Ciencias Agropecuarias

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Subject: search.filters.subject.COMPOSTAJE

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    Inoculación de microorganismos en el proceso de compostaje
    (2021-09) Constante Ibarra, Tatiana Gabriela; Leiva Mora, Michel
    In the Province of Tungurahua in Montalvo parish, there are a large number of guinea pig farms that provide an important source of organic fertilizers, which is an ideal opportunity to use bioinoculants from efficient strains of microorganisms that allow the development of agricultural bio-inputs. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of bioinoculants on the content of organic carbon, total nitrogen and the carbon / nitrogen ratio. According to the statistical analysis, it was observed that there were no significant difference (p = 0.05) between the application of bioinoculants and the control without bioinoculants. With the application of Aspergillus fumigatus and Bacillus subtillis, the composting process was accelerated to 14 days. Great temperature was reached when A. fumigatus was inoculated and acidification aswell, while major electrical conductivity was observed in bionoculants composed by A. fumigatus y B. subtillis. Major number of colony forming unids were represented by bacteria communities and fungal communities.
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    Persistencia de bacterias entéricas resistentes y genes de resistencia a antibióticos en sustratos suplementados con gallinaza comercial y de compostaje tradicional
    (2021-01) Bohórquez Pucha, Jandry David; Calero Cáceres, William Ricardo
    The application of animal manure (fresh or composted) represents a common practice. This practice favors the increasing of organic matter into soils at reduced costs. The efficient use of the animal residues supporting the recycling of organic matter and nutrients. Compost practices transforms efficiently and safely animal manure into materials suitable for use into agricultural soils. However, the application of traditional practices to compost fertilizers, consisting of simple drying of the animal manure and later applying it directly to the soil is common. The high levels of enteric bacteria present in these matrices may represent a pathway for the spread of pathogenic organisms, which can potentially integrate within the food chain. For this reason, the persistence of enteric bacteria (heterotrophic bacteria, E. coli, coliforms) resistant to antibiotics and the persistence of antibiotic resistance genes were evaluated in soils supplemented with two types of fertilizer (compost of animal origin traditionally composted and compost of animal origin processed by the industry) during 111 days; determining that the application of these fertilizers notably increases the densities of resistant enteric bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soils. These pollutants have a high persistence over time, which suggests that the application of fertilizers of animal origin, especially when they do not receive appropriate treatment, may represent a pathway for the spread of antibiotic resistance determinants throughout the chain. foo
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    Efecto de la aplicación de gallinaza de compostaje tradicional y comercial sobre las densidades de bacterias resistentes y genes de resistencia a antibióticos en cultivo de rábano (Raphanus sativus) y lechuga (Lactuca sativa)
    (2020-09) Cruz Morales, Carla Marisol; Calero Cáceres, William Ricardo
    Poultry manure is traditionally used as a good source of nutrients and organic matter in agricultural soils, especially in organic-farming systems. However, these materials can cause adverse effects on general soil conditions, since they contain high densities of potentially pathogenic enteric bacteria; such as antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARBs) and their corresponding antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The use of these materials may represent a probable route of dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms and their determinants through the food chain. This thesis is part of the project "EVALUACIÓN DE LA DISEMINACIÓN AMBIENTAL DE GENES DE RESISTENCIA A ANTIBIÓTICOS POR MEDIO DEL ESTIÉRCOL DE GALLINA" (HCU 1752-CU-P-2019). The aim of this thesis is the evaluation of the effect of the addition of traditional and commercial composting on the densities of ARBs and ARGs in vegetables (lettuce and radish). The virulence and resistance mechanisms of the detected E. coli isolates were evaluated. The results suggest that traditional composting chicken manure influences to a greater extent the spread of ARBs and ARGs in relation to commercial chicken manure. The E. coli isolates presented an antibiotic multiresistance profile. The transconjugation experiments suggest the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of these bacteria were found encoded in chromosomes and not in plasmids. On the other hand, the qPCR technique was used to detect ARGs, which showed very high levels of detection for sul1 and blaTEM and low levels of detection to qnrS, tetW, ermB and 16S rDNA. The dissemination of ARBs and ARGs from traditional and commercial poultry manure to food is plausible, representing this a potential route of dissemination of antibiotic resistance determinants through the food chain.