Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología

URI permanente para esta comunidadhttp://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/handle/123456789/412

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2012 - 201922020 - 20266

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Tipo de acceso: Acceso abiertoTema: search.filters.subject.HONGOS FITOPATÓGENOS

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  • Miniatura
    Item type:Ítem,
    Evaluación de compuestos bioactivos a partir de microorganismos endófitos para el control de enfermedades por hongos fitopatógenos
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2026-07)
    Quisnia Aldas, Angeles Monserrath
    ;
    Garcés Moncayo, María Daniela
    The present research addresses the problem of diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi, which are responsible for significant losses in agricultural production and impacts on food security, generating growing interest in the development of sustainable biological strategies. Bioactive compounds produced by endophytic microorganisms isolated from medicinal plants from the Ecuadorian Amazon represent an alternative for the control of agriculturally relevant pathogens. A microbial bank of 104 endophytes was isolated and characterized, including 43 bacteria and 61 fungi. Among these, the isolates BEC-024 (Bacillus subtilis) and BEC-012 (Bacillus velezensis) showed the highest antagonistic potential against Alternaria spp., Botrytis spp., Fusarium spp., and Phoma spp., with larger inhibition halos and a broad spectrum of action. Metabolic expression under optimized conditions enabled the production of bioactive metabolites with high inhibitory activity, particularly in formula F3, composed of broad bean flour and glucose, which promoted mycelial inhibition against all evaluated pathogens. Subsequently, the compounds were concentrated and microencapsulated by spray drying using maltodextrin, obtaining an improved product. These findings demonstrate that the selected endophytes constitute an effective source of bioactive metabolites, whose microencapsulation enhances their stability and antifungal effect. The results suggest the application of these compounds as a biological alternative for the protection of agricultural crops, promoting sustainable, safe, and low-environmental-impact strategies against phytopathogenic fungi, thereby contributing to food security and the development of more responsible agricultural practices.
  • Miniatura
    Item type:Ítem,
    Evaluación de la actividad antifúngica de canela (cinnamomum verum) y clavo de olor (syzygium aromaticum) frente a cepas de Candida sp., Aspergillus sp. y Fusarium sp.
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2026-07)
    Aviles Vega, Patricio Israel
    ;
    Garcés Moncayo, María Daniela
    This research highlights the importance of using natural alternatives, such as cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extracts, for the control of pathogenic and filamentous fungi due to their well-recognized antifungal potential. These extracts contain bioactive compounds, such as cinnamaldehyde and eugenol, which affect the integrity of fungal cell membranes and walls, disrupting essential processes for their growth and survival, making them sustainable options compared to synthetic antifungals. To evaluate their effectiveness, extracts were obtained using Soxhlet and hydroalcoholic methods, ensuring adequate yield and preservation of active metabolites. Subsequently, antifungal activity was assessed using 96-well microplates, where the inhibition of Candida albicans, Fusarium sp., and Aspergillus sp. growth was observed at different concentrations, allowing for the precise determination of both the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC). The results demonstrated that the concentrated extracts significantly inhibited the growth of the evaluated fungi, with variations depending on the species and the extraction method used, evidencing that both chemical composition and extraction technique directly influence antifungal activity.
  • Miniatura
    Item type:Ítem,
    Evaluación de la actividad antifúngica de los aceites esenciales microencapsulados de eucalipto (Eucaliptus globulus) y eneldo (Anethum graveolens) frente a Cladosporium fulvum Cooke
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2025-02)
    Aldás Castro, Kevin Steve
    ;
    López Hernández, Orestes Darío
    The tomato riñon (Lycopersicon esculentum) is a key vegetable in Ecuador, with a production of 55,550 metric tons, with the highlands being the main producing region. However, the excessive use of pesticides has led to resistance in pests and diseases, such as tomato leaf mold (Cladosporium fulvum), a destructive disease affecting the crop. Essential oils of eucalyptus and dill are used because they contain antimicrobial and antifungal properties, serving as an ecological alternative, though their effectiveness depends on various factors. Additionally, the microencapsulation of oils, using spray-drying techniques with a polymer blend of maltodextrin and gum arabic, helps improve their stability and controlled release. This can be automated in agriculture, reducing environmental contamination and improving the preservation of their bioactive properties. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and dill (Anethum graveolens) oils contain active compounds such as cineole and anethole, known for their potency in controlling pests and diseases, making them a sustainable option for agriculture. The qualitative efficiency of the microencapsulation process was evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, the dilution method in agar and microdilutions confirmed the in vitro effectiveness of the oils at concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 percent. The results showed that microencapsulated essential oils of eucalyptus and dill at concentrations of 30 percent or higher provide effective inhibition against the fungus Cladosporium fulvum Cooke.
  • Miniatura
    Item type:Ítem,
    Evaluación de la capacidad antagónica de Bacillus subtilis AC01 microencapsulado frente a Cladosporium fulvum CC-FCAGP-Cf-Epi10 y Botrytis cinerea CC-FCAGP-Bc-MG001 hongos fitopatógenos del tomate riñón (Solanum lycopersicum)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08)
    Caiza Coque, Alex Jhoel
    ;
    De la Torre Olvera, Helena Maritza
    Kidney tomato is a vegetable of great nutritional and commercial value in Ecuador, but its cultivation is affected by phytopathogenic fungi such as B. cinerea and C. fulvum, which cause diseases, reducing the production and quality of the product, negatively affecting the economy of farmers. One way of control is the application of synthetic chemicals, raising costs and environmental pollution. For this, the use of biocontrol microorganisms emerges as an ecological and sustainable alternative. In this study, viable cells of B. subtilis AC01 were cultured and microencapsulated by spray drying, using maltodextrin and gum arabic as encapsulating agents, obtaining an efficiency of 82.5 percent and 90.53 percent. The Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique confirmed the correct packaging of the cells. Through in vitro tests, a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 10 mg per mL and a Minimum Fungicide Concentration (MFC) of 50 mg per mL were determined for the fungus C. fulvum CC-FCAGP-Cf-Epi10. These results show that microencapsulated B. subtilis AC01 can significantly reduce the incidence of diseases, offering effective biological control. In conclusion, microencapsulated B. subtilis AC01 has great potential as a sustainable alternative for the control of phytopathogens in kidney tomato crops, allowing to reduce the dependence on synthetic chemicals, decreasing production costs and the environmental impact in Ecuador.
  • Miniatura
    Item type:Ítem,
    Evaluación del efecto antifúngico del microencapsulado de aceite esencial extraído de Schinnus molle sobre hongos fitopatógenos de interés agrícola
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02)
    Montachana Ibarvo, Josafat Alexander
    ;
    López Hernández, Orestes Darío
    The molle is a tree of Andean origin that throughout history has been used for medicinal, culinary, textile purposes, among others, also demonstrating strong biological activity in the agricultural area for the control of pests in insects, bacteria, and fungi since it has antimicrobial properties. This is why its essential oil may be important for the development of a fungicide of biological and plant origin, which serves to control several agricultural diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. In the present research project, the essential oil of molle was extracted by the steam drag method, obtaining a yield of 2.8 percent, in addition to the conservation of the essential oil, the microencapsulation method by spray drying was used using of a mixture of polymers with maltodextrin and gum arabic as microencapsulating agents, in which the microencapsulation performance was qualitatively verified by means of Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, with the Kirby Bauer method, it was verified in vitro that with a concentration of 100 milligrams per milliliters of microencapsulated molle essential oil there is sensitivity to Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium spp and Fusarium spp.
  • Miniatura
    Item type:Ítem,
    Evaluación de la actividad antifúngica de un extracto alcohólico de hierba mora (Solanum nigrum) frente a oídio (Oidium sp.) y fusarium (Fusarium sp.)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2023-03)
    Albán Tapia, Esteban Nicolay
    ;
    López Hernández, Orestes Darío
    The alcoholic extract of blackberry herb was prepared by the maceration method using 70 percent ethanol as solvent. Two solutions were prepared with distilled water to obtain three treatments with concentrations of 50, 75 and 100 percent of extract, considering the extract obtained with the 100 percent concentration. The fungi were collected from rose leaves and allelis stems, and sown in petri dishes with PDA medium at 25 degrees Celsius. The antifungal activity of the extract was evaluated by disk diffusion and the diameter of the inhibition halo was measured at 48, 72, 96 and 144 hours of incubation of the inocula; in addition, 3 replicates of the conidia count at 144 hours were carried out to elaborate a completely randomized block design in which the concentration of conidia per milliliter was recorded as the variable of interest. The extract had no effect on powdery mildew since no inhibition halo was generated in the treatments prepared with the extract, and the concentration of conidia per milliliter was higher than that of the positive control treatment. As for fusarium, the treatment with 100 percent extract concentration showed the greatest inhibition halo at 48 hours, but the concentration of conidia per milliliter evaluated with extract had a higher average value than the positive control treatment, demonstrating that the extract has antifungal activity in a short period of time.
  • Miniatura
    Item type:Ítem,
    Producción de compuestos bioactivos de actinomicetes aislados de la rizósfera y rizoplano del trébol blanco (Trifolium repens L.) para el control de hongos Fitopatógenos, Bacterias y Levaduras
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2012)
    Caicedo Parra, Ricardo Paul
    ;
    Rodríguez Meza, Carlos Alberto
    Durante la determinación de la diversidad biológica y metabólica de actinomicetes asociados a la rizósfera y rizoplano del trébol blanco (Trifolium repens L.), se lograron aislar en cultivo puro, noventa y tres actinomicetes, de los cuales sesenta y nueve fueron obtenidos de la rizósfera y veinte y cuatro del rizoplano. Fue evidente que las poblaciones de actinomicetes fueron marcadamente contrastantes, en la rizósfera se encontró 5.19E+07 ufc/g y en el rizoplano 4.63E+03 ufc/g, es decir la población de la rizósfera fue 11000 veces más. Así mismo el pH del medio de aislamiento también influyó en las poblaciones de actinomicetes, ya que a 8,5 la población fue más alta que a pH 5,5. Por otro lado en la determinación de la actividad antimicrobiana encontramos que, el 60% de actinomicetes estudiados, produjeron antibióticos que inhibieron el crecimiento de los microrganismos modelo, de los cuales, 29 presentaron capacidad antagónica para el control de hongos fitopatógenos Botrytis, Fusarium y Rhizoctonia. Ningún actinomicete fue capaz de inhibir el crecimiento de la levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Finalmente la taxonomía de datos fenotípicos permitió obtener un mayor número de grupos, que los obtenidos. En los grupos de color, basados en las pigmentaciones del micelio aéreo, sustrato y pigmento difusible, mostrando que la diversidad de los actinomicetes estudiados es bastante amplia, tanto desde el punto de vista morfológico como metabólico. Los resultados de la presente investigación demuestran que los actinomicetes aislados de una leguminosa como el trébol blanco, existe una gran biodiversidad sobretodo de productores de compuestos bioactivos útiles en biotecnología que podrían permitir el desarrollo de uno o varios productos útiles para el biocontrol de microorganismos patógenos en agricultura.
  • Miniatura
    Item type:Ítem,
    Aprovechamiento de residuos Agroindustriales, cascarilla de arroz (Oriza sativa) y residuos de papa (Solanum tuberosum) para la producción de Trichoderma spp.
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2012)
    Ramírez Bayas, Silvana Gabriela
    ;
    Navas Miño, Gladys Cecilia
    Las especies del género Tríchoderma spp., son los microorganismos antagonistas más utilizados para el control de enfermedades en plantas ocasionadas por fitopatógenos. Tríchoderma spp., ha sido estudiado como agente de control biológico durante más de 70 años, pero solo hasta hace poco tiempo, las cepas de este microorganismo han comenzado a adquirir un valor comercial importante debido a que sus sistemas de producción han sido escalados a nivel piloto y semi-industrial. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido darles una utilidad y un mayor valor agregado a los residuos agroindustriales, representando una posibilidad de expansión para las industrias y apoyando también a la solución de un problema medioambiental. La investigación se basó en un estudio experimental comparativo para encontrar el residuo agroindustrial, que represente un sustrato económico y de fácil adquisición, en el cual Trichoderma spp., tenga un buen desarrollo y una elevada producción de esporas viables. Las condiciones óptimas de crecimiento y desarrollo de Trichoderma spp., se establecieron de acuerdo a un diseño experimental AxB y un análisis estadístico en el programa Infostat, la variable que se estudió fue la producción de biomasa en Conidios/g de sustrato en fermentación sólida; utilizando la técnica de conteo de conidios en la cámara de Neubauer. Los factores a considerar fueron, el tipo de sustrato, con tres niveles, cascarilla de arroz (Oriza sativa), residuos de cáscara de papa (Solanum tuberosum) y la mezcla de los dos sustratos en estudio; cincuenta por ciento de cascarilla de arroz y cincuenta por ciento de residuos de papa. Se eligió, además, la Temperatura debido a que es un factor clave dentro del proceso de fermentación sólida, puesto que está directamente relacionado con la actividad metabólica del microorganismo y la velocidad de crecimiento; con dos niveles, 25 y 30ºC. La mayor producción de biomasa (4,92x 10¹¹ Conidios/g de sustrato) se obtuvo en la fermentación a1b2 (Sustrato-Cascarilla de arroz; Temperatura-30ºC). Mientras que las más bajas concentraciones se presentaron en los sus tratos a base de residuos de cáscara de papa.