excessive increase of the automotive park, which increased the problem in the health of the people and the quality of the ambient air. Studies have found that the particulate material with the highest index of influence in health conditions are PM-2.5 and PM-10. For the application of measurement methodology is guaranteed by the application of reference methods internationally validated by recognized institutions such as the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States and verified by accredited laboratories according to standards such as 17025. The validation criteria determined values uncertainty required for verification obtaining values for PM-2.5 of 17.01 percent and PM-10 8.55 percent, these being acceptable ranges proposed for the validation of the method, similarly determining the quality air on the campus of the Technical University of Ambato for PM-2.5 was 16.78 ug for each cubic meter and for PM-10 was 63.35 ug for each cubic meter, these being accepted as the guidelines established in the Text results Unified Environmental Legislation, Annex 4 of Book VI, Official Register No. 387 of 2015. The results establish that, at the Technical University of Ambato, its air quality is Good quality and the concentrations of these parameters do not affect the health of people due to the incidence of particulate matter in air.Item Extracción y microencapsulación de licopenos provenientes de residuos agroindustriales del tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-01) Pérez Sánchez, Christian Fabián; Fernández Rivero, DanaeThe present work is based on the extraction and microencapsulation of the bioactive compound lycopene present in the agroindustrial waste of the tomato tree (Solanum betaceum). An experimental design 32 was carried out, where the factors studied were: the vegetal material ratio / solvent volume (1:30, 1:50, 1:70) and the extraction time (30; 60; 120 min). From the results obtained, the percentages of extraction efficiency and the lycopene mass were calculated in one hundred grams of extracted solids, obtaining that the extraction process was optimized with a vegetal material for solvent volume ratio of 1:70 and a extraction time of 30 minutes. In order to increase the stability of the extracted lycopene, it was microencapsulated by spray drying, using maltodextrin and arabic gum as polymers, obtaining an efficiency of the microencapsulation process of 96.5 percent. Through the analysis of infrared spectrometry by Fourier Transforms (FTIR) the effectiveness of the microencapsulation process was corroborated. The antioxidant activity was checked by means of the DPPH technique (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracil), since percentage values of DPPH inhibition were obtained for the lycopene-rich extract of 60.23 percent and for the 49.85 percent microencapsulation represented 686.73 and 287.34 μmol of Trolox in one gram of mass of solids extracted respectively.Item Estimación cuantitativa y cálculo de emisiones ambientales (huella de carbono), en el terminal terrestre de la ciudad de Guaranda(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2018-12) Medina Cunalata, Christian Patricio; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderThe greenhouse effect is an environmental problem due to the accumulation of gas emissions, causing global warming. Among the main contributors to this problem, it leads the emissions from mobile sources, related to the public transport service in land terminals. The objective of this research project was the quantitative estimation of the value generated by the Guaranda land terminal based on ISO 140064 and GHG Protocol, international standards that guaranteed a real value of the Carbon Footprint. For the development of the measurements of the greenhouse gases, it was carried out with the Bacharach ECA 450 equipment, an analyzer certified by environmental protection agency, for the quantification of gases due to its technology of electrochemical cells and microprocessors that measures the level of emission at the source. The scoping study made it possible to identify scope III as the main GHG generator with 99.99 percent of the total carbon footprint, belonging to the fleet of buses that are dependent on the EURO technology, and a total of 31990.21 tons of CO2e generated by the terrestrial terminal including scope II. In addition, control measures and an improvement plan for air quality were established in order to promote clean development.Item Caracterización de bacterias productoras de polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA) utilizando azúcares presentes en residuos agroindustriales(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2018-11) Llumigusín Jácome, Darwin Roberto; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoThe low-cost production of polyhydroxyalkanoates has been a current challenge for the biological world. The present work has identified a strain that has not yet been reported with production capacity of said biopolymer, Citrobacter freundii. This pathogenic bacterium commonly present in water, soil or even in the intestines of animals, can metabolize different sugars such as lactose, citrate or alcohols such as glycerol. In this study, the substrates for said bacteria have been: lactose and xylose (sugars present in agroindustry residues as in the whey of milk or in the bagasse of rice, corn etc., respectively). The specific growth rates are: 0.6009 and 0.6175h-1 respectively and the consumption of sugar for 24 hours, has been around 5 grams for every liter. The concentrations of PHA accumulated were evaluated at 48 and 72 hours, being at 48 hours, the highest peaks, reaching between 25 to 28 grams for every liter. One way to verify that this species produces the biopolymer, was identifying the gene PHA synthase in its genome, which is responsible for producing said biopolymer, analysis made in silico,obtaining 80 percent of the gene to be compared that corresponds to the PHA synthase.Item Optimización del proceso de coagulación en el tratamiento de agua a partir de la adición de basificantes en la planta de tratamiento de agua potable Casigana de la EP-EMAPA-A(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2018-08) Yugcha Pérez, Adriana Soledad; Pérez Aldas, Lander VinicioAdding basifying used in drinking water allows conditioning it for optimal treatment, mainly influencing physicochemical parameters such as turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids and alkalinity in the coagulation process. Therefore, different basifying agents such as sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate 5percent, taking as factors study the concentration of coagulant, as well as the added volume of base for an optimal removal of the turbidity. For which three water samples used with high turbidity from the Huachi-Pelileo channel captured in the Casigana drinking water treatment plant of EP-EMAPA-A in the wet season. Jar test was used for the different treatments, the best basifying being calcium hydroxide (a1b2c1) with a removal of 99.4 percent of turbidity, allowing the reduction of at least 20 mg por every L of coagulant and according to the norm INEN NTE 1108: 2014 the parameters evaluated are within compliance with the permissible limits used for drinking water.